Ilse Koch

Ilse Koch
Ilse Koch
Born Margarete Ilse Köhler
(1906-09-22)22 September 1906
Dresden, Saxony, German Empire
Died 1 September 1967(1967-09-01) (aged 60)
Aichach, West Germany
Nationality German
Other names The Witch of Buchenwald
Known for
  • Atrocities committed at Buchenwald and Majdanek concentration camps
  • Wife of camp commandant
  • chief overseer
Spouse(s) Karl-Otto Koch
(1936–1945, his death)

Ilse Koch (German: [kɔx]; née Margarete Ilse Köhler; 22 September 1906 – 1 September 1967, known as the Witch of Buchenwald) was the wife of Karl-Otto Koch commandant of the Nazi concentration camps Buchenwald (1937–1941) and Majdanek (1941–1943). In 1947, she became one of the first prominent Nazis tried by the U.S. military.

After the trial received worldwide media attention, survivor accounts of her actions resulted in other authors describing her abuse of prisoners as sadistic, and the image of her as "the concentration camp murderess" was current in post-war German society.[1]

She was accused of taking souvenirs from the skin of murdered inmates with distinctive tattoos, although those claims were rejected at both of her trials. She was known as "The Witch of Buchenwald" (Die Hexe von Buchenwald) by the inmates because of her cruelty and lasciviousness toward prisoners. In English, she is referred to as: "The Beast of Buchenwald",[2] "Queen of Buchenwald",[3][4] "Red Witch of Buchenwald",[5][6] "Butcher Widow",[7] and, more commonly, "The Bitch of Buchenwald".[8]

Early life

Koch was born in Dresden, Germany, the daughter of a factory foreman. She was known as a polite and happy child in her elementary school. At the age of 15, she entered an accountancy school. Later, she went to work as a bookkeeping clerk. At the time the economy of Germany had not yet recovered from Germany's defeat in World War I. In 1932, she became a member of the rising Nazi Party. Through some friends in the SA and SS, she met Karl-Otto Koch in 1934, marrying him two years later.

War crimes

Buchenwald 16 April 1945. Collection of prisoners' internal organs. Photo taken by Jules Rouard, military volunteer incorporated to the 1st American Army, 16ème Bataillon de Fusiliers.

In 1936, she began working as a guard and secretary at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, which her fiancé commanded, and was married the same year. In 1937 she came to Buchenwald when her husband was made Commandant.[9] While at Buchenwald, Koch allegedly engaged in a gruesome experiment, where it was claimed that she ordered selected tattooed prisoners to be murdered and skinned to retrieve the tattooed parts of their bodies.[10] It was allegedly done to help a prison doctor, Erich Wagner, in his dissertation on tattooing and criminality.[11]

In 1940, she built an indoor sports arena, which cost over 250,000 reichsmarks (approximately $62,500), most of which had been seized from the inmates. In 1941 Karl Otto Koch was transferred to Lublin, where he helped establish the Majdanek concentration and extermination camp. Ilse Koch remained at Buchenwald until 24 August 1943, when she and her husband were arrested on the orders of Josias von Waldeck-Pyrmont, SS and Police Leader for Weimar, who had supervisory authority over Buchenwald. The charges against the Kochs comprised private enrichment, embezzlement, and the murder of prisoners to prevent them from giving testimony.[12]

Ilse Koch was imprisoned until 1944 when she was acquitted for lack of evidence. Her husband was found guilty and sentenced to death by an SS court in Munich, and was executed by firing squad on 5 April 1945 in the court of the camp he once commanded. She went to live with her surviving family in the town of Ludwigsburg, where she was arrested by U.S. authorities on 30 June 1945.

First trial

Ilse Koch at the U.S. Military Tribunal in Dachau, 1947

Koch and 30 other accused were arraigned before the American military court at Dachau (General Military Government Court for the Trial of War Criminals) in 1947. Prosecuting her was future United States Court of Claims Judge Robert L. Kunzig. She was charged with "participating in a criminal plan for aiding, abetting and participating in the murders at Buchenwald".[13]

Koch announced in the courtroom that she was eight months pregnant but on 19 August 1947, she was sentenced to life imprisonment for "violation of the laws and customs of war".[14]

Reduction of sentence

Gen. Lucius D. Clay was the interim military governor of the American Zone in Germany, and he reduced the judgment to four years imprisonment on 8 June 1948, after she had served two years of her sentence, on the grounds that "there was no convincing evidence that she had selected inmates for extermination in order to secure tattooed skins, or that she possessed any articles made of human skin".[15] News of the reduced sentence did not become public until 16 September 1948, and Clay stood firm despite the ensuing uproar. Jean Edward Smith reported in his biography Lucius D. Clay: An American Life that the general maintained that the leather lamp shades were really made out of goat skin. The book quotes a statement made by Clay years later:

There was absolutely no evidence in the trial transcript, other than she was a rather loathsome creature, that would support the death sentence. I suppose I received more abuse for that than for anything else I did in Germany. Some reporter had called her the "Bitch of Buchenwald", had written that she had lamp shades made of human skin in her house. And that was introduced in court, where it was absolutely proven that the lampshades were made out of goatskin. In addition to that, her crimes were primarily against the German people; they were not war crimes against American or Allied prisoners ... Later she was tried by a German court for her crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment. But they had clear jurisdiction. We did not.

Second trial

Under the pressure of public opinion Koch was re-arrested in 1949 and tried before a West German court. The hearing opened on 27 November 1950 before the District Court at Augsburg and lasted seven weeks, during which 250 witnesses were heard, including 50 for the defense. Koch collapsed and had to be carried from the court in late December 1950,[15] and again on 11 January 1951.[16] At least four witnesses for the prosecution testified that they had seen Koch choose tattooed prisoners, who were then killed, or had seen or been involved in the process of making human-skin lampshades from tattooed skin.[15] However, this charge was dropped by the prosecution when they could not prove lampshades or any other items were actually made from human skin.[17]

On 15 January 1951, the Court pronounced its verdict, in a 111-page-long decision, for which Koch was not present in court.[17] It was concluded that the previous trials in 1944 and 1947 were not a bar to proceedings under the principle of ne bis in idem, as at the 1944 trial Koch had only been charged with receiving, while in 1947 she had been accused of crimes against foreigners after 1 September 1939, and not with crimes against humanity of which Germans and Austrians had been defendants both before and after that date. She was convicted of charges of incitement to murder, incitement to attempted murder and incitement to the crime of committing grievous bodily harm, and on 15 January 1951 was sentenced to life imprisonment and permanent forfeiture of civil rights.[18]

Koch appealed to have the judgment quashed, but the appeal was dismissed on 22 April 1952 by the Federal Court of Justice. She later made several petitions for a pardon, all of which were rejected by the Bavarian Ministry of Justice. Koch protested her life sentence, to no avail, to the International Human Rights Commission.[19]

Family

Karl and Ilse Koch had two sons, one of whom committed suicide after the war "because he couldn't live with the shame of the crimes of his parents."[19] Another son, Uwe,[20] conceived in her prison cell at Dachau with a fellow German prisoner,[21] was born in the Aichach prison near Dachau where Koch was sent to serve her life sentence and was immediately taken from her. At the age of 19, Uwe Köhler[22] learned that Koch was his mother and began visiting her regularly at Aichach.[21]

Koch hanged herself[23] at Aichach women's prison on 1 September 1967 at age 60.[24] She suffered from delusions and had become convinced that concentration camp survivors would abuse her in her cell.[25]

In 1971, her son Uwe sought posthumous rehabilitation for his mother.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Przyrembel, Alexandra (October 2001). "Transfixed by an Image: Ilse Koch, the 'Kommandeuse of Buchenwald'". German History. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 19 (3): 369–99. doi:10.1191/026635501680193915. ISSN 1477-089X. (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Alban, Dan (10 November 2005). "Books Bound in Human Skin; Lampshade Myth?". Harvard Law Record. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  3. ↑ Boyle, Hal (14 August 1947). "Cruel 'Queen of Buchenwald' given a permanent address". The Milwaukee Journal. p. 2. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "Buchenwald Queen must face German court on release". The Evening Independent. 4 July 1949. p. 15. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  5. ↑ "Ilse Koch, Red Witch of Buchenwald, on Trial". Los Angeles Times. 28 November 1950. p. 5. Retrieved 16 December 2012. (subscription required)
  6. ↑ "Life sentence for 'Red Witch' of Buchenwald". Lewiston Evening Journal. 15 January 1951. p. 6. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  7. ↑ "Army seeks new charges against butcher widow". The Evening Independent. 29 September 1948. p. 3. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  8. ↑ William L. Shirer (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (3rd ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 885.
  9. ↑ "The Holocaust Chronicle". 1937: Quiet Before the Storm. Holocaustchronicle.org. p. 117. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  10. ↑ Mittelbau-Dora, Stiftung Gedenkstätte Buchenwald und. "Lampenschirme aus Menschenhaut? - Gedenkstätte Buchenwald". buchenwald.de.
  11. ↑ "The most evil women in history". Discovery Channel, 2001.
  12. ↑ Höhne, Heinz (2000). The Order of the Death's Head: A History of the SS. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141390123. The author notes the irony that the SS prosecutor, Konrad Morgen, investigated some cover-up murders of inmates in detail while being ignorant of, or willfully ignoring, the industrialized mass murder later alleged to have been going on in the camps further to the east.
  13. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan. 1991. p. 43.
  14. ↑ Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights. 5. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1963. pp. 126–136. ISBN 978-90-247-0949-6.
  15. 1 2 3 "GERMANY: Very Special Present". Time. 25 December 1950. (subscription required)
  16. ↑ "Woman decides against suicide Life demanded for Ilse Koch". The Spokesman-Review. 12 January 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  17. 1 2 "Ilse Koch is given life term". Gettysburg Times. 15 January 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  18. ↑ Smith, Arthur Lee (1994). Die Hexe von Buchenwald: der Fall Ilse Koch (in German). Böhlau Verlag. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-412-10693-5.
  19. 1 2 "Ilse Koch on trial at Dachau for making human lamp shades at Buchenwald". www.scrapbookpages.com.
  20. ↑ "Fun Trivia: N : Nazi Germany: Children of the Nazis". funtrivia.com. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 Binder, David (May 7, 1971). "Ilse Koch's Posthumous Rehabilitation Sought by Son". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  22. ↑ "Koch, Ilse". World War II Graves. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  23. ↑ Norman Polmar, Thomas B. Allen: World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945, Publisher Courier Corporation, 2012, ISBN 9780486479620 p. 476
  24. ↑ Hackett, David A. The Buchenwald Report [Bericht über das Konzentrationslager Buchenwald bei Weimar]. pp. 43, n. 19, 3.
  25. ↑ Nikolas Wachsmann, 'KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps' (New York: F,S & G, 2015), p. 618, citing a Feb. 1967 note in her prison file.
  26. ↑ Ryan M Niemiec, Danny Wedding: Positive Psychology at the Movies: Using Films to Build Virtues and Character Strengths, Publisher Hogrefe Publishing, 2013 ISBN 9781616764432, p. 209
  27. ↑ "come organisation records". Retrieved 3 February 2013.

Sources

  • Massimiliano, Livi (2008). "Ilse Koch". In Pugliese, Elizabeth; Hufford, Larry. War Crimes and Trials: A Historical Encyclopedia, from 1850 to the Present. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078907.
  • Gutman, Israel, ed. (1995). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Macmillan. pp. 809–810. ISBN 9780028645285.
  • Lacqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor, eds. (2001). The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780300084320.
  • Shirer, William L. (1990) [1959]. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon and Schuster. pp. 983–984. ISBN 9780671728687.
  • Media related to Ilse Koch at Wikimedia Commons
  • "Ilse Koch". Jewish Virtual Library.
  • "Frau Ilse Koch, General Lucius Clay, and Human-Skin Atrocities". Jewish Virtual Library.
  • Adams, Cecil (4 June 2004). "Did the Nazis make lampshades out of human skin?". The Straight Dope.
  • Ilse Koch (1906–1967) (dailymotion). The Most Evil Women in History. Discovery Channel. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  • Newspaper clippings about Ilse Koch in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)
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