Miss Spain
Motto | Beauty, Elegance, Personality, Class, Poise, Communication and Safety |
---|---|
Formation | 1929 |
Type | Beauty pageant |
Headquarters | Madrid |
Location | |
Membership |
Miss Universe Miss World Miss International |
Official language | Spanish |
President | Guillermo Escobar García (MUS), Juncal Rivero (MS) |
Website |
missymisterespaa-lub.com bemiss.es |
Miss Spain (Spanish: Miss España) is a national Beauty pageant in Spain that selects Spanish representatives to compete in three of the Big Four major international beauty pageants such as Miss World, Miss Universe and Miss International.
The reigning Miss Universe Spain 2018 is Angela Ponce from Seville, who will represented Spain at the upcoming Miss Universe 2018 pageant. She will be the first transgender contestant competing for the title.
The national director of Spain is Guillermo Escobar García (Miss Universe Spain) and Juncal Rivero (Miss Spain)
History
Number of Wins under Miss España Organization (Miss Universe Spain) | ||
---|---|---|
Current franchises | ||
Pageant | Title | Winning year(s) |
Miss Universe | 1 | 1974 |
Miss World | 1 | 2015 |
Miss International | 3 | 1977, 1990, 2008 |
Miss Europe | 5 | 1962, 1967, 1970, 1974, 1985 |
The origins of Miss Spain date back to 1929, when early contests took place until the advent of civil war in 1936, followed by the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, which did not permit beauty pageants until 1961.
It is currently broadcast to the entire country by Telecinco, from the Marina d'Or resort, in the province of Castellón.
Any woman who wants to participate in Miss Spain must appear before provincial branches of the pageant, and learn about the requirements needed, as well as methods for selection to be carried out in that province. Once selected by a delegation, they will represent their province in the contest. After a month of preliminary competition, events and cultural activities around the country, the new Miss Spain is selected.
The winner of Miss Spain is sent to represent her country in Miss Universe. However, if Miss Spain is underage, a runner-up is sent to Miss Universe. Overall in these international pageants, Spain's success has been moderate with one Miss Universe title in 1974 and 3 Miss International titles in 1977, 1990 and 2008.
After the inactivity of Miss Spain contest, the company Be Beautiful Spain, S.L. was created by Guillermo Escobar García, former worker of Miss Spain and who founded the contests Miss Spain Universe and Miss Spain World. In 2013, the pageant is separated into several pageants - like Miss World Spain and Miss Spain.
In the year 2018, after seven years of inactivity, the contest Miss Spain returns with Pedro Quesada as president and with Juncal Rivero as general director.
Titleholders
- Color key
- Declared as Winner
The winner of Miss España represents her country at Miss Universe. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent. Sometimes, the winner can also compete at Miss World and Miss Europe if the winner will be available to compete by the Miss España Organization. However, Miss España Organization was claimed to bankrupt in 2012, and separated into several independent contests choosing the representatives in the International beauty pagents like Miss World Spain (Miss España Mundo) and Miss Universe Spain (Miss España Universo).
Be Miss Universo España
Year | Be Miss Universo España | Region | Notes |
2018 | Angela Ponce Camacho | Seville | First ever Transgender women who won the title |
2017 | Sofía del Prado Prieto | Albacete | Be Miss Universo España 2015 2nd Runner-up |
2016 | Noelia Freire Benito | Ciudad Real | |
2015 | Carla García Barber | Las Palmas | Miss España 2010 1st Runner-up |
2014 | Desirée Cordero Ferrer | Seville | |
2013 | Patricia Yurena Rodríguez Alonso | Tenerife | Miss España 2008 |
Miss España
Year | Miss España | Region | Notes |
2019 | TBD | TBD | TBD |
2011 | Andrea Huisgen | Barcelona | Last Miss España at the Miss Universe |
2010 | Paula Guilló Sempere[1] | Teruel | |
2009 | Estíbaliz Pereira Rábade | A Coruña | |
2008 | Patricia Yurena Rodríguez[2] | Tenerife | |
2007 | Natalia Zabala Arroyo | Guipúzcoa | |
2006 | Elisabeth Reyes Villegas | Málaga | |
2005 | Verónica Hidalgo | Gerona | |
2004 | María Jesús Ruiz Garzón [3][4] | Jaén | |
2003 | Eva María González Fernández | Sevilla | |
2002 | Vania Millán Miras | Almería | |
2001 | Lorena Van Heerde Ayala[A] | Alicante | |
2000 | Helen Lindes Griffiths | Las Palmas | |
1999 | Lorena Bernal Pascual | Guipúzcoa | |
1998 | María José Besora Villanueva | Murcia | |
1997 | Inés Sáinz Esteban | Vizcaya | |
1996 | María José Suárez Benítez | Sevilla | |
1995 | María Reyes Vázquez | Soria | |
1993-94 | Raquel Rodríguez Hidalgo | Córdoba | |
1992 | Eugenia Santana Alba | Las Palmas | |
1991 | Sofía Mazagatos Gómez | Madrid | |
1990 | Esther Arroyo Bermúdez | Cádiz | |
1989 | Raquel Revuelta Armengou | Sevilla | |
1988 | Eva María Pedraza López | Córdoba | |
1987 | Sonsoles Artigas Mederos | Las Palmas | |
1986 | Remedios Cervantes Montoya | Málaga | |
1985 | Amparo Martínez Cerdán | Valencia | |
1984 | Juncal Rivero Fadrique Castilla | Valladolid | Miss Europe 1985 |
1983 | Garbiñe Abasolo García | Vizcaya | |
1982 | Ana Isabel Herrero García | Teruel | |
1981 | Cristina Pérez Cottrell | Málaga | |
1980 | Francisca Ondiviela | Las Palmas | |
1979 | María Dolores Forner Toro | Madrid | |
1978 | Gloria María Valenciano | Las Palmas | |
1977 | Guillermina Ruiz Doménech | Islas Baleares | |
1976 | Luz María Polegre Hernández | Tenerife | |
1975 | Olga Fernández Pérez | Pontevedra | |
1974 | Nelly Rodriguez | Tenerife | |
1973 | Amparo Muñoz | Málaga | Miss Universe 1974 |
1972 | Rocío Martín Madrigal | Sevilla | |
1971 | Maria del Carmen Muñoz | Madrid | |
1970 | Josefina Román | Cádiz | |
1969 | Noelia Afonso | Tenerife | Miss Europe 1970 |
1968 | Amparo Rodrigo | Valencia | |
1967 | Paquita Delgado Sánchez | Córdoba | |
1966 | Paquita Torres Pérez | Málaga | Miss Europe 1967 |
1965 | Alicia Borrás | Barcelona | |
1964 | Mª José Ulla | Madrid | |
1963 | María Rosa Pérez Gómez | Tenerife | |
1962 | Maruja García Nicolau | Islas Baleares | Miss Europe 1963 |
1961 | María del Carmen Cervera [5] | Barcelona | |
1960 | Teresa Del Rio | Málaga | |
1935 | Alicia Navarro [6] | Tenerife | Miss Europe 1935 |
1934 | María Eugenia Henríquez Girón | Madrid | |
1933 | Emilia Docet | Pontevedra | |
1932 | Teresita Daniel | Barcelona | |
1931 | Ermelina Carreño † | Ciudad Real | |
1930 | Elena Pla † | Valencia | |
1929 | Pepita Samper † | Valencia | |
A Resigned
B Took over title
C Patricia Yurena Rodríguez originally won Miss Spain 2008 but due to age requirements was unable to compete at Miss Universe and was subsequently replaced by Claudia Moro. Rodríguez instead represented Spain at Miss World. Rodríguez later won Miss Universe Spain 2013 represented Spain at Miss Universe 2013.
Ranking
Titles | Region | Years |
07 | Tenerife | 1935, 1963, 1969, 1974, 1976, 2008, 2013 |
06 | Sevilla | 1972, 1989, 1996, 2003, 2014, 2018 |
Málaga | 1960, 1966, 1973, 1981, 1986, 2006 | |
Las Palmas | 1978, 1980, 1987, 1992, 2000, 2015 | |
05 | Madrid | 1934, 1964, 1971, 1979, 1991 |
04 | Valencia | 1929, 1930, 1968, 1985 |
Barcelona | 1932, 1961, 1965, 2011 | |
03 | Córdoba | 1967, 1988, 1993 |
02 | Ciudad Real | 1931, 2016 |
Guipúzcoa | 1999, 2007 | |
Vizcaya | 1983, 1997 | |
Islas Baleares | 1962, 1977 | |
Cádiz | 1970, 1990 | |
Pontevedra | 1933, 1975 | |
Teruel | 1982, 2010 | |
01 | Albacete | 2017 |
A Coruña | 2009 | |
Jaén | 2004 | |
Almería | 2002 | |
Alicante | 2001 | |
Murcia | 1998 | |
Soria | 1995 | |
Valladolid | 1984 | |
Winners' gallery
- Sofía del Prado, Miss Spain 2017
- Carla García, Miss Spain 2015
- Patricia Yurena Rodríguez, Miss Spain 2013 & 2008
- Natalia Zabala Arroyo, Miss Spain 2007
- Eva González, Miss Spain 2003
- Lorena Van Heerde Ayala, Miss Spain 2001
- Helen Lindes, Miss Spain 2000
- Lorena Bernal Pascual, Miss Spain 1999
- Garbiñe Abasolo, Miss Spain 1983
- Carmen Cervera, Miss Spain 1961
- Pepita Samper, Miss Spain 1929
Recent titleholders
Year | Miss Spain | State | Host City | Placement |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | Angela Ponce Camacho | Tarragona, Spain | TBA | |
2017 | Sofía del Prado Prieto | Málaga, Spain | Top 10 | |
2016 | Noelia Freire Benito | Madrid, Spain | Unplaced | |
2015 | Carla García Barber | Marbella, Spain | Unplaced | |
2014 | Desirée Cordero Ferrer | Madrid, Spain | Top 10 | |
2013 | Patricia Yurena Rodríguez | Madrid, Spain | 1st Runner-Up | |
Big Four pageants
Miss Universe Spain
- Color key
- Declared as Miss Spain
- Ended as Runner-up in Miss Spain
- Ended as one of the Top Semi-Finalists in Miss Spain
The winner of Miss Spain represents her country at the Miss Universe. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a runner-up is sent.
Year | Miss Spain | Region | Placement | Special Awards |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | Angela Ponce Camacho | Seville | TBA | TBA |
2017 | Sofía del Prado Prieto | Albacete | Top 10 | |
2016 | Noelia Freire Benito | Ciudad Real | Unplaced | |
2015 | Carla García Barber | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
2014 | Desirée Cordero Ferrer | Seville | Top 10 | |
2013 | Patricia Yurena Rodríguez Alonso | Tenerife | 1st Runner-up | |
2012 | Andrea Huisgen Serrano | Barcelona | Unplaced | |
2011 | Paula Guilló Sempere | Teruel | Unplaced | |
2010 | Adriana Reverón Moreno | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
2009 | Estíbaliz Pereira Rábade | A Coruña | Unplaced | |
2008 | Claudia Moro Fernández | Madrid | Top 10 | |
2007 | Natalia Zabala Arroyo | Guipúzcoa | Unplaced | |
2006 | Elisabeth Reyes Villegas | Málaga | Unplaced | |
2005 | Verónica Hidalgo | Gerona | Unplaced | |
2004 | María Jesús Ruiz Garzón | Jaén | Unplaced | |
2003 | Eva María González Fernández | Seville | Unplaced | |
2002 | Vania Millán Miras | Almería | Unplaced | |
2001 | Eva Sisó Casals[B] | Lleida | Top 10 | |
2000 | Helen Lindes Griffiths | Las Palmas | 2nd Runner-up | Miss Photogenic |
1999 | Diana Nogueira González | Pontevedra | 2nd Runner-up | |
1998 | María José Besora Villanueva | Murcia | Unplaced | |
1997 | Inés Sáinz Esteban | Vizcaya | Unplaced | |
1996 | María José Suárez Benítez | Seville | Unplaced | |
1995 | María Reyes Vázquez | Soria | Unplaced | |
1994 | Raquel Rodríguez Hidalgo | Córdoba | Unplaced | |
1993 | Eugenia Santana Alba | Las Palmas | Top 10 | Miss Photogenic |
1992 | Virginia García Alvarez | Valladolid | Unplaced | |
1991 | Esther Arroyo Bermúdez | Cádiz | Unplaced | |
1990 | Raquel Revuelta Armengou | Seville | Unplaced | |
1989 | Eva María Pedraza López | Córdoba | Unplaced | |
1988 | Sonsoles Artigas Mederos | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1987 | Remedios Cervantes Montoya | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1986 | Isabel Tur Espinosa | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1985 | Maria Teresa Sánchez López | Seville | 1st Runner-up | |
1984 | Garbiñe Abasolo García | Vizcaya | Unplaced | Miss Photogenic |
1983 | Ana Isabel Herrero García | Teruel | Top 12 | |
1982 | Cristina Pérez Cottrell | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1981 | Francisca Ondiviela | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1980 | Yolanda María Hoyos Vega | Asturias | Unplaced | |
1979 | Gloria María Valenciano | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1978 | Guillermina Ruiz Doménech | Islas Baleares | 2nd Runner-up | |
1977 | Luz María Polegre Hernández | Tenerife | Top 12 | |
1976 | Olga Fernández Pérez | Pontevedra | Unplaced | |
1975 | Consuelo Martín López | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1974 | Amparo Muñoz Quesada | Málaga | Miss Universe 1974 | |
1973 | Rocío Martín Madrigal | Seville | 3rd Runner-up | Best National Costume |
1972 | Maria del Carmen Muñoz | Madrid | Unplaced | |
1971 | Josefina Román Gutiérrez | Cádiz | Top 12 | |
1970 | Noelia Afonso Cabrera | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1969 | María Amparo Rodrigo Lorenzo | Valencia | Unplaced | |
1968 | Yolanda Legarreta Urquijo | País Vasco | Unplaced | |
1967 | Paquita Delgado Sánchez | Córdoba | Top 15 | |
1966 | Paquita Torres Pérez | Málaga | Top 15 | Miss Congeniality |
1965 | Alicia Borrás | Barcelona | Unplaced | |
1964 | María José Ulla Madronero | Madrid | Unplaced | |
1963 | María Rosa Pérez Gómez | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1962 | Conchita Roig Urpi | Barcelona | Unplaced | |
1961 | Pilar Gil Ramos | Madrid | Unplaced | |
1960 | María Teresa del Río | Málaga | 4th Runner-up | |
Miss World Spain
The Miss Spain/Mundo represents her country at the Miss World. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant from Miss Spain is sent. In 2013 the official candidate will be selecting by Miss World Spain pageant, due to economic problems in Spain in 2011, the Miss España was bankruptcy.
Year | Miss Spain | Region | Placement | Special Awards |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | Amaia Izar | Pamplona | TBA | TBA |
2017 | Elisa Tulian | Balearic Islands | Unplaced | Top 20 Miss World Talent |
2016 | Raquel Tejedor | Zaragoza | Unplaced | Top 24 Miss World Sport |
2015 | Mireia Lalaguna | Barcelona | Miss World 2015 | Miss World Top Model |
2014 | Lourdes Fernández | Castilla-La Mancha | Unplaced | |
2013 | Elena Ibarbia Jiménez | Basque | Top 5 | |
2012 | Aránzazu Estévez Godoy | Las Palmas | Top 15 | |
2011 | Carla García Barber | Las Palmas | Top 15 | |
2010 | Fátima Jiménez | Seville | Unplaced | |
2009 | Carmen Laura García | Granada | Unplaced | |
2008 | Patricia Yurena Rodríguez | Tenerife | Top 15 | |
2007 | Natalia Zabala Arroyo | País Vasco | Unplaced | |
2006 | Inmaculada Torres Del Rey | Alicante | Unplaced | |
2005 | Mireia Verdú Tremosa | Catalonia | Top 15 | |
2004 | Maite Medina Cerrato | Catalonia | Unplaced | |
2003 | Maria Teresa Martín | Málaga | Unplaced | |
2002 | Lola Alcocer | Seville | Unplaced | |
2001 | Macarena García Naranjo | Seville | Top 10 | |
2000 | Verónica García Benito | Catalonia | Unplaced | |
1999 | Lorena Bernal Pascual | País Vasco | Top 10 | |
1998 | Rocío Jiménez Fernández | Cádiz | Unplaced | |
1997 | Nuria Avellaneda Gallego | Balearic Islands | Unplaced | |
1996 | Patricia Ruiz Fernández | Cantabria | Unplaced | |
1995 | Candelaria Rodríguez | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1994 | Virginia Pareja Garófano | Catalonia | Unplaced | |
1993 | Araceli García Eugenio | Madrid | Unplaced | |
1992 | Samantha Torres | Balearic Islands | Unplaced | |
1991 | Maria Candelaria Moreno | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1990 | Maria del Carmen Carrasco | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1989 | Eva Maria Pedraza | Córdoba | Unplaced | |
1988 | Susana de la Llave Varón | Catalonia | 4th Runner-up | |
1987 | Sonsoles Artigas Medero | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1986 | Remedios Cervantes | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1985 | Maria Amparo Martínez | Valencia | Unplaced | |
1984 | Juncal Rivero Fadrique | Castilla-León | Unplaced | |
1983 | Milagros Pérez Castro | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1982 | Ana Isabel Herrero García | Zaragoza | Unplaced | |
1981 | Cristina Pérez Cottrell | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1980 | Francisca Otero | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1979 | Maria Dolores Lola Forner Toro | Madrid | Top 15 | |
1978 | Gloria María Valenciano | Las Palmas | 4th Runner-up | |
1977 | Guillermina Ruiz Doménech | Balearic Islands | Top 15 | |
1976 | Luz Maria Polegre Hernández | Tenerife | Top 15 | |
1974 | Natividad Rodríguez | Tenerife | Top 15 | |
1973 | Mariona Rosell | Catalonia | Unplaced | |
1972 | Maria del Carmen Muñoz | Madrid | Unplaced | |
1971 | María Margarita García | Madrid | Top 15 | |
1970 | Josefina Román Gutiérrez | Cádiz | Unplaced | |
1964 | Maria José Ulla Madronero | Madrid | Top 16 | |
1963 | Encarnación Zalabardo | Málaga | Unplaced | |
1962 | Conchita Roig Urpi | Catalonia | Unplaced | |
1961 | Maria del Carmen Fernández | Cataluña | 2nd Runner-up | |
1960 | Concepción Molinera Palacios | Barcelona | Unplaced | |
Miss International Spain
The Second Runner-up of Miss Spain represents her country at the Miss International. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age) for either contest, a contestant is sent. In 2013 the official candidate will be selecting by Miss International Spain pageant. Perhaps in 2014 Miss España was bankruptcy.
Year | Miss Spain | Region | Placement | Special Awards |
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | TBA | TBA | TBA | TBA |
2017 | Elizabeth Victoria Laker | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
2016 | Anabel Delgado Torres | Madrid | Unplaced | |
2015 | Cristina Silva Cano | Seville | Unplaced | |
2014 | Rocío Tormo | Barcelona | Unplaced | |
2013 | Araceli Carrilero Martínez | Albacete | Top 15 | |
2012 | Ana Amparo Martínez | Valencia | Unplaced | |
2011 | Sarah Lopez | A Coruña | Unplaced | |
2010 | Desirée Panal Muñoz | Cádiz | Top 15 | |
2009 | Melania Santiago | Málaga | Top 15 | |
2008 | Alejandra Andreu | Zaragoza | Miss International 2008 | Miss Photogenic |
2007 | Nerea Arce Alea | Vizcaya | Top 15 | |
2006 | Sara Sánchez Torres | Soria | Top 12 | |
2005 | Maria del Pilar Domínquez | Seville | Unplaced | |
2004 | Cristina Gómez Domínguez | Seville | Top 15 | |
2003 | Maria Carrillo Reyes | Cordoba | Unplaced | |
2002 | Laura Espinosa Huertas | Cordoba | Top 15 | |
2001 | Ayola Molina Carrasco | Castellón | Top 15 | |
2000 | Raquel Gonzales Rovira | Barcelona | Unplaced | |
1999 | Carmen Fernández Ruiz | Seville | 1st Runner-up | |
1998 | Vanessa Romero Torres | Alicante | Top 10 | |
1997 | Isabel Gil Gambín | Murcia | Top 10 | |
1996 | Rosa Maria Casado Teixidor | Gerona | Top 10 | |
1995 | Jimena Garay | Madrid | Top 10 | |
1994 | Carmen Maria Vicente Abellam | 2nd Runner-up | ||
1993 | Ana Piedad Galván | Badajoz | Unplaced | |
1992 | Samantha Torres Waldrón | Balearic Islands | Top 10 | |
1991 | Elodie Chantal Jordá de Quay | Cataluña | Top 10 | |
1990 | Silvia de Esteban | Tenerife | Miss International 1990 | |
1989 | Mercedes Martín Mier | Vizcaya | Top 10 | |
1988 | Maria Carmen Aragall Casadellá | Top 10 | ||
1987 | Ana García Bonilla | Vizcaya | Top 10 | |
1986 | Irán Pont Gil | Barcelona | Top 10 | |
1985 | Beatriz Molero Beltrán | Aragón | Top 10 | |
1984 | Soledad Marisol Pila Balanza | Seville | Top 10 | |
1983 | Milagros Pérez Castro | Las Palmas | Top 10 | |
1982 | María del Carmen Arqués | Alicante | 1st Runner-up | |
1981 | Francisca Ondiviela | Las Palmas | Unplaced | |
1980 | María Agustina García | Barcelona | 2nd Runner-up | |
1979 | Yolanda Maria Hoyos | Asturias | Unplaced | |
1978 | Maria Inmaculada Arencibia | Andalusia | Unplaced | |
1977 | Pilar Medina | Madrid | Miss International 1977 | Best National Costume |
1976 | Victoria Martín González | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1975 | Maria Teresa Maldonado | Cataluña | Unplaced | |
1974 | Consuelo Martín López | Balearic Islands | Top 15 | |
1973 | Maria Isabel Lorenzo | Las Palmas | 2nd Runner-up | Miss Photogenic |
1972 | Gloria Puyol Toledo | Malaga | Unplaced | |
1971 | Consuelo Varela Costales | Unplaced | ||
1970 | María Margarita García | Madrid | Unplaced | |
1969 | Mery de Lara Caballero | Las Palmas | Top 15 | |
1968 | Yolanda Legarreta Urquijo | Pais Vasco | Unplaced | |
1967 | Amparo Ruiz | Valencia | Unplaced | |
1965 | Rafaela Roque Sánchez | Las Palmas | Top 15 | |
1964 | Lucia Pilar Herrera | Tenerife | Unplaced | |
1963 | Encarnación Zalabardo | Andalusia | Unplaced | |
1961 | Maria Del Carmen Fernández | Cataluña | 2nd Runner-up | |
1960 | Elena Herrera Dávila-Núñez | Pais Vasco | Unplaced | |
See also
References
- ↑ "Paula Guilló, Miss Teruel, is crowned Miss Spain 2010". ¡Hola!. September 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ↑ "Miss Tenerife is crowned Miss Spain". Canarias7. EFE. March 2, 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
- ↑ "Miss Universe (2004) -- National Costumes". seattlepi.com. May 26, 2004. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
- ↑ "Miss Spain 2004. Maria Jesus Garzon, Miss Jaen ..." Getty Images. March 28, 2004. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
- ↑ Gayesky, F.; Gorman, E.; Luna, K.; Legaspi, A. (2007). MTV Spain. MTV Guides. Wiley. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7645-8772-6.
- ↑ Payne, S.G. (1993). Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931-1936. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-299-13674-1.