Gutian dialect

Gutian dialect
	Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話
Native to	Southern China
Region	Gutian, Ningde, Fujian
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Min Eastern Min Gutian dialect; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-ich

Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Phonology

Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials


		Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Velar	Glottal
Stop	Tenuis voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Stop	Aspirated voiceless	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative	Voiceless		s			h
Fricative	voiced	β	ʒ
Affricate	Tenuis voiceless		ts
Affricate	Aspirated voiceless		tsʰ
Approximant				l

Rimes


a	ɛ	œ	o
i	u	y
ai	oi	au	ɛu
ia	ie	iu	iau
ua	uo	uai	ui
uɔi	yø
aɳ	iɳ	uɳ	yŋ
iaŋ	ieŋ	uaŋ	uoŋ
yøŋ	eiŋ	ouŋ	øyŋ
ak	ik	uk	yk
iak	iek	uak	uok
yøk	eik	ouk	øyk
aʔ	œʔ	oʔ	iaʔ
uaʔ	uoʔ	yøʔ

Tones


No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Tone name	dark level 陰平	light level 陽平	rising 上聲	dark departing 陰去	light departing 陽去	dark entering 陰入	light entering 陽入
Tone contour	˥˥ (55)	˧˧ (33)	˦˨ (42)	˨˩ (21)	˧˨˦ (324)	˨ (2)	˥ (5)

Initial assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/	/p/ and /pʰ/ change to /β/; /t/, /tʰ/ and /s/ change to /l/; /k/, /kʰ/ and /h/ change to null initial (without /ʔ/); /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/	/p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/; /t/, /tʰ/ /s/ and /l/ change to /n/; /k/, /kʰ/, /h/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/; /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/	All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

	dark level 55	light level 33	rising 42	dark departing 21	light departing 324	dark entering 2	light entering 5
dark level 55	21+55	21+33	21+42	24+21	24+544	24+2	21+5
light level 33			21+42	21+21	21+324	21+2
rising 42	21+55	21+24	21+42	24+21	24+544	24+2	21+5
dark departing 21	33+55	33+544	33+53	24+21	55+33	55+2	33+5
light departing 324	55+55	544+33	544+42	42+21	544+21	42+2	55+5
dark entering 2	33+55	33+55	33+53	55+21	55+33	55+2	55+5
light entering 5	33+55	21+33	21+42	21+21	21+324	21+2	33+5

References

Compilation Commission of Chorography of Gutian County 古田县地方志编纂委员会 (1997). Gu tian xian zhi 古田县志 ["Chorography of Gutian County"]. 32. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-01663-4. .

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