Crush, Texas

Texas Historical Commission sign commemorating the event

Crush, Texas was a temporary "city" established as the site of a one-day publicity stunt in the U.S. state of Texas in 1896. William George Crush, general passenger agent of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad (popularly known as the "Katy", from its "Em-Kay-Tee" initials), conceived the idea in order to demonstrate a staged train wreck as a public spectacle.[1] No admission was charged, and train fares to the crash site were offered at the reduced rate of US$2 from any location in Texas.

As a result, an estimated 40,000 people—more people than lived in the state's second-largest city at the time—attended the exhibition on September 15, 1896. The event planned to showcase the deliberate head-on collision of two unmanned locomotives at high speed; unexpectedly, the impact caused both engine boilers to explode, resulting in a shower of flying debris that killed two or three people and caused numerous injuries among the spectators.

Preparations

The Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad had first reached the Crush area in the 1880s, during the construction of a route between Dallas and Houston. As the railroad expanded, the Katy replaced its 30-ton steam engines with newer, more powerful 60-ton engines, and subsequently a stockpile of the older units, for which the railroad now had no use, began to accumulate.

In 1896, Katy agent William Crush proposed a publicity stunt that could make use of the obsolete Katy trains to be held along the Dallas–Houston route at a site 14 miles (23 km) north of Waco and 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the town of West, in McLennan County. A locomotive crash staged by the Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad near Cleveland, Ohio several months earlier had been a huge success, and Crush imagined a similar spectacle for which Katy could advertise to thousands of potential passengers. Crush's superiors agreed to his proposal and put him in charge of the project. The railroad decided the event would be free of charge, instead profiting from the sale of tickets on special excursion trains that would run to and from the site. The price was $2 per round-trip ticket from anywhere in the state.

Before the crash at Crush, Texas

Two water wells were drilled at the site and a circus tent from Ringling Brothers was erected, as well as a grandstand, three speakers' stands, a platform for reporters, two telegraph offices, and a special train depot, over which a giant sign proclaimed the new town as "Crush, Texas".[2][3] Events from the Midway Plaisance, including lemonade stands, carnival games,[4] medicine shows, cigar vendors and other sideshows[5] were highly anticipated, with a construction foreman saying that "This feature alone will be worth going to Crush [City] to see."[6] A separate four-mile segment of track was built for the event alongside the Katy railroad so that there was no chance a runaway train could end up on the main line; each end of the track was situated atop a low hill on opposite sides of a bowl-shaped valley in which the trains would meet. The locomotives to be used were two 35-ton decommissioned Baldwin engines, No. 999 and No. 1001[3] (both 4-4-0 American locomotives with two pilot axles, two drive axles, and no trailing axles), and painted bright green with red trim and bright red with green trim, respectively. The trains toured the state for months in advance, advertising the event.

Safety precautions

On the day before the exhibition, railroad officials staged a speed test of the engines to help predict the precise point of collision. Katy engineers assured Crush that his grand idea was safe, specifically that the boilers on the steam engines had been designed to resist ruptures and that, even in a very high-speed crash, they were unlikely to explode. Each engine would pull six boxcars behind it; because the couplers used to link the cars were considered unreliable, the cars were chained together to prevent them from coming apart during the impact.[7] In case one of the two primary locomotives failed, a third locomotive was held in reserve.

Crush insisted on restricting the general public to a minimum of 200 yards (180 m) away from the track, but allowed members of the press to be within 100 yards. Katy officials expected a crowd of between 20,000 and 25,000 people to attend, but the clever marketing ploy was an overwhelming success and the railroad sold out more than 30 special excursion trains to the event.[2] An estimated 40,000 people came to Crush on the scheduled date, September 15, 1896, making it for a few hours the second-largest city in the state. Some 300 constables were brought in to maintain order.

Crash

The crash was delayed for an hour because the crowd resisted being pressed back by the police to what was supposedly a safe distance. About 5:00 PM, the two trains, pulling cars loaded with railroad ties, slowly met in the middle of the track to be photographed. They were then rolled to their starting points at the opposite ends of the track.[2] Mr. Crush, riding a white charger, signaled the start of the main event. The engineers and crew aboard each train opened the steam to a prearranged setting, rode for exactly four turns of the drive wheels, and then jumped from the trains. The September 16 issue of The Dallas Morning News described what happened next:

The moment of impact
The collision of the two trains at Crush, Texas. Note that the text reads, in part, "Indications are that the boilers exploded after the trains had collided and the cars had stacked up."

The rumble of the two trains, faint and far off at first, but growing nearer and more distinct with each fleeting second, was like the gathering force of a cyclone. Nearer and nearer they came, the whistles of each blowing repeatedly and the torpedoes which had been placed on the track exploding in almost a continuous round like the rattle of musketry...

They rolled down at a frightful rate of speed to within a quarter of a mile of each other. Nearer and nearer as they approached the fatal meeting place the rumbling increased, the roaring grew louder...[8]

Each train reached a speed of about 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) by the time they met near the anticipated spot, though some observers believed they were traveling much faster. Shortly after the trains collided, there was a large explosion:

A crash, a sound of timbers rent and torn, and then a shower of splinters... There was just a swift instance of silence, and then as if controlled by a single impulse both boilers exploded simultaneously and the air was filled with flying missiles of iron and steel varying in size from a postage stamp to half of a driving wheel...[8]

Debris was blown hundreds of feet into the air.[2] Panic quickly broke out as the crowd turned and ran. Some of the debris came down among the spectators, killing two[9] or three[2] and seriously injuring at least six others. A photographer, Jarvis "Joe" Deane of Waco, lost one eye to a flying bolt.[10] The locomotives and their boxcars were reduced to scraps of wood and steel:

All that remained of the two engines and twelve cars was a smoking mass of fractured metal and kindling wood, except one car on the rear of each train, which had been left untouched. The engines had both been completely telescoped, and contrary to experience in such cases, instead of rising in the air from the force of the blow, were just flattened out. There was nothing about the cars big enough to save except pieces of wood, which were eagerly seized upon and carried home as souvenirs.[8]

Aftermath

The story made national headlines, and Crush was immediately fired from the Katy railroad. In light of a lack of negative publicity, however, he was rehired the next day and continued to work for the company until his retirement, in a career spanning six decades.[11] The Katy quickly settled several lawsuits from the victims' families with cash and lifetime rail passes; the injured photographer received damages amounting to $10,000. Though the incident had resulted in tragedy, the Katy benefited enormously from the attention it received, including international recognition.[6] Despite the disaster, many railroads continued to stage locomotive collisions in the following years.

Ragtime composer Scott Joplin, who was performing in the region at the time, composed a piano piece he called the "Great Crush Collision March" to commemorate the crash; the composition was dedicated to the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railway. It was copyrighted on October 15, 1896, a short month after the event.[12] The piece was notable because it included instructions in the score for how to replicate the sounds of the trains' collision through playing techniques, specific notes, and the use of dynamics.[13]

The story of the "Crash at Crush" was featured in an episode of the History Channel series Wild West Tech.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Baylor University news story". Baylor.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Allen Lee Hamilton. "Crash at Crush. Archived.." Handbook of Texas Online, University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
  3. 1 2 Ramos, Mary G. (1993). "The Crash at Crush". Texas Almanac. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2006-11-19.
  4. ↑ Morales, Carlos E. "At 120 Years, The Crash at Crush Remains Stranger than Fiction". Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  5. ↑ "Crash at Crush | Waco History". Waco History. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  6. 1 2 Boissoneault, Lorraine. "A Train Company Crashed Two Trains. You Will Believe What Happened Next". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
  7. ↑ Krystek, Lee (2005). "The Great Texas Train Crash at Crush". The Museum of Unnatural Mystery.
  8. 1 2 3 The Dallas Morning News. September 16, 1896.
  9. ↑ Crash at Crush historical marker (accessed 2012-09-15).
  10. ↑ Perfesser Bill site. Archived 2009-06-06 at the Wayback Machine. See also the Crash at Crush historical marker (accessed 2012-09-15).
  11. ↑ Masterson, Vincent V. The Katy Railroad and the Last Frontier, (Google Books), University of Missouri Press, 1988, p. 272, ( ISBN 0826206689). Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  12. ↑ Scott Joplin, "The Great Crush Collision March" sheet music (Temple, TX: John R. Fuller, 1896). See Bill Edwards, Rags and Pieces by Scott Joplin. Archived 2009-06-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ "Scott Joplin's 'Great Crush Collision March' and the Memorialization of a Marketing Spectacle" post from the Baylor University Libraries Digital Collections blog". Retrieved April 19, 2012.

Further reading

  • "Retired Katy Engineer Tells of Wreck at Crush". KATY Employes' Magazine. September 1950. Archived from the original on 2009-02-17.
  • Ward, George B. The Crash at Crush: Texas' Great Pre-arranged Train Wreck. M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Austin, May 1975.
  • Ramos, Mary G. (1993). "The Crash at Crush". Texas Almanac. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2006-11-19.
  • Krystek, Lee (2005). "The Great Texas Train Crash at Crush". The Museum of Unnatural Mystery.
  • Sanders, J.R. (2010). "Crush's Locomotive Crash Was a Monster Smash". Wild West Magazine.
  • Swartz, Clay. "The Crash at Crush". Cowboys & Indians. p. 114–118. August/September 2014.

Coordinates: 31°44′42″N 97°05′58″W / 31.745102°N 97.099571°W / 31.745102; -97.099571

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.