Ferdinand I of Austria

Ferdinand I & V
Ferdinand wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece, portrait by Leopold Kupelwieser, 1847
Emperor of Austria,
King of Hungary, Bohemia,
Dalmatia, and Croatia (more...)
Reign 2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848
Coronations 28 September 1830, Pressburg
(Hungary and Croatia)
7 September 1836, Prague
(Bohemia)
6 September 1838, Milan
(Lombardy–Venetia)
Predecessor Francis I
Successor Franz Joseph I
Prime Minister See list
Head of the Präsidialmacht Austria
In office 2 March 1835 – 12 July 1848
Predecessor Francis I
Successor Franz Joseph I
Born (1793-04-19)19 April 1793
Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire[1]
Died 29 June 1875(1875-06-29) (aged 82)
Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austria-Hungary[1]
Burial Imperial Crypt
Spouse Maria Anna of Savoy
Full name
Ferdinand Charles Leopold Joseph Francis Marcelin
House Habsburg-Lorraine
Father Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother Maria Theresa of the Two Sicilies
Religion Roman Catholicism

Ferdinand I (19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875) was the Emperor of Austria from 1835 until his abdication in 1848. As ruler of Austria, he was also President of the German Confederation, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia (as Ferdinand V), King of Lombardy–Venetia and holder of many other lesser titles (see grand title of the Emperor of Austria).

Ferdinand succeeded on the death of his father Francis II and I on 2 March 1835. He was incapable of ruling his empire because of his mental deficiency, so his father, before he died, made a will which promulgated that Ferdinand should consult Archduke Louis on all aspects of internal policy and urged him to be influenced by Prince Metternich, Austria's Foreign Minister.[2]

Following the Revolutions of 1848, Ferdinand abdicated on 2 December 1848. He was succeeded by his nephew, Franz Joseph. Following his abdication, he lived in Hradčany Palace, Prague, until his death in 1875.[3]

Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Savoy, the sixth child of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. They had no children.

Biography

Early life

Ferdinand was the eldest son of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. Possibly as a result of his parents' genetic closeness (they were double first cousins), Ferdinand suffered from epilepsy, hydrocephalus, neurological problems, and a speech impediment. He was educated by Baron Josef Kalasanz von Erberg, and his wife Josephine, by birth a Countess von Attems.[4]

Reign

Coronation of King Ferdinand V in 1836 in Prague

Ferdinand has been depicted as feeble-minded and incapable of ruling, but although he had epilepsy, he kept a coherent and legible diary and has even been said to have had a sharp wit, but having as many as twenty seizures per day severely restricted his ability to rule with any effectiveness. Though he was not declared incapacitated, a Regent's Council (Archduke Louis, Count Kolowrat, and Prince Metternich) steered the government.

When Ferdinand married Princess Maria Anna of Savoy, the court physician considered it unlikely that he would be able to consummate the marriage.[5] When he tried to consummate the marriage, he had five seizures. He is best remembered for his command to his cook: when told he could not have apricot dumplings (Marillenknödel) because apricots were out of season, he said "I am the Emperor, and I want dumplings!" (German: Ich bin der Kaiser und ich will Knödel!).[6][7]

1848 Revolution

Ferdinand's sarcophagus the Imperial Crypt, Vienna

As the revolutionaries of 1848 were marching on the palace, he is supposed to have asked Metternich for an explanation. When Metternich answered that they were making a revolution, Ferdinand is supposed to have said "But are they allowed to do that?" (Viennese German: Ja, dürfen's denn des?) He was convinced by Felix zu Schwarzenberg to abdicate in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph (the next in line was Ferdinand's younger brother Franz Karl, but he was persuaded to waive his succession rights in favour of his son) who would occupy the Austrian throne for the next sixty-eight years.

Ferdinand recorded the events in his diary: "The affair ended with the new Emperor kneeling before his old Emperor and Lord, that is to say, me, and asking for a blessing, which I gave him, laying both hands on his head and making the sign of the Holy Cross ... then I embraced him and kissed our new master, and then we went to our room. Afterwards I and my dear wife heard Holy Mass ... After that I and my dear wife packed our bags."

In retirement (1848-1875)

Photograph of the aged Ferdinand dated circa 1870
Photograph of the aged Ferdinand dated circa 1870

Ferdinand was the last King of Bohemia to be crowned as such. Due to his sympathy with Bohemia (where he spent the rest of his life in Prague Castle) he was given the Czech nickname "Ferdinand V, the Good" (Ferdinand Dobrotivý). In Austria, Ferdinand was similarly nicknamed "Ferdinand der Gütige" (Ferdinand the Benign), but also ridiculed as "Gütinand der Fertige" (Goodinand the Finished).

He is interred in tomb number 62 in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.

Titles

He used the titles:[8]

His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Ferdinand the First, By the Grace of God

Ancestry

Ferdinand's parents were double first cousins as they shared all four grandparents (Francis' paternal grandparents were his wife's maternal grandparents and vice versa). Therefore, Ferdinand only had four great-grandparents, being descended from each of them twice. Further back in his ancestry there is more pedigree collapse due to the close intermarriage between the Houses of Austria and Spain and other Catholic monarchies.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand I. of Austria". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  2. ↑ Taylor, A. J. P.: "The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918" (Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1990, ISBN 978-0-14-013498-8), pp 52-53
  3. ↑ van der Kiste, p 16
  4. ↑ Grafenauer, Bogo. "Erberg Jožef Kalasanc baron" [Erberg Joseph Calasanz baron]. In Vide Ogrin, Petra (electronic ed.). Cankar, Izidor et al. (printed ed.) 1925–1991. 2009 (electronic ed.). Slovenski biografski leksikon (in Slovenian). ISBN 978-961-268-001-5.
  5. ↑ van der Kiste, John. Emperor Francis Joseph London: Sutton Publishing, 2005 ISBN 0-7509-3787-4. p 2
  6. ↑ According to A.J.P. Taylor, he was in fact asking for noodles - "But it is an unacceptable pun in English for a noodle to ask for noodles" - The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918
  7. ↑ Regan, Geoffrey. Royal Blunders page 72
  8. ↑ Velde, Francois R. "Royal Styles". www.heraldica.org.
  • Tomáš Kleisner, "Medals of the Emperor Ferdinand the Good 1793-1875" Prague 2013 ISBN 978-80-7036-396-6
  • "Biography of Emperor Ferdinand"
  • Literature by and about Ferdinand I in the German National Library catalogue
  • Works by and about Ferdinand I of Austria in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
  • Ferdinand I In: Brockhaus Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon (in German), 2, Leipzig, 1837, pp. 25–26
  • Ferdinand I In: Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon (in German), 1 (5 ed.), Leipzig, 1911, p. 569
  • Ferdinand I of Austria in: Austria-Forum (in German)  (at AEIOU)
  • Entry about Ferdinand I of Austria in the database Gedächtnis des Landes on the history of the state of Lower Austria (Lower Austria Museum)
Ferdinand I of Austria
Cadet branch of the House of Lorraine
Born: 19 April 1793 Died: 29 June 1875
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Francis I		 Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary and Croatia
King of Bohemia
King of Lombardy–Venetia
1835–1848		 Succeeded by
Francis Joseph I
Political offices
Preceded by
Francis I of Austria		 Head of the Präsidialmacht Austria
1835–1848		 Succeeded by
Franz Joseph I of Austria
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