Ein Feshkha

Ein Feshkha

Ein Feshkha (Arabic: عين فشخة‎; Hebrew: עינות צוקים‎, Einot Tzukim; lit. "Cliff springs") is a nature reserve and archaeological site on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, about three kilometers south of Qumran in the West Bank.[1] It is named for a spring of brackish water in the area. The Ein Feshkha nature reserve consists of an open reserve with pools of mineral water for bathing surrounded by high foliage and another section that is closed to visitors to protect the native flora and fauna.[2]

Nature reserve

Pool in closed part of the reserve

According to ARIJ, in 1969 Israel confiscated 97 dunams of land from the Palestinian village of al-Ubeidiya in order to construct the nature reserve of Ein Feshkha.[3]

The saline wetlands of Einot Tzukim are the only known place in the world where populations of Blue and Dead Sea killifish (Nevit Hula and Nevit Yam Hamelakh) live side by side. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture are constructing pools in the area to preserve these native fish. Two of the pools are complete and are now populated by tens of thousands of fish. Measures are also being taken to preserve the tilapia population.[4]

Enot Tsukim is divided into three sections: the northern "closed reserve," the central "visitors reserve," and the southern "hidden reserve." The closed reserve is only open to scientists by special invitation. This section covers approximately 2,700 dunams. The 500-dunam visitors reserve features wading pools filled with natural spring water.[5]

Due to ecological concerns, the hidden reserve is closed to the public apart from tours on Fridays.[6]

Archaeology

Excavations at Einot Tzukim

Excavations at Ein Feshkha were conducted by Roland de Vaux of the Ecole Biblique in 1956 and 1958. Hirschfeld excavated the site in 2001. The earliest structure at the site, located south of the spring, was an Iron Age II fort, constructed at a similar time to the earliest structures at Qumran and down the Dead Sea coast.

The spring at Ein Feshkha is now located 100 meters south of the main building found by de Vaux and at least 3 meters lower. In ancient times a spring, now dried up, just north of the main building supplied water. This ancient spring being several meters higher suggests that it was sweet, not brackish.[7] The complex is composed of a main building (24m by 18m) with central courtyard, an industrial installation with two plastered basins to its northeast and what appear to be stables to its west.

De Vaux showed that the Ein Feshkha complex was contemporary with the settlement at Qumran and theorized that they were inhabited by the same community and, while he dated traces to the period from 100 to 31 BCE, both Magness and Hirschfeld have concluded that the complex was Herodian, i.e. after 37 BCE.[8] The entrance was through two doors, side-by-side, to the east. There is a staircase in the southeast corner of the building, showing that there was an upper story.[9] A channel brings water from the spring through the wall to the north into a small rectangular tank on to each of the two basins. The purpose of this installation is unknown. It may have served as part of a tannery or for raising fish.[10] More recent analyses suggest it may have been used in indigo manufacturing,[11] date-wine preparation,[12] date-honey production[13] or opobalsam preparation.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Andrea Scozzari & Bouabid El Mansouri (2011) Water Security in the Mediterranean Region: An International Evaluation of Management, Control, and Governance Approaches, Springer, p.235.
  2. ↑ Ein Tzukim reserve Travel Israel
  3. ↑ Al ‘Ubeidiya Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 19
  4. ↑ INPA to celebrate Israel’s wetlands this weekend, in honor of int’l day, Jerusalem Post
  5. ↑ A green and changing oasis in the wasteland
  6. ↑ INPA to celebrate Israel’s wetlands this weekend, in honor of int’l day, Jerusalem Post
  7. ↑ Magness 2002, p.214.
  8. ↑ Taylor, 2006.
  9. ↑ Magness 2002, p.211.
  10. ↑ de Vaux, Roland, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, (Oxford: The British Academy, 1973) p.82
  11. ↑ Bélis 2006.
  12. ↑ Ehud Netzer, cited in Taylor 2006.
  13. ↑ Gideon Hadas, cited in Hirschfeld 2004, p.207.
  14. ↑ Hirschfeld 2004, p.207.

Bibliography

  • Barag, Dan, "Ein-Feshkha" in Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls Vol.1, Edd. Schiffman, Lawrence H., VanderKam, James C. (Oxford: OUP, 2000) p. 237-238.
  • Bélis, Mirielle, "The Workshops at ʿEin Fashkhah: A New Hypothesis," in: J.-B. Humbert, J. Zangenburg, and K. Galor (eds.), The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates (Leiden: Brill, 2006).
  • de Vaux, Roland, "Fouilles de Feshka, Rapport preliminaire." Revue Biblique 66 (1959), 225-255.
  • Hirschfeld, Yizhar, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004). Ch.4, p. 183-209.
  • Magness, Jodi, Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002). Ch.10, p. 210-217.
  • Netzer, Ehud, Did Any Perfume Industry Exist at ʿEin Fashkhah? in: Israel Exploration Journal, 55 (2005), 97–100.
  • Taylor, Joan, "Ein Fashkha", p. 255-256, Vol.6, of Encyclopaedia Judaica, Edition 2 (Macmillan Reference USA, December 2006) ISBN 0-02-865928-7

Coordinates: 31°42′52″N 35°27′12″E / 31.7144°N 35.4533°E / 31.7144; 35.4533

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.