Dukhan

Dukhan
دخان
City
Dukhan
Location in Qatar
Coordinates: 25°25′10″N 50°47′32″E / 25.41944°N 50.79222°E / 25.41944; 50.79222
Country Qatar
Municipality Al-Shahaniya Municipality
Area
 • Total 140.9 sq mi (365.0 km2)
Population (2015)
 • Total 13,274
Time zone UTC+3 (AST)
Website Official website

Dukhan (Arabic: دخان‎) is a city in the western municipality of Al-Shahaniya in the State of Qatar.[1] It is approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the capital, Doha. Dukhan is administrated by Qatar's state oil agency Qatar Petroleum and is the site of the first oil discovery in Qatar.[2] It was previously a part of Al Rayyan municipality.

All the industrial operations inside the city are administrated by the Dukhan Operations Department. A special permit from Qatar Petroleum, in the form of a Dukhan entry gate pass, is required for entry to the city. A four-lane motorway connects Doha with Dukhan.

Etymology

In Mike Morton's biography, In the Heart of the Desert, it is noted that the English translation of Dukhan is 'smoky mountain' (Jebel Dukhan), a reference to the clouds that gathered around its summit, and colloquially to the smoke emanating from gas flares around the oil camp named after it.[3]

History of oil operations

Early operations

Oil exploration in the Dukhan area began in 1935.[4] In 1937, oil was struck in Dukhan; making it the first substantial oil reserve to be discovered in the peninsula.[2] Construction on Dukhan's first oil well began in 1939 and was finished the next year.[4] The original settlement was built as an oil camp for personnel of the Qatar Petroleum Company. Oil operations were temporarily shut down during World War II.[5]

On 31 December 1949, Dukhan exported its first barrel of oil. The full development of Dukhan's oil fields was completed in 1954. The city’s development entered a new stage of development when the Dukhan power station was commissioned in 1958, and when natural gas was found in the Khuff Reservoir the following year at an average depth of 10,000 feet.[5]

Nationalization of oil industry (1973–present)

Pipeline system for Dukhan's oil wells. The gas flare of a petroleum refinery can be seen in the distance.

Over the next few decades Dukhan’s growth continued a steady pace. In 1974 the Fahahil plant was commissioned to recover raw natural gas liquids (NGL) from associated gas (which is found in either dissolved in crude oil or as a ‘cap’ of gas above the oil). This milestone was followed in 1976 by the first development well in the Khuff reservoir, and from 1978 to 1982 eight Khuff wellhead treatment plants were commissioned.[5]

Dukhan expanded further in 1989, when the Dukhan reservoir Power Water Injection (PWI) project began, to address the problem of rising water levels in the reservoirs. PWI helped to enhance oil recovery and maintain reservoir pressure in the Dukhan field. Meanwhile, the Fahahil compression station began operations in 1992, to pressurise the Khuff reservoir with surplus North Field gas and help stabilise production. Progress continued throughout the late 1990s and early years of this decade, with several major enhancements – including the two-stage Arab D project to develop the production of gas and condensates, inaugurated by the Emir of Qatar in 1998.[5]

The Dukhan Gas Lift project was planned in 1999 to help maintain crude oil production.[6] The implementation is still in progress and is set to supply gas to approximately 300 wells in the area. Also forthcoming is Phase VI of the Powered Water Injection (PWI) project, which will increase the number of PWI stations from two to three and result in greater PWI capacity – rising from 538,000 to 708,000 barrels of water per day.[5]

Oil-producing sectors

Dukhan has three main oil-producing sectors:[7]

  • The Khatiyah sector, which was developed in 1947.
  • The Fahahil sector, which was developed between 1954 and 1955.
  • The Jaleha sector, which was developed between 1954 and 1955.

Industrial infrastructure

In 1990, there were 390 hydrocarbon wells in Dukhan, covering 0.08% of the area. Of the 390 wells, 140 were oil producing, 20 were gas producing and 219 were for other uses.[8] The pipeline system for these wells covered 0.1% of the area and had an overall length 204 kilometres (127 mi).[9] By 1990, there were seven degassing stations and two pumping stations. The Khatiyah sector was the most densely occupied in terms of infrastructure.[10]

Residential developments

Dukhan's residential area was developed at the same time oil operations were commenced in 1940.[11] The first residential area was a 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) fenced oil camp situated in close proximity to the oil fields.[12] Several issues limited the growth of the camp in its early years, such as lack of private ownership and its remoteness from the capital city.[13] The camp comprised eight residential zones, several administrative buildings, stores, workshops, and cultural facilities. Two schools, a hospital, and two mosques and a church were also located in the camp.[14] Mike Morton remarked that in 1958, the oil camp had a club with tennis, billiards, hockey, football and cricket facilities, as well as a restaurant, a bar and a library. He claims that the club's bar was the focal point of the camp.[3]

A shopping complex in Dukhan.

In the 1940s, communities started forming outside the camp in order to accommodate the increasing number of workers. The most notable community was that in the Khatiyah sector east of the camp. As an initiative to provide housing for Bedouins in the region, in the 1950s the government delegated Dukhan with the task of creating other settlements in the area.[15] Two schools, several service buildings and additional settlements were built outside the camp in that decade.[16] The residential area doubled in size during that period.[17]

21st century

The modern-day city of Dukhan evolved from the main oil camp and ensuing offshoot settlements that were established during the 20th century. In 2003, QR3 bn worth of projects were launched to develop the city. In 2012, a five-year development project on the city was announced by the chairman of Qatar Petroleum with a start date of 2013. The five-year development project was supposed to include a new school however due to budget cuts, following the falling oil prices, this plan was scrapped.[18]

Visitor attractions

Dukhan public beach.
Dukhan Masjid

Dukhan Souq, a 25.6 square metres (276 sq ft) marketplace, is located near the Khatiya area. It houses numerous shops and restaurants, a bank, a pharmacy and a Q-Post office.[19]

Historic landmarks

Al Khotba Mosque, erected in 1942, is one of the oldest mosques in Dukhan. Its creation was planned shortly after the oil camp was established. It is noted for its unique decorative elements. The minaret, situated in the north-east section, lies on a square base and is barrel-shaped. An outdoor prayer area is accessible through six pathways in the courtyard, while the prayer hall has three entrances leading from the outdoor area.[20]

Recreational facilities

Rainbow over the plains of Dukhan.

Dukhan is served by several recreational facilities. One of the oldest recreation clubs in the city is Dukhan Recreation Club (DRC), formerly known as Dukhan Fields Club until 1988. It has a swimming centre, a garden, a conference centre, a library, a sports lounge, and an indoor stadium. It plays host to several community functions, such as the yearly Dukhan Women's Association handicraft exhibition, school events and sports events.[21]

Jinan Recreation Club serves the city as a multi-recreational facility. It contains a library, a party hall, numerous sports facilities, and a cinema.[22]

A fitness club exists in the city, but it is exclusive to Qatar Petroleum employees. Facilities are gender-segregated.[23]

There is a water sports club in the community called Dukhan Water Sports (previously known as Dukhan Sailing Club). It was formed in the 1960s, and currently offers services such as powerboat sports, jet skiing and windsurfing. Events hosted by the club include an annual sailing regatta and an annual raft race.[24] Dukhan also has a golf club; its facilities include a practice range, a lounge and a club house.[25]

Dukhan Cinema opened in 1982. It has a 620-seating capacity and features four weekly multilingual shows. It also facilitates community functions and drama classes for Dukhan English School.[26]

Transport

Dukhan Highway leading from Dukhan to Doha.

The first road in Dukhan was built in 1940 to connect the oil camp to Doha.[27] Travel by car to the capital took approximately 3 hours. The only other form of transport to the capital at this time was by boat through Zekrit jetty, located 7 miles (11 km) away from the camp.[28] A second road was built in 1948 to connect Dukhan to Umm Bab and Mesaieed. In the 1970s, the Salwa Road was developed to link all four of the aforementioned areas. The total road system was 2.2 square kilometres (0.85 sq mi) by the 1990s.[27]

In 2014, the road linking Dukhan to Doha was reconstructed by the Public Works Authority as part of a $384.5 m project. The new road is 9 square kilometres (3.5 sq mi).[29]

Healthcare

Healthcare services in the city are provided by Dukhan Medical Centre. It offers primary healthcare, occupational healthcare, and dental services. Additionally, a contractor clinic is located in the city.[30] The Directorate Industrial Security, a subsidiary of Qatar Petroleum, is the primary occupational safety agency in the Dukhan.[31]

Media

The community has two local publications: Dukhan Bulletin and Brooq Magazine.[32]

Archaeology

Dukhan is one of the most important Paleolithic sites in the peninsula.[33] One of the largest bifaces in Qatar, measuring 35 cm in length and 12 cm in width, was previously recovered from Dukhan.[34] In 1960, the largest Paleolithic flint chipping site at that time was discovered 5 km south of Dukhan, around 500 ft from the shore. It covered 2.5 acres and contained an assortment of Stone Age implements such as arrowheads, blades, scrapers and hand axes.[35] In Ras Uwainat Ali, 10 km north of Dukhan, camping grounds and flint tools were discovered.[36] The archaeological sites of Ras Abrouq, Zekreet and Al Da'asa are also in the vicinity of Dukhan.[37]

Geography

A rock formation in Dukhan.

Dukhan is in the municipality of Al-Shahaniya and is approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Doha. The southeasternmost section of the area lies at 60 m above sea level.[38] Parts of Dukhan's sabkha zone in the north lie below sea level.[38][39] A sequence of hillocks of Eocene limestone run in parallel throughout the coastal region.[38] The top of the Rus Formation from the Lower Eocene period outcrops more than 25 meters in this area.[40] The eastern portion comprises a lowland covered with rock fragments, consisting of wadis and depressions.[38] Wadi Diab is one of the major dry riverbeds which extend through Dukhan. Common flora in the area used for grazing include zygophyllum qatarense and vachellia tortilis.[41]

A sabkha (salt-flat) ecosystem known as 'Dukhan Sabkha' is found in the northern section. As a result of high uranium content, the sabkha has very high levels of radioactivity, ranging from a mean of 16 to 75 cps. Studies suggest that the sabkha is fed by seawater from the Zikrit Gulf, north by approximately 3 km.[42]

Climate

The following is climate data for Dukhan obtained from the Qatar Statistics Authority.

Climate data for Dukhan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5)		 25
(77)		 30
(86)		 36
(97)		 42
(108)		 44
(111)		 45
(113)		 44.5
(112.1)		 41.5
(106.7)		 37
(99)		 30
(86)		 23.5
(74.3)		 35.1
(95.2)
Average low °C (°F) 15
(59)		 16.5
(61.7)		 20
(68)		 25
(77)		 30
(86)		 32.5
(90.5)		 34
(93)		 33.5
(92.3)		 32
(90)		 26.5
(79.7)		 23.5
(74.3)		 17
(63)		 25.5
(77.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10
(0.39)		 2
(0.08)		 2.5
(0.098)		 6
(0.24)		 1
(0.04)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.5
(0.02)		 13
(0.51)		 19.5
(0.768)		 54.5
(2.146)
Average relative humidity (%) 68 67 63 58 53 54 57 63 67 70 75 82 65
Source: Qatar Statistics Authority[43]

Administration

When free elections of the Central Municipal Council first took place in Qatar during 1999,[44] Dukhan was designated the seat of constituency no. 25.[45] It would remain constituency seat in the next three consecutive elections until being transferred to constituency no. 24 and being replaced as constituency seat by Al Jemailiya in the fifth municipal elections in 2015.[46] In the inaugural municipal elections in 1999, Hassan Mesfer Al-Hajri won the elections, receiving 48.8%, or 122 votes. Runner-up candidate was Jaber Hamad Rashed, who attained 32.8%, or 82 votes. Overall, voter turnout was 72.3%.[45] The 2002 elections saw Mohammed Rashid Al Shahwani emerge as the new constituent representative.[47] In the third municipal elections in 2007, Rashid Abdul Hadi Al-Hajri was elected as the representative.[48] During the 2011 elections, Mohamed Faisal Al Shahwani polled the highest and won the elections.[49]

Education

Dukhan English School

This school is located in Dukhan:

Name of SchoolCurriculumGradeGendersOfficial WebsiteRef
Dukhan English SchoolInternationalKindergarten – SecondaryBothOfficial website[50]

Dukhan Learning Center is also located, just outside the city. It was inaugurated in 2012 to provide various training programs for Qatar Petroleum employees. It also accommodates a library.[51]

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, the city comprised 1,908 housing units[52] and 147 establishments.[53] There were 11,520 people living in the city, of which 80% were male and 20% were female. Out of the 11,520 inhabitants, 83% were 20 years of age or older and 17% were under the age of 20. The literacy rate stood at 99.4%.[54]

Employed persons made up 76% of the total population. Females accounted for 6% of the working population, while males accounted for 94% of the working population.[54]

YearPopulation
1986[55]3,341
1997[56]5,229
2004[57]6,117
2010[1]11,520
2015[58]13,274

References

  1. 1 2 "2010 population census" (PDF). Qatar Statistics Authority. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Home page". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 Morton, Michael Quentin (2006). In the Heart of the Desert. Green Mountain Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0955221200.
  4. 1 2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2007). "Oil & Gas". Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Dukhan". Qatar Petroleum. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018.
  6. ↑ "QATAR: Dukhan gas lift goes for tender". MEED. 14 May 1999. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  7. ↑ The Report: Qatar 2014. Oxford Business Group. 2014. p. 117.
  8. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 113.
  9. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 115.
  10. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 118.
  11. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 123.
  12. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 124.
  13. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 125.
  14. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 125.
  15. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 128.
  16. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 129.
  17. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 131.
  18. ↑ "Minister unveils five-year plan to develop Dukhan City". Online Qatar. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  19. ↑ "Dukhan Souq". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  20. ↑ Jaidah, Ibrahim; Bourennane, Malika (2010). The History of Qatari Architecture 1800-1950. Skira. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-8861307933.
  21. ↑ "Dukhan Recreation Club (DRC)". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  22. ↑ "Jinan Recreation Club (JRC)". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  23. ↑ "Dukhan Fitness Center (DFC)". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  24. ↑ "Dukhan Water Sports (DWS)". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  25. ↑ "Dukhan Golf Club (DGC)". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  26. ↑ "Dukhan Cinema". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  27. 1 2 Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 138.
  28. ↑ "'File 38/3 I, P. C. L. Qatar Concession' [42r] (88/484)". Qatar Digital Library. 1 February 1941. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  29. ↑ Lesley Walker (14 July 2014). "Latest stretch of upgraded Dukhan Highway opens". Doha News. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "Dukhan Medical Services". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  31. ↑ "Dukhan Security". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  32. ↑ "Dukhan Community". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  33. ↑ Abdul Nayeem (1998), p. 20
  34. ↑ Abdul Nayeem (1998), p. 50
  35. ↑ Abdul Nayeem (1998), p. 34
  36. ↑ Abdul Nayeem (1998), p. 33
  37. ↑ Abdul Nayeem (1998), p. 37
  38. 1 2 3 4 Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 105.
  39. ↑ M. Ajmal Khan; Benno Böer; German S. Kust; Hans-Jörg Barth (2006). Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume II: West and Central Asia. Springer. p. 179. ISBN 978-1402050718.
  40. ↑ Abdul Nayeem (1998), p. 6
  41. ↑ Fahd Abdul Rahmn Hamad Al-Thani (1992). "The Spatial Impact of the Hydrocarbon Industry on Land and Sea Use in Qatar" (PDF). University of Durham; Durham e-Thesis. p. 107.
  42. ↑ Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume II: West and Central Asia, p. 176
  43. ↑ "Temperature/Humidity/Rainfall". Qatar Statistics Authority. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  44. ↑ "Central Municipal Council". Government Communications Office of Qatar. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  45. 1 2 "إنتخابات الدورة الأولى" (in Arabic). Central Municipal Council. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  46. ↑ "مقـار الدوائـر" (in Arabic). Ministry of Interior (Qatar). Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  47. ↑ "الدورة الثانية" (in Arabic). Central Municipal Council. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  48. ↑ "إنتخابات الدورة الثالثة" (in Arabic). Central Municipal Council. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  49. ↑ "رابعاً: إنتخابات الدورة الرابعة كشف بأسماء السادة المرشحين الفائزين في عضوية انتخابات المجلس البلدي المركزي (الدورة الرابعة - 2011م)" (in Arabic). Central Municipal Council. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  50. ↑ "Dukhan English Private School". Supreme Education Council. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  51. ↑ "Dukhan Learning Centre". Qatar Petroleum - Dukhan Operations. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  52. ↑ "Housing units, by type of unit and zone (April 2010)" (PDF). Qatar Statistics Authority. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  53. ↑ "Establishments by status of establishment and zone (April 2010)" (PDF). Qatar Statistics Authority. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  54. 1 2 "Geo Statistics Application". Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  55. ↑ "1986 population census" (PDF). Qatar Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  56. ↑ "1997 population census" (PDF). Qatar Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "2004 population census". Qatar Statistics Authority. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  58. ↑ "2015 Population census" (PDF). Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. April 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2017.

Bibliography

Abdul Nayeem, Muhammad (1998). Qatar Prehistory and Protohistory from the Most Ancient Times (Ca. 1,000,000 to End of B.C. Era). Hyderabad Publishers. ISBN 9788185492049.

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