Croatian Army

Croatian Army
Emblem of the Croatian Army
Active 1991–present
Country Croatia
Type Army
Size 15,894 personnel As of 2016[1]
Part of Republic of Croatia Armed Forces
H/Q Karlovac
Motto(s) "Domovini vjerni"
(Faithful to Homeland)
March Mi smo garda hrvatska
(We are the Croatian guard)
Anniversaries 28 May
Equipment 78 x MBT [2]
623 x IFV & APC
350 x artillery pieces, mortars
Engagements

Croatian War of Independence:

Bosnian War:

War in Afghanistan
War in Iraq
Commanders
Current
commander		 Brigadier general Siniša Jurković
Notable
commanders		 General Martin Špegelj, General Janko Bobetko, General Petar Stipetić, General Zvonimir Červenko, Lieutenant General Ante Gotovina, Lieutenant General Marijan Mareković, Lieutenant General Mladen Kruljac

The Croatian Army, (Croatian: Hrvatska vojska (HV)) or Croatian Ground Army, Croatian: Hrvatska kopnena vojska (HKoV)) is the largest and most significant component of the Croatian Armed Forces (CAF).

Role and deployment

The fundamental role and purpose of the Croatian Army is to protect vital national interests of the Republic of Croatia and defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.

The Croatian Army's primary tasks are to:[3]

  • Defend against possible aggression at strategic operational levels and to defend against any land, air, or amphibious assault, in co-operation with the other branches of the CAF.
  • Help allies and friendly countries in time of need.
  • Build the capability to carry out non-traditional tasks such as humanitarian support during floods, fires, and other natural disasters.

Recent and current operations

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

The Croatian Army has contributed to the following NATO missions:

  • NATO EFP Battlegroups (Lithuania & Poland) - 2017
  • Operation Resolute Support (Afghanistan) - since 2015
  • NATO International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF) (Afghanistan) - from 2003-2014

United Nations (UN)

The Croatian Army was involved in the following UN missions as of December 2017:

  • UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO): seven military observers
  • UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL): one staff officer
  • UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP): nine military observers

In the past, the Croatian Army has also contributed to:

History

The Croatian Army was formed in the Croatian War of Independence, when, on November 3, 1991, the Croatian National Guard was renamed the Croatian Army.

Numerous Croatian army units arose from the Croatian National Guard, including:

The locally based regiments were named the Home Guard Regiments (Domobranska pukovnija). They were created on 24 December 1991, during the war, and ceased to exist in a 2003 reorganization.[4]

Croatian army locations
Key: red – mech, gold – armoured

Organizational structure and status

The Croatian Army is an all-volunteer force numbering 7,514 active duty personnel and 193 civil servants and employees as of August 2016.[1] The Army can also call on 6,000 reserve personnel who serve up to 30 days every year.

Croatian Army Master Sgt.(right) discusses patrol routes with a Czech Army Sgt. (left) in Germany to prepare for Afghanistan, 2012

The Croatian Army is being reorganized to fit in the NATO doctrine of a small, highly capable force with an emphasis on mobility and versatility.

Major combatant commands of the Croatian Army are one armored and one mechanized brigade, each brigade having a specific role and different responsibilities. In 2012, one motorized infantry company is to be detached and put under the command of the EU Battle Group led by Germany. Croatia continues to deploy 350 personnel in support of NATO International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.

Croatia achieved NATO membership in April 2009. The defence reforms that Croatia initiated in 2000 have a long-term goal of replacing and modernizing the armed forces to meet the challenges of NATO membership. The plan calls for the modernization of the Army and the introduction of training and doctrine in line with Western (NATO) standards. Replacing ex-Yugoslav/Soviet hardware is also one of the main priorities.

There are various ongoing initiatives, such as the upgrade of the tank fleet, introduction of new Armored Personnel Carriers and NATO standard assault rifles, etc. Procurement of new, NATO-compatible equipment takes a significant part of the defense budget.

Until less than a decade ago, Croatia had operated just under 280 main battle tanks, but this number decreased significantly due to the withdrawal of roughly 200 obsolete T-55 tanks in 2006. Most of these units have been scrapped, but a limited number have been stored as operational reserve in case of need. The mainstay now are the M-84A4 Sniper main battle tanks which are currently undergoing overhauls. However, modernization of the tank fleet to the M-84D standard is also envisaged.

In July 2007 Patria AMV won the contract to supply the next generation of APCs to the Croatian Army. Only 84 vehicles were ordered at first with an additional 42 purchased in an extended contract signed in December 2008. Croatia now operates 126 units with the first six vehicles manufactured in Finland and delivered by late 2008. All remaining vehicles have been locally produced by 2014. Out of a total of 126 units, 112 are armed with 12,7 Protector (RWS) remote controlled stations.

In early 2007, Croatia bought 10 Iveco LMV light armoured vehicles at a cost of 330,000 Euros per unit. According to official documents, 94 of these vehicles were needed by 2017. However, Croatia now relies on over 200 US-donated HMMWV and MRAP type vehicles.

Steps have been made to standardize the difficult-to-maintain vehicle inventory of the Croatian military, which is full of various models of different origin, type and age. Starting with 2005, the Army bought 152 light trucks and vehicles, 156 in 2006 with an additional 170 obtained by the end of 2007. All vehicles are from prominent European or Japanese manufacturers including Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover, Iveco, MAN, Toyota and Nissan. These purchases are an ongoing process seen as roughly 150-180 new terrain vehicles are procured annually.

The Croatian Army is introducing a new assault rifle in 5.56mm NATO caliber to replace large stocks of AK-47 and its derivatives. The chosen model is the locally manufactured VHS developed by HS Produkt. The initial batch of 1,000 rifles was ordered in 2009–2010 with the requirement for up to 20,000 rifles. The MoD press and photo releases from regular training activities indicate that the VHS had been issued to elements of the Military Intelligence Battalion, Combat Swimmer Detachment of the Special Forces Battalion, as well as to one of the infantry companies of the Guards Mechanized Brigade as early as 2011.

Order of battle

Current structure of the Croatian Army
  • Land Forces Command (Karlovac)[5]
    • Armored Guard Brigade (Vinkovci)
      • Headquarters & Headquarters Company
      • 1st Tank Battalion "Kune" (Gašinci)
      • 2nd Armoured Battalion
      • 3rd Mechanized Battalion "Sokolovi" (Našice/Vinkovci)
      • 4th Mechanized Battalion "Pume" (Našice/Vinkovci)
      • Mixed Artillery Battalion (Bjelovar)
      • Air Defence Battalion (Vinkovci)
      • Engineer Battalion (Vinkovci)
      • Reconnaissance Company (Vinkovci)
      • Signals Company (Vinkovci)
      • Logistics Company (Vinkovci)
    • Mechanized Guard Brigade (Knin)
      • Headquarters & Headquarters Company
      • 1st Mechanized Battalion "Tigrovi" (Petrinja)
      • 2nd Mechanized Battalion "Gromovi" (Petrinja)
      • 3rd Mechanized Battalion "Pauci" (Knin)
      • Motorized Battalion "Vukovi" (Gospić)
      • Mixed Artillery Battalion (Karlovac/Slunj)
      • Air Defence Battalion (Benkovac)
      • Engineer Battalion (Sinj)
      • Reconnaissance Company
      • Signals Company
      • Logistics Company
    • Training and Doctrine Command "Fran Krsto Frankopan" (Osijek)
      • Infantry Regiment (Petrinja)
      • Artillery Regiment (Bjelovar)
      • Engineer Regiment (Karlovac)
      • Logistics Regiment (Benkovac)
      • Basic Training Centre (Požega)
      • Combat Training Center (Slunj)
      • Simulation Center (Zagreb)
    • Military Police Regiment (Ogulin/Karlovac)
    • Signals Regiment (Karlovac)
    • Military Intelligence Battalion (Zagreb)
    • NBC Defence Battalion (Dugo Selo)
    • Special Operations Forces Command (Delnice)
    • Air Defence Regiment (Donji)
      • Command Battery (Zemunik)
      • 1st Mixed Battalion (Zemunik)
      • 2nd Mixed Battalion (Udbina)
      • 3rd Mixed Battalion (Zagreb)
    • Signals Battalion (Velika Gorica)
    • International Operations Training Center (Rakitje)

Operational art and tactical doctrine

Building on NATO's Partnership for Peace assistance programmes and full NATO membership since 2009, the Croatian Army has embraced the alliance concepts of the 24-hour, three-dimensional battlefield and the employment of highly trained and motivated forces equipped to deploy rapidly and operate with flexibility as part of a larger multinational force.[6]

The Croatian Army is also working more closely with the air force and navy, resulting in more multi-phased operations with detailed ground/air co-ordination, but more needs to be done at all echelons to achieve a deeper level of jointness. In all of these activities, the land forces are in the lead.[7]

Modernization plans

Croatian soldier with VHS assault rifle.
Soldiers take cover beside Patria AMV.
Patria AMV ready for patrol.

Economic recession in much of the EU and in Croatia from 2009 caused the revision of Croatia's plans to modernize its armed forces. Initially it was planned to spend around 15 billion kuna on armed forces modernization. Not included in this was a special purchase for advanced jet fighters at a cost of another 8-12 billion kuna. Croatia's responsibility towards NATO some schedules had to be fulfilled, such as procurement of modern armored personal carrier as well as modernization of infantry soldier, from training to equipping infantry units with best gear army can afford. Program is almost an end, should be fully implemented by the end of 2015.

Although there were quite a few setbacks in Army modernization plans, such as delays in purchase of new infantry fighting vehicles, light armored personal carriers, no real strategy as to what to do with M84A4 main battle tanks and army logistics got little or no new equipment since 2008. However, large donations by US military as well as other NATO allies should ensure that the Croatian Army of 2020 can fully integrate and interoperate with NATO in terms of equipment, logistics and weapon systems.[8]

Main programs

  • Procurement of 126 Patria AMV Modular APC/IFV - 2.8 billion Kuna (additional vehicles might be ordered after 2017).
  • Procurement of 162 Oshkosh M-ATV, 30 Navistar MaxxPro MRAP and 20 BAE Systems RG-33L (6x6) Heavy Armored Ground Ambulance (HAGA), the latter also procured as part of the MRAP ID/IQ contract awards. The vehicles were delivered under the US Excess Defense Articles (EDA) programme. Croatia first requested MRAPs under the EDA programme in January 2013, with US Congress granting approval for the transfer of 170 vehicles in August 2013 and for a further 42 vehicles in March 2014. As is typical under the EDA programme, the vehicles were transferred on an 'as is, where is' basis, with Croatia responsible for the cost of shipping the vehicles and for any future refurbishment or modification they may require. Accordingly, the Croatian MoD paid the costs of the transfer of the Maxxpro MRAPs from US Army stores in Italy, and did the same for the shipping of the RG-33 HAGA vehicles from the United States. The M-ATVs, however, were in Afghanistan and their transfer costs were granted for free as part of the US Department of Defence Lift and Sustain programme.[9]
  • Procurement of a short and medium-range (ceiling of >12,000 meters) air-defense system around 2020 as a part of the new plan to form a surface-to air battery armed with short and medium range surface to air systems, most likely candidate for this program being IRIS-SL or MBDA MICA systems developed by European consortia Diehl BGT Defence and MBDA respectively, both systems have a range of 35 km and about 12 km altitudes meeting required parameters.
  • Procurement of 12+3 surplus German PzH 2000 advanced artillery systems which are to be delivered in 2015 to augment (not replace) existing 2S1 self-propelled howitzers. Cost of program - 300 million Kuna.
  • Modernization of 104 BVP M-80A Infantry Fighting Vehicle with new 30mm remote weapon station, new modular armour package and 3rd generation anti tank missile with range of up to 4 km, program cost 320 million kuna to be completed by 2024, replacement by western modern IFV wasn't discounted.[10]
  • Procurement of 3rd generation of Anti tank missile including vehicle mounted versions, up to 200 launchers and 2000 missiles and simulators. FGM-148 Javelin and Spike being main contenders for this program. Cost of program - 400 million Kuna.[10]
  • Procurement of 550 x 5-ton army trucks, negotiations with Germany over purchase of 2nd hand trucks and support vehicles has ensured much of the program parameters, with some 400 vehicles to be delivered by late 2015 and early 2016. A commercial tender for brand new trucks will be held in 2016 to supply additional 300 vehicles that will replace older no longer viable vehicles currently in service. MAN HX-Serie and Mercedes Zetros being most likely choice.
  • Modernization of M-84A4 Sniper MBTs. Program calls for an upgrade and modernization of 16 tanks. Modernization of 16 M84A4 tanks to M84A5 (also known as M-84D) standard will be completed by the end of 2016, Army is to retain additional 32 M-84A4 tanks with the remainder used for spare parts.[10][11]
  • Additional 6000 VHS HS Produkt rifles will be purchased by 2018 for total of 12000.
  • Complete overhaul and modernization of two engineer company sized units with latest NATO engineering equipment including battlefield support and engineering equipment.
  • Overhaul and modernization of communication and data link networks as well as battlefield management systems – program cost: 150 million kuna, program finalized in 2003 and 2007, Croatian army purchased 135 TRC4000 communication and data link full sets[12] as well as 700 SINCGARS-RT-1702G sets and in 2013 donation by US Government of additional 18 Harris 117G[13] sets completes the overall requirements for Croatian Army for modern NATO standard communication and data link equipment.,[14] procurement of communication and night vision equipment for all units and vehicles to comply with NATO standards. Program will be financed by Croatian budget but also though donations by US.

Other programs:

  • Equipping motorized infantry battalion (800-1,000 men) with night vision equipment, including advanced optoelectronics and sensors, ground radars, thermal imaging cameras – 120 million Croatian Kuna
  • NBC equipment for biological/chemical-decontamination unit – 150 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of new army engineering vehicles, armored recovery vehicles, mine clearance vehicles and armored personal vehicles designed to withstand mine blasts – 320 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of modern communication and battlefield management systems –
  • Procurement of new logistic and amphibious vehicles – 250 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of 3-4 Artillery Radars – 30–40 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of 8-12 Mobile air defense radars – 200–300 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of Army Field Hospital - 80-100 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of 16 Army Tank transporters, Heavy Equipment Transporters – 80–100 million Croatian Kuna
  • Procurement of Bridge laying equipment – 100 million Croatian Kuna

Equipment

Handguns

The Croatian Army's requirement for personal protection side arms is being fulfilled by the locally produced HS2000 hand gun design, which has also become increasingly popular in the United States and elsewhere.

ModelImageCaliberOriginQuantityNote
HS Produkt HS 20009×19mm Croatia40,000standard sidearm
HS XDM[15]9×19mm Croatia20,000standard sidearm

Submachine guns

ModelImageCaliberOriginQuantityNote
H&K MP5[16]9×19mm Germany80-100Used by special forces and anti terrorist police
ERO[16]9×19mm Israel/ Croatia~500Unlicensed copy of the IMI Uzi submachine gun. Used by special forces and anti terrorist police

Assault rifles

The Croatian Army's current 2 standard assault rifles are the VHS and VHS2. The VHS's family of assault rifles replaced M70 entirely in 2015. Croatian peacekeepers and serviceman who serve on NATO/EU missions tend to be supplied with the German-made H&K G36C rifle and, to a lesser extent, the US Colt M4 carbine.

The Croatian Army inherited large quantities of Yugoslav Army light infantry weaponry, much of it captured during the Battle of the Barracks. These were supplemented by indigenous designs, some of which were very successful and found export markets. During the 1990s, these were perfectly acceptable light infantry weapons; however, with Croatia's entry into NATO, many older Yugoslav-era designs were seen as redundant and surplus to the requirement. Much of stock of small arms is being replaced by western designs and will lead to the eventual withdrawal of some older models such as Zastava M76, RT-20, MSCS M1 &2, and older Remington rifles. Croatia has acquired a substantial quantity of Sako TRG 42 sniper rifles with the aim of equipping the current army (around 7 infantry battalions) with 32 Sako TRG 42 sniper rifles per battalion. Additional equipment, such as optics and grenade launchers, were also obtained from domestic and German suppliers. Machine guns inherited from the Yugoslav era are also being supplemented by a large number of western models, namely FN MAG, Ultimax 100, M249 light machine gun and, contentiously, an ever-growing quantity of M2 Browning machine guns (of which Croatia had some 570 examples at the end of 2010, but numbers are likely to grow to well over 800 by 2020 due to number of new armored vehicles being armed with remote overhead weapon stations, as well as stand alone firing ports on a number of new armored vehicles Croatia has acquired or is to acquire from US and other NATO partners).

As of late 2017, Croatian Army maintains over 15000 VHS/VHS2 assault rifles in service, of these more than half are newer model HSP VHS-2, with ground forces transitioning to only HSP VHS-2 with in next few years. Army will retain original VHS-1 rifles in reserve, however Army plans to order up to 50 000 HSP VHS-2 rifles.

ModelImageCaliberOriginQuantityNote
HS Produkt VHS/VHS25.56×45mm Croatia14650around 3000 rifles in service as of early 2013, with additional 1580~ acquired under original 2008 contract,[17] 500 VHS1 Rifles intended for Croatian Army sold to US DOD.[18][19][20] Army Order for 300 VHS 2 Rifles made with future order for 20 000 VHS 2 agreed. VHS2 Rifles to replace VHS 1 which will be relegated in to reserve status.[21]
Zastava M707.62×39mm Yugoslavia640~88,000 stored and offered for sale, 44,000 sold to Afghanistan in 2010, 4000 donated to Mali in 2013,[22] some 6000 rifles sold to Syrian Rebels via Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Completely withdrawn from use by the end of 2015, however some 640~ left for use in opfor training..[23][24]
H&K G36C[25]5.56×45mm Germany750used by peacekeepers, special Forces and Ministry of the Interior, additional 200 acquired for MUP for total of 750.
Colt M4[25]5.56×45mm United States200- used by peacekeepers and the special forces[26]
FN F20005.56×45mm Belgium~100Bought for evaluation but not adopted, currently in limited use
Heckler & Koch HK4165.56×45mm Germany~550[27]Used by peacekeepers, ISFOR and Special Forces in Croatia. New order for 250 Heckler & Koch HK416 and 100 Heckler & Koch HK417 for delivery in 2018.

Sniper rifles

ModelImageCaliberOriginQuantityNote
Sako TRG-428.6×70mm Finland240standard sniper rifle of Croatian Army replacing older models.
Heckler & Koch HK4177.62.70mm Germany50~standard light 'Assaulter' sniper rifle of Croatian Army, used as designated marksman rifle with in Croatian Army. More to be acquired.
MACS M312.7×99mm Croatia32~standard sniper rifle, 48~ stored, supplements Sako TRG.
RT-2020×110mm Croatia12~anti-materiel rifle, some stored
Remington M40A57.62×51mm United States70~[28] 100~ older A1 models being phased out, with few remaining for familiarization and training.
Barrett M8212.7×99mm United States24~anti-materiel rifle, a dozen or so kept in reserve status.

Grenade launchers

ModelImageCaliberOriginQuantityNote
RBG-640×46mm South Africa/ Croatia124112 with Croatian Army and 12 with special forces and anti terrorist units.[29]
H&K AG3640×46mm Germany300Comes as standard with all H&K G36C deployed in ISAF and other NATO/EU missions.
Mk 19 grenade launcher40×53mm United States32+For the first time seen in the public at recent Military parade held in Zagreb, 32 weapons purchased for 4.8 million kuna. Mounted on to MATV and M1151 Up-Armored Capable HMMWV vehicles. More to be purchased, requirement calls for 224 weapon systems.[30][31][32]

Machine guns

ModelImageCaliberOriginQuantityNote
Browning M212.7×99mm United States700+Mostly mounted on armoured vehicles and tanks, including as remote weapon stations, of which 120+ are in use with the Croatian Army. More to be acquired,
FN MAG7.62×51mm Belgium400+number purchased for new light armored vehicles and infantry mobility vehicles armored
FN M2495.56×45mm Belgium100+More to be acquired.[33]
Ultimax 1005.56×45mm Singapore100Acquired in mid 1990s, just after the Homeland War.
Heckler & Koch HK215.56×45mm Germany300Acquired in late 1990s, supplements FN M249 [34]

Tanks

On April 24, 2013 the Defence Minister signed a memorandum with Đuro Đaković – Specijalna vozila for the upkeep, maintenance and modernization of the M-84 fleet (48 tanks) with the aim to improve the serviceability of the fleet.[35] According to current plans only 4 tanks are to be fully overhauled at cost of $1.8 million or $450,000 per tank with potential for further 44 tanks to be fully overhauled by late 2017 at cost of $20 million or 110 million Kuna.

Long-term plans regarding the future role of M-84 tanks in Croatian Army is to be defined by MOD. The new proposed defence white paper envisages only a fleet of 48 tanks.[10] This program includes a full upgrade and overhaul of M-84 A4 tanks to A5/D standard by 2020. However, the program isn't complete as public consultation is being held.

ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
M-84A4 SniperMBT Yugoslavia72All M-84A tanks brought to this standard by 2008 and are awaiting further upgrade. The fleet is undergoing limited overhaul with 4 tanks to be refurbished by the year's end at the cost of 440,000 USD per vehicle.[36] 16 Tanks to be upgraded to M-84A5 standard by 2017. Under new proposed Defence White paper only 48 (44+4) tanks will be kept and modernized, remaining tanks either sold or put into reserve status.

Tracked vehicles

The Croatian Army relies on M-80A infantry fighting vehicles, of which there are 128 in service. These vehicles are deployed in two mechanized infantry battalions. Croatian MOD stated that the M-80 will be replaced at some point in the future and that there are no plans to modernize these vehicles. Due to increased defence expenditure, Croatian Government is considering a purchase of new infantry fighting vehicles, although previous SDP government was looking at Marder 1a3[37] as an interim solution. Current government is keen on brand new vehicle, Croatian requirements call for 92 vehicles in standard IFV role armed with 30mm cannon or remote weapon station integrated with twin modern anti tank missile launchers, additionally unarmed 8 vehicles as armoured ambulance, 4 unarmed driver training vesicles, 8 unarmed armoured recovery vehicles and possibly same number of armed command vehicles. Most Likey choice is between Sweden's Combat Vehicle 90 and German's Puma IFV. Value of potential order might be in the region of 3 billion kuna, or €410 million. The likely purchase of new infantry vehicles won't happen before 2020.

ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
BVP M-80AIFV Yugoslavia128A total of 104 vehicles operational in two battalions, additional 24 converted or surplus units. Possible modernization of the fleet has been dismissed, replacement IFV will be known by late 2017 or mid 2018, 108 new vehicles are needed, 88 Infantry fighting vehicle armed with a turret supporting 30mm cannon and two modern anti tank guided missiles, 8 Armoured recover vehicles, 8 Armoured Ambulance and 4 command vehicles. Budget for said vehicles isn't know, it is estimated to be in the region of 1.5 billion kuna.[19]

Wheeled armoured personnel vehicles

Since the purchase and equipping of 126 Patria AMV has been posing a significant financial strain on the military budget for quite some time now, the current needs of the Army are going to be met primarily by acquiring second-hand hardware from allied sources. NATO,[38] with the USA being the prime supplier of such vehicles. Previous needs for additional Patria IFVs and Iveco LMVs are now going to be met by introducing large numbers of Oshkosh M-ATVs of which 162 are to be introduced into service in 2014. Cost of the program is merely $10 million, with Croatian MOD only paying for the transport of said vehicles.[38]

ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
Patria AMVAPC Finland/ Croatia126All units were delivered by mid-2013 but final fitting out and equipping to be concluded no sooner than 2016. An additional third battalion might be ordered after 2015 to fulfill all NATO obligations.[19]
Iveco LMVIMV Italy14An additional 84 vehicles were planned to enter service by 2017 but this option has been dropped due to the delivery of large quantities of M1151 Up-Armored Capable HMMWVs and similar vehicles.
M1151 Up-Armored Capable HMMWVIMV United States93The vehicles are mostly used by the ISAF forces in Afghanistan, but at least 13 newly built units delivered in 2012 are home-based + additional 8 delivered in 2015 for total of 21.[39] 65 M1151s and 20 M1141 vehicles in service.[40]
Oshkosh M-ATVMRAP United States172The initial order was made for 122 M-ATV but additional 40 units were requested and approved by US Senate.[41][42] Of 162 M-ATVs received as EDA, 15 are going to the Croatian Special Forces Command (SFCOM), 5 will be with the Support Command (SCOM), 2 with the Military Police Regiment, and 78 are to enter service with the Croatian Army in 2015, with a further 62 to follow in 2016 (equipping the 1st Battalion of the Motorized Guards Brigade in Gospic).[43] Additional 10 vehicles are still deployed in ISAF to return to Croatia in 2015 for total of 172 vehicles.[44]
International MaxxProMRAP United States40A total of 30 vehicles are in Croatia and additional 4 in Afghanistan. Of the 30 MaxxPro vehicles received EDA, 21 are for the Croatian Army, 5 will join SFCOM, and 2 each will go into SCOM and the Military Police Regiment. 6 MaxPro Recovery Vehicles[43][45]
RG-33MRAP South Africa20A total of 20 RG-33L (6x6) MRAP HAGA delivered and to enter service with SCOM during 2015.[43]

Combat engineering vehicles

ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
M-84AIArmoured Recovery Vehicle Yugoslavia4The last vehicle entered service in 2002.
T-55TZIArmoured Recovery Vehicle Soviet Union4The Croatian MoD is currently looking for a replacement.[46]
MaxxPro Recovery VehicleArmoured Recovery Vehicle United States6Entered service in 2016.
MT-55AArmoured Bridge Vehicle Czechoslovakia2+Additional bridge units are mounted on KrAZ 6x6 heavy trucks, currently awaiting replacement.[47]
GSP-55 self-propelled amphibious ferryAmphibious Vehicle Soviet Union2Only two operational and used with engineering unit. Awaiting replacement by modern NATO system.[48]
PTS-MAmphibious Vehicle Soviet Union4Actively participated in transport actions during the floods of 2014.
PMSPontoon Bridge Soviet Union4-5All are mounted on Tatra T813 8x8 trucks. Four systems seen at the parade, serving with engineering regiment, awaiting replacement by modern NATO system.
JCB Fastrac/JCB 4CXDigger/Loader United Kingdom12Number of support and land clearing equipment purchased or donated by US. [49]
MV-4Combat engineer Croatia4Used for demining operations.[50]

Anti-aircraft warfare

Under the newly proposed plan, the Croatian Army is set to revive its capability of hitting targets beyond the 10 km range. Current systems in service are all short-ranged with Strijela-10CROA1 (Croatian army's only SAM systems) having a maximum range of 7 km. The purchase of new systems will be highly dependent on price and support packages, with VL Mica, Crotale, SPYDER and NASAMS 2 being among most likely choices.

ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
Strijela - 10CROA1Short range air defense Croatia9The systems were modernized throughout the years.
BOV 20/3SPAAG Yugoslavia44The triple M55 20mm anti-aircraft guns mounted on a BOV APC. The systems are set to remain in service due to their secondary role as heavily armed APCs.
Bofors 40 mm L/70anti-aircraft autocannon Sweden12Paired to Giraffe radars.
9K38 IglaMANPADS Soviet Union67
9K32 Strela-2MMANPADS Soviet Union
 Yugoslavia		141 (+372)
  • Although Croatia acquired the S-300 long-range surface-to-air missile system in 1994, and demonstrated some of its parts on the 1995 military parade, it is believed that the system was never fully completed and operational although the training of crews was sought as late as 1998. Some sources claim that the weapon was subsequently handed-over to the United States or Israel in 2002–2004. However, officials still claim that the system is stored somewhere in Croatia.

Anti-tank weapons

The Croatian Army has relied heavily on Russian and domestically made anti-tank systems and rocket-propelled grenades, many of which by modern standards are obsolete or inadequate. The procurement of modern anti-tank system is being addressed and current plans call for the purchase of several dozen launchers for Patria AMVs which are to be fully integrated with 30mm license-built Kongsberg RWS. Swedish AT4 systems are viewed as the future unguided anti-tank weapon of the Army and a certain number of these has already entered service. The unguided M80s are being relegated to reserve status while the other domestically manufactured RPG weapon, RL90 M95 is set to remain in active service for some time. Spike and Javlin being main contenders for Croatian army choice of next generation anti tank missile systems replacing older soviet made systems currently in service. up to €20 million order for launchers will be made in 2017, with up to 64 launchers being delivered to army, of which up to 16 will be LR or mounted to a 30mm RWS turret developed by Kongsberg. Longer term Croatian army requirements call for 200~ launchers including infantry and vehicle mounted.[51]

ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
Spike LRanti tank missile Israel20Initial purchase of up to 20 launchers, simulator and unknown quantity of missiles to initially equip 8 Patria AMV in Croatian army service. 32 Patria will eventually undergo similar upgrade. Currently Croatian Army has requirement for 200+ Launchers and at least 1000+ missiles to replace current stock of Soviet anti tank missiles in service with the infantry formations. However, beyond initial 20 launchers, no clear indication when the additional launchers might be purchased.[52]
9К115-2 Metis-M/9K115 Metiswire-guided anti-tank missile Soviet Union54System purchased from Russia and Ukraine in early 1990s, during the war of Croatian Independence, 54 launchers and over 300 missiles in service.
9M113 Konkurswire-guided anti-tank missile Soviet Union42System purchased from Russia and Ukraine in early 1990s, during the war of Croatian Independence, 42 launchers and over 300 missiles in service.[53][54] To be replaced by Javelin or Eurospike at some point in near future.
9K111 Fagotwire-guided anti-tank missile Soviet Union119Awaiting replacement by a modern tandem warhead anti tank system.
9K11 Malyutkawire-guided anti-tank missile Soviet Union216216 modernized launchers/missiles integrated with M-83 Polo armoured vehicle with 6 launchers installed per each vehicle and with 18 vehicles deployed per each combat brigade, complete withdrawal from service by end of 2016, to be replaced by modern tandem warhead system after 2015. Javelin and EuroSpike are being considered as a replacement, with Javelin having considerable advantage due to commonality issue with Patria AMV 30mm ATGM RWS turrets.
RL90 M95RPG Yugoslavia770over 1500 systems available, with 770 in service deployed with 4-6 with each combat platoon. To be phased out by 2017 and kept in reserve, replaced entirely by Swedish made Carl Gustav recoilless rifle after 2017.
AT4RPG Sweden~The exact number of these weapons is unknown.[55]
AGM-114 Hellfireair-to-surface missile United States32+ 32 on order32 air/helicopter launchers and number of missiles where purchased as part of OH 58D purchase.[56] 32 new Hellfire missiles purchased as part of $3.2 million contract with US manufacturer. This is 2nd such purchase of same number of missiles. Croatia currently has stock of 32 missiles, with pending delivery for 32 more, requirements calls for at least 128 missiles plus number of training missiles.[57]

Artillery

With the end of the conflict in Croatia at the end of 1995 Croatia inherited large stockpile of Yugoslav era weapons systems. Decision was made to modify two battalions of D-30 HR M94 Soviet-made artillery systems to be compatible with NATO firing tables as an interim and cheap solution, with rest of the artillery stockpile kept in prepared state of reediness.

The situation is very dire, with the Croatian Army having no artillery system capable of hitting targets beyond 20 km, to avert what was a serious shortcoming the Croatian MOD placed an order for modern NATO artillery system with capability that can exceeds 20 km range requirement. According to media reports, the Croatian MOD chose to purchase 12+3 Panzerhaubitze 2000 (or one battalion) howitzers from the German Army stock for $48 million. The system will be delivered in 2015 and 2016 with all the support infrastructure required including training and logistic and supply trucks.[58][59]

Mortars

ModelImageTypeCaliberOriginNumberDetails
M57Mortar60mm Yugoslavia691253 kept in reserve[19] mortar has effective range of 3500m with standard projectile. Mortar underwent modification to meet NATO requirements.
M96Mortar82mm Yugoslavia69360 kept in reserve, improved copy of the Yugoslav M69 mortar[19] Mortar has 5600m effective range with a standard projectile, 4200m illuminating projectile and 4800m with light anti armour projectile. Mortar underwent modification to meet NATO requirements.
M75Mortar120mm Yugoslavia43201 kept in reserve[19] Mortar has 9500m effective range with a standard round projectile, and 5500m with illuminating projectile. Mortar underwent modification to meet NATO requirements.

Towed howitzers

ModelImageTypeCaliberOriginNumberDetails
75 mm M116 howitzerHowitzer75mm United States12of 57 artillery pieces only 12 are kept in active service primarily as ceremonial cannons, remaining cannons to be phased out by the end of 2015/6.
M56/M101Howitzer105mm Yugoslavia/ United States48Some are US and some Yugoslav-built under license. Some 44 kept in reserve with additional 4 used for training. Last ammunition check was conducted in October, 2015.[60]
D-30 RH M94Howitzer122mm Soviet Union54Modified Soviet D-30 howitzers brought in line with NATO commonality standards. One is in a museum and 3 loaned to NATO's Joint Multinational Training Centre in Hohenfels in Germany for extend time.[61] To be kept in service for the foreseeable future. Four units took part in the military parade in 2015.[13]
130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)Howitzer130mm Soviet Union72To be kept serviceable for the reserve forces. Two units took part in the military parade in 2015. Last ammunition check was conducted in October, 2015.[60]
CITER 155mm L33 GunHowitzer155mm Argentina18All systems operational.[19][62]

Self-propelled howitzers

ModelImageTypeCaliberOriginNumberDetails
Panzerhaubitze 2000Self-propelled howitzer155mm Germany15+SimulatorOrdered from German Army reserve stock, the $54 million contract for 12 (plus three for spare parts) howitzers includes modernization and upgrade to said howitzers with support equipment, spare parts and training simulator included. With delivery starting in 2015, with the first 6 to join the Croatian Army in the second half of 2015 and the remaining vehicles to be delivered after a general overhaul by the German Army in mid-2016/7.[63][64] Originally Croatia was negotiating 18 systems, but German Army will retain additional vehicles envisaged under earlier announced defence cuts thus only 12 Howitzers were offered to Croatia as part of the deal, which also included complete modernization of the system and overhaul to meet the latest NATO standards.[65] First two howitzers delivered, 13+1 simulator more to be delivered over coming 18 months[66]
2S1 GvozdikaSelf-propelled howitzer122mm Soviet Union9[19]Due to be augmented by 12 Panzerhaubitze 2000 and possibly replaced by 6 additional PzH2000 in the long term. Plan for limited modernization the system including installation of NATO compatible combat and communication equipment. 6 systems in use and 3 used as spare. To form armoured self-propelled artillery battalion.

Rocket artillery

ModelImageTypeCaliberOriginNumberDetails
RAK-12Towed multiple rocket launcher128mm Croatia68Some 8 systems are in active service while additional 60 are kept in reserve status.
APR–40Mobile Multiple Rocket Launcher122mmRomania Socialist Republic of Romania31Ordered from Romania in 1992–1993. Replacement by modern NATO system is a priority under new defence white paper, no mention of what system would replace current Multiple launch Systems in service, talks are being held with US and German governments on possible purchase of M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (M270 MLRS), Croatian requirements call for initially 8 systems to form a two battery teams at independent Artillery regiment, with potential for further 16 systems to equip 2 active brigades for total of 24 systems + simulators and training aids. Number of systems Croatian Army might purchase will solely depend on price of the entire purchase and delivery dates, Croatian Defence budget has set aside some 200 million kuna or $32 million for this program, although it is likely said systems might be donated by the US for symbolic price in turn Croatian MOD paying only VAT for said vehicles in which case price tag might be negligible and affordable.
M-92 Vulkan[67]Mobile Multiple Rocket Launcher122mmCroatia Croatia6Croatian modification of a mobile multiple rocket launcher 128mm M-77 Oganj in 122mm M-92 Vulkan. The launch box and the fire system have been modified. The volcano battery (4 units) is part of the Croatian contingent in Poland (Battle Group Poland).[68]

Logistical transports and multitask vehicles

The logistic component of the Croatian Army is being renewed continuously and over the past decade a number of new vehicle have been procured. Stated requirement calls for 1,250 5-10 ton military trucks, 550 4WD Jeeps of all sorts and a number of other support and utility vehicles. In recent times, the Croatian MOD has signed procurement agreements with MAN, Iveco, Mercedes and Astra Iveco. Most notably in recent history was a corruption affair that resulted in the dismissal and subsequent custodial sentence for former defence minister Berislav Rončević who "approved procurement of 33 Iveco Astra Military Trucks at inflated price without holding a public procurement tender that is a standard procedure in any major defence procurement program".[69]

The Croatian MoD has since purchased a number of new military trucks and 4WD vehicles through public procurement program; the latest being a 2011 procurement of some 80 Mercedes, MAN Trucks and 120 Toyota and Nissan 4WD vehicles. Although, as of late 2012, nearly half of the Croatian Army's logistics inventory is obsolete or near obsolete and in need of a replacement.[70]

As of late 2012, the Croatian Army lacks some 400 Military trucks of all sorts. Also, many vehicles in the current stock are quite obsolete and in need of replacing. The problem is furthermore escalated by the fact that the Defence Budget for 2013 has been slashed by 250 million kuna, further reducing the probability of the Croatian Army receiving new logistic vehicles.

The Croatian Army is now looking to acquire some German Army surplus stock, in good condition and available for use; 300–400 Army trucks are needed and it is likely they will all come from German Army surplus –most of them MAN KAT1 army trucks– and other unspecified vehicles indeed.

Trucks and multiuse vehicles

Currently the army is seeking to acquire a number of 5t, 7.5t and 12.5 ton trucks. Due to a shortage of funds, purchase of brand new equipment is difficult, although the army annually receives up to several dozen brand new specialist vehicles. When possible, the army tries to obtain 2nd hand vehicles from German, or other NATO member surplus stock. The army has a requirement for 1500 trucks of all sorts, however currently it lacks at least 500 trucks and heavy goods vehicles.


Military multiuse vehicles
ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
Iveco 5T Transport TruckMedium cargo truck, Cab forward Italy120+initial order of 39 vehicles made in 2005 and subsequent order for additional 80 vehicles in 2008 and 2009. Currently over 120 vehicles in service.
TAMUtility Truck, Cab forward Yugoslavia600~large number of these trucks in various configurations still serve in many roles within Croatian Army, they're being replaced by modern models but, due to defence cutbacks, these vehicles are likely to remain in service for the foreseeable future. These vehicles are, in many cases, now over 40 years old; replacement is sought when and where possible.
LkW MAN 5t MIL GL 4x45T Troop transport, Cab forward Germany57Initial purchase of 27 German Army trucks that were stored and now being refurbished for Croatian Army. In 2015, MoD bought 10 more trucks from German surpluses, in accordance with the 2013 Framework Agreement on the purchase of used trucks and containers from the surplus of the German Armed Forces.[71][72][73][74]In 2017, additional 20 trucks were delivered to fullfill urgent requirement.[75]
LkW MAN 7t MIL GL 6x67T Troop transport, Cab forward Germany10In 2015, MoD bought 5 trucks from German surpluses, in accordance with the 2013 Framework Agreement on the purchase of used trucks and containers from the surplus of the German Armed Forces.[76] Additional 5 6x6 trucks were purchased in 2017 for total of 10 vehicles. [77]
LkW MAN 10t MIL GL 8x810T Troop transport, Cab forward Germany12In 2015, MoD bought 5 trucks from German surpluses, in accordance with the 2013 Framework Agreement on the purchase of used trucks and containers from the surplus of the German Armed Forces.[78] Seven additional 8x8 trucks were purchased in 2017 as part of framework to purchased number of used trucks from German Army surplus stock. [79]
MAN Tank Transporter40T Truck Tank Transporter, Cab forward Germany1616 older MAN units in service, being replaced by modern equivalent soon.
Astra TrucksMedium Utility Vehicle, Cab forward Italy12~Standard utility vehicle of the Croatian Army, 33 units ordered in 2004, all delivered and in service. Iveco Trekker chosen as a heavy truck, future orders unlikely.[80]
DAF Trucks4WD/Medium Utility Vehicle, Cab forward Netherlands20~Standard utility vehicle of the Croatian Army; 60 units received from the Dutch Army reserve stock in 2001, however only 20 or so remain in service.
Mercedes-Benz Actros6x6 and 8x8 Heavy utility vehicle, Cab forward Germany40Standard heavy utility vehicle of the Croatian Army, 40 units ordered in 2010, all delivered and in service by mid-2012. Iveco chosen as preferred heavy truck over Mercedes, Scania, Volvo, Renault and MAN.

Military jeeps

Military 4WD vehicles
ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
Toyota Landcruiser4WD/Utility vehicles/Military light utility vehicle Japan80~150 Ordered in 2008 and delivered in 2010, half went to other government departments, including the Ministry of the Interior. All are in good serviceable condition; it is a standard utility vehicle in service with the Croatian Army and other governmental agencies of Croatia.
Mercedes G4WD/Light utility vehicle/Military light utility vehicle Germany320+Standard utility vehicle of the Croatian Army, 250 units ordered in 2002/3, all delivered and in service. An additional 74 vehicles ordered in 2008 and delivered in 2010. Further deliveries in 2015 and 2017, to replace the oldest vehicle in service.
Land Rover Wolf4WD/Military light utility vehicle United Kingdom32~Primarily used by the Croatian Army's special forces and military police; many transferred to the Croatian Police. Of the 200 ordered in 1998, only 32 remain in service with the armed forces; some 120 transferred to civilian use, many ending up with the MUP, ministry of interior in various roles, some with Croatian Mountain Rescue Service and some with Border Patrol Units.[81][82]

Multiuse vehicles

Civilian multiuse vehicles
ModelImageTypeOriginNumberDetails
Iveco TrakkerMedium and heavy trucks, cab forward Italy120+initial order of a half a dozen or so vehicles made in 2007. Most are used along with the MAN Trucks for heavy transporter role.[83][84] Chosen as the main heavy truck for Croatian Army Service. To replace older FAP, TAM and MAN trucks in service with the Army. The quantity of these vehicles has increased year by year, but due to shortage of funds major purchases are avoided. Currently about a dozen or so new vehicles are ordered and delivered each year.
Iveco DailyMedium trucks Italy120+Initial order of a half a dozen or so vehicles made in 2007. Most are used along with the FAP and TAM medium trucks for a logistical transporter role. To replace older FAP, TAM and Zastava aging trucks in service with the Army. Number to vehicles to rise; however, due to shortage of funds, major purchases are avoided. Currently about a dozen or so new vehicles are ordered and delivered each year.
Nissan Navara4WD/pickup truck Japan250+Standard utility vehicle of the Croatian Army, 80 units ordered in 2010, all delivered and in service by mid-2012. Additional vehicles ordered to replace older vehicles currently in service. Currently over 250 in service with the armed forces.[85][86]

Withdrawn from service or in storage

    • FN FAL 7.62×51mm 5,000 stored to be sold off
    • Zastava M84 7.62×54mmR, totally phased out and replaced by Western systems.
    • Zastava M76, 7.92×57mm sniper rifle was phased out entirely replaced by Remington and SAKO in service with the Army.
    • M80 "Zolja" RPG – phased out due to dwindling stock, replaced by AT4
    • T-55A withdrawal of over 280 units started in 2006 with a dozen or so tanks used for training until late 2009, but even that is no longer the case due to shortage of funds and all units have now been withdrawn and awaiting disposal.
    • M-47 Patton (16) (2 in the local army museum and rest are target practice)
    • M60P/M60SAN (45) (Yugoslav-made APCs – scrap heap and two in the local army museum)
    • BRDM-2
    • BTR-60 (16) (2 in the local army museum, scrap heap)
    • ZSU-57-2 (2) (target practice)
    • M53/59 Praga (24) (2 in the local army museum, scrap heap)
    • MT-LB (10) 2 in local museum, rest scrapped and replaced by Patria AMV
    • M-63 Plamen 128mm Towed MRL – retired due to lack of ammunition and costly upkeep, no spare parts for the system
    • M-94 'Plamen S 128mm MRL – no longer fit for purpose, retired and awaiting disposal
    • M-87 Orkan MRL 260mm, Captured during Battle of the Barracks in 1991, systems are kept in reserve status due to lack of proper ammunition.
    • RPG-7 Systesm retired but some might be used by army reserve and for training purposes only.
    • RPG-22 system replaced by AT4 and other RPGs currently in use with the Army.
    • M-84 Nora A

See also

References and notes

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  83. ↑
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  85. ↑
  86. ↑
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