Bukan

Pre–Islamic era

There have been several artefacts discovered in Bukan dating back to between 4100 BC and 4400 BC. These artefacts confirm that Bukan was home to one of the first human settlements on the Iranian Plateau.^[6] Bukan was also at the centre of the Mannaean civilization.^[7]

In Pre–Islamic times Bukan was a garrison for both the Parthian Empire and the Sassanian Empire There are several ancient sites from this time period in Bukan today.^[8] Bukan was also under the control of different empires such as the Middle Assyrian Empire, the Medes, and the Urartu. Environmentally and climatically, Bukan is a highland with snow-capped mountains which looks like as beauty queen of Kurdistan. As regard to the history of the area, according to the archaeological findings, it should be said that from the earliest time the district of Bukan had been populated by ancient tribes, who were inhabited in the foothills of Zagros mountain chain. Archaeologically, the oldest remains that has been recovered here come from Gharagouz (4800-4100 Dalma), Nachit and Gharakend mounds (Bronze Age) The cultural sequence of Bukan, however, has been continued up to Qajar dynasty. There have been recovered more than 150 sites in Bukan.^[9]

Islamic era

Bukan fell into the hands of the Muslims some time around 643.^[10] In the 15th century, a local by the name of Amirseifolldin Makari brought the area under his control. Shah Ismail I of the Safavid Dynasty tried several times unsuccessfully to try to bring the area back under his control.^[11]

Modern era

In the year 1853, under the rule of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Bukan was no more than a small village.^[12]

After the 1979 Iranian Revolution Bukan was faced with turmoil, and fell under the control of Kurdish opposition groups. Bukan was liberated by the Iranian Armed Forces on 1 January 1984. According to the IRGC, Bukan was the last Kurdish city in Iran to be freed.^[13] On 15 April 1988, Bukan was bombarded by the Iraqi Air Force, in which 19 people died and 160 were wounded.^[14]

Sardar Castle

In 1247 Persian Date, Sardar Aziz Khan Mukri from Sardasht region built a castle near the great reservoir of bukan that presently named after its founder as Sardaar Aziz khaan Castle. The Castle has been built on top of a hill 50 by 60 in diameter and 13 meters hegit and its main building materials is bricks of 20 by 20 cm with gley mrtar and timbers. The Castle measures 25 by 30 meters and has 6 daises which rest upon 9store colmns 2meters hegiht and 1 meter diameter .

During 1325-1351 (A.H) the castle turns into police headquarters, post office, and as school respectively and finally was destroyed completely in 1361 A.H and replaced by a newly built structure that used as Basidj (Mobilization) Station.

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