Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom

Vehicle registration plates are the mandatory alphanumeric plates used to display the registration mark of a vehicle, and have existed in the United Kingdom since 1903. It is compulsory for motor vehicles used on public roads to display vehicle registration plates, with the exception of vehicles of the reigning monarch used on official business.[1]

The Motor Car Act 1903, which came into force on 1 January 1904, required all motor vehicles to be entered on an official vehicle register, and to carry alphanumeric plates. The Act was passed in order that vehicles could be easily traced in the event of an accident or contravention of the law. Vehicle registration alphanumeric plates in the UK are rectangular or square in shape, with the exact permitted dimensions of the plate and its lettering set down in law. Front plates are white, whereas back plates are yellow.

Within the UK itself there are two systems: one for Great Britain, which dates from 2001, and another for Northern Ireland, which is similar to the original 1904 system. Both systems are administered by the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) in Swansea; until July 2014, Northern Ireland's system was administered by the Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA) in Coleraine, which had the same status as the DVLA. Other schemes relating to the UK are also listed below. The international vehicle registration code for the United Kingdom is GB (Great Britain and Nothern Ireland).

Standard requirements

Black number plates with white or silver characters are permitted on vehicles registered before 1 January 1975, if registered under the Historic Vehicle taxation class. This date was changed from 1 January 1973 during 2015. This vehicle was registered in Truro.
The front plate of a vehicle registered in County Down. The EU band on this plate says GB, the official code for all of the UK including Northern Ireland.

Number plates must be displayed in accordance with the Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001.

All vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1975 must display number plates of reflex-reflecting material, white at the front and yellow at the rear, with black characters. This type of reflecting plate was permitted as an option from 1968: many vehicles first registered before 1975 may therefore carry the white/yellow reflective plates and, where they were first registered during or after 1968, they may have carried such plates since new. Many buses delivered to London Transport between 1973 and the mid-1980s continued to bear white-on-black plates.[2]

In addition, characters on number plates purchased from 1 September 2001 must use a mandatory typeface and conform to set specifications as to width, height, stroke, spacing and margins. The physical characteristics of the number plates are set out in British Standard BS AU 145d, which specifies visibility, strength, and reflectivity.[3]

Number plates with smaller characters meeting standards for motorcycles are only permitted on imported vehicles, and then only if they do not have European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval and their construction/design cannot accommodate standard size number plates, for example vehicles made for the US or Japanese market may only have an 305mm x 152mm (12" x 6") area to affix a number plate in which a standard one line plate is too long (460mm) to fit whilst a two line plates is too tall (199mm). [3]

The industry standard size front number plate is 520 mm × 111 mm (20½" × 4⅜"). Rear plates are either the same size, or 285 mm × 203 mm (approx 11"x8") or 533 mm × 152 mm (approx 21"x6"). There is no specified legal size other than an absolute minimum margin of 11mm producing an minimum height of 101mm (one line) and 199mm (2 line) on cars, and 86mm for one line import vehicles and 164mm for a two line motorcycle or import vehicles, with the overall length being based on the registration number itself, with the smallest number plate possible being 1 having an minimum size of 36mm × 101mm on a car, or 32mm × 86mm on a motorcycle or import vehicle; whereas a 7 character registration number without a 1 or I having an minimum size of 460mm × 101mm (one line), or 255mm × 199mm (two line) on a car, or 231mm × 164mm on an import or motorbike.

The material of UK number plates must either comply with British Standard BS AU 145d,[4] which states BSI number plates must be marked on the plate with the BSI logo and the name and postcode of the manufacturer and the supplier of the plates or

"(b) any other relevant standard or specification recognised for use in an EEA State and which, when in use, offers a performance equivalent to that offered by a plate complying with the British Standard specification, and which, in either case, is marked with the number (or such other information as is necessary to permit identification) of that standard or specification."[5]

Older British plates had white, grey or silver characters on a black background. This style of plate was phased out in 1972 and, until 2012, legal to be carried only on vehicles first registered before 1 January 1973. A vehicle which was first registered on or after 1 January 1973 shall be treated as if it was first registered before that date if it was constructed before 1 January 1973.[6] However, the Finance Bill 2014 and subsequent Finance Acts extended the Historic Vehicle class cut-off year from 1973 to 1974 and subsequently, a rolling forty years. This had the effect of linking eligibility to display old-style plates with 'Tax Exempt' vehicle status. It follows that the older style plates are now available for any vehicle constructed 40 or more years ago, provided that an application has been made to the DVLA to have the vehicle included in the historic vehicle class; it is so registered and is nil-rated for Vehicle Excise Duty.[7]

Motorcycles

Vintage Triumph motorcycle with front plate

Motorcycles formerly had to display a front plate, which was usually but not always a double-sided plate on top of the front mudguard, curved to follow the contour of the wheel and visible from the sides. The requirement for the front number plate was dropped in 1975 because of the severe danger these presented to pedestrians in the event of a collision; this risk had prompted the slang term "pedestrian slicer" for the plates.[8] Motorcycles registered after 1 September 2001 may only display a rear number plate, while motorcycles registered before that date can display a number plate at the front if desired[9].

Great Britain

Current system

Characters

The current system for Great Britain was introduced on 1 September 2001. Each registration index consists of seven characters with a defined format.[10]

From left to right, the characters consist of:

  • A local memory tag, or area code, consisting of two letters which together indicate the local registration office. By December 2013, all local offices had been closed,[11] but the letters still represent a region. The letters I, Q and Z are not used as local office identifiers, though it should be noted that O is still needed for Oxford; Z can be used only as a random letter.
    • The first of these two letters is a mnemonic standing for the name of the broad area where the registration office is located. This is intended to make the registration more memorable than an arbitrary code.[12][13] For example, A is used as the first character in all registrations issued by the three offices located in the vicinity of East Anglia;
  • A two-digit age identifier, which changes twice a year, in March and September. The code is either the last two digits of the year itself if issued between March and August (e.g. "10" for registrations issued between 1 March and 31 August 2010), or else has 50 added to that value if issued between September and February the following year (e.g. "60" for registrations issued between 1 September 2010 and 28 February 2011);
  • A three-letter sequence which uniquely distinguishes each of the vehicles displaying the same initial four-character area and age sequence. The letters I and Q are excluded from the three-letter sequence, as are combinations that may appear offensive (including those in foreign languages). Due to batch allocation of new registration marks to dealers, it is common for cars with "neighbouring" letter sequences to be of the same manufacturer.

This scheme has three particular advantages:

  • A buyer of a second-hand vehicle can in theory determine the year of first registration of the vehicle without having to look it up. However, a vehicle is permitted to display a number plate where the age identifier is older (but not newer) than the vehicle. The wide awareness of how the "age identifier" works has led to it being used in advertising by used-car showrooms instead of simply stating a year.
  • In the case of a police investigation of an accident or vehicle-related crime, witnesses usually remember the initial area code letters — it is then quite simple to narrow down suspect vehicles to a much smaller number by checking the authority's database without having to know the full number.[14]
  • The scheme should have sufficient numbers to run until 28 February 2051.

Local memory tags

[15][16]

First letter Official local mnemonic[10][13] DVLA Office Second letter (DVLA Office identifier)
A Anglia Peterborough A B C D E F G J K M N
reserved for select issue H L
Norwich O P R S T U
Ipswich V W X Y
B Birmingham Birmingham A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T U V W X
reserved for select issue Y
C Cymru (Wales) Cardiff A B C D E F G H J K L M N O
Swansea P R S T U V
Bangor W X
reserved for select issue Y
D Deeside Chester A B C D E F G H J K
Shrewsbury L M N O P S T U V W X Y
reserved for select issue R
E Essex Chelmsford A B C E F G J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y
reserved for select issue D H
F Forest and Fens Nottingham A B C D E F G H J K L M N P
banned and not issued O U
Lincoln R S T V W X Y
G Garden of England Maidstone A B C D E F G H J K L M N
reserved for select issue O
Brighton P R S T U V W X Y
H Hampshire and Dorset Bournemouth A B C D E F G H J
Portsmouth K L M N P R S T U V X Y
reserved for select issue O
reserved for the Isle of Wight (issued in Portsmouth) W
K No official mnemonic[b] Borehamwood (formerly Luton)[c] A B C D E F G H J K L
Northampton M N O P R S T U V W X Y
L London Wimbledon A B C D E F G H J
Borehamwood (formerly Stanmore) K L M N O P R S T
Sidcup U V W X Y
M Manchester and Merseyside Manchester A B C D E F G H J K L M P T U V W X
reserved for the Isle of Man (not issued) N
reserved for select issue O R S Y
N North Newcastle A B C D E F G H J K L M N
banned and not issued O
Stockton P R S T U V W X Y
O Oxford Oxford A B C D E F G H J L M O P T U V W X Y
reserved for select issue K N R S
P Preston Preston A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T
Carlisle U V W X Y
R Reading Reading A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T V W X Y
reserved for select issue U
S Scotland[a] Glasgow A B C D E F G H J
Edinburgh K L M N O
Dundee P R S T
reserved for select issue U
Aberdeen V W
Inverness X Y
V Severn Valley Worcester A B C E F G H J K L M N O P R S T U V X Y
reserved for select issue D W
W West of England Exeter A B D E F G H J
reserved for select issue C
Truro K L
Bristol M N O P R S T U V W X Y
X Personal export[17]
  • Beverley
  • Birmingham
  • Bristol
  • Chelmsford
  • Glasgow
  • Leeds
  • Lincoln
  • Maidstone
  • Manchester
  • Northampton
  • Norwich
  • Oxford
  • Stockton
  • Wimbledon[17]
 A (March/September issue)
B (April/October issue)
C (May/November issue)
D (June/December issue)
E (July/January issue)
F (August/February issue)
reserved for select issue G H J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y
Y Yorkshire Leeds[d][e] A B C D E F G H J K L
Sheffield[d][e][f] M N O P R S T U V
Beverley[e] W X Y
Notes

aThe first letter T was additionally used for some registrations in Scotland in 2007. (TN07 was used instead of SN07 as the latter too closely resembled SNOT.)[18]

bThere is no official name ascribed to the letter K by the DVLA, although reference may be made to the 'K' in Milton Keynes – the new town that is located between the two 'K' DVLA offices.

cLuton DVLA office, until 8 February 2010 when it closed and had all operations moved to Borehamwood

d1 d2YA and YO were originally reserved for select issue, however are now issued as standard due to increasing demand.[16]

e1 e2YL was allocated to Sheffield for the 51 registration period, but now appears to be allocated to Leeds; may vary depending on demand.[16]

f1 f2YV was allocated to Beverley for the 51 registration period, but now appears to be allocated to Sheffield; may vary depending on demand.[16]

In addition to the above local memory tags, personalised registrations are also offered with arbitrary "local memory tags" prefixes, except for the letters I, Q and Z but including the letters J, T and U, which are unused as area codes.[19]

Age identifiers

Year 1 March – 31 August 1 September – 28/29 February
2001/02 Y[c] 51
2002/03 02 52
2003/04 03 53
2004/05 04 54
2005/06 05 55
2006/07 06 56
2007/08 07 57
2008/09 08 58
2009/10 09 59
2010/11 10 60
2011/12 11 61
2012/13 12 62
2013/14 13 63
2014/15 14 64
2015/16 15 65
2016/17 16 66
2017/18 17 67
2018/19 18 68
2019/20 19 69
2020/21 20 70
2021/22 21 71
2022/23 22 72
2023/24 23 73
2024/25 24 74
2025/26 25 75
Year 1 March – 31 August 1 September – 28/29 February
2026/27 26 76
2027/28 27 77
2028/29 28 78
2029/30 29 79
2030/31 30 80
2031/32 31 81
2032/33 32 82
2033/34 33 83
2034/35 34 84
2035/36 35 85
2036/37 36 86
2037/38 37 87
2038/39 38 88
2039/40 39 89
2040/41 40 90
2041/42 41 91
2042/43 42 92
2043/44 43 93
2044/45 44 94
2045/46 45 95
2046/47 46 96
2047/48 47 97
2048/49 48 98
2049/50 49 99
2050/51 50 00

cLast year identifier from previous system

European Union symbol

GB Strip
United Kingdom
GBM Strip
Isle of Man
GBZ strip
Gibraltar
Examples of British style number plate strips

Some UK number plates conform to the 1998 European standard design,[20] with black lettering on a white or yellow background. The standard design also incorporates a blue strip on the left side of the plate with the European Union symbol and the country identification code of the member state, although this aspect of the design is not compulsory. EU member states that require foreign vehicles to display a distinguishing sign of the country of origin (e.g. 'GB' for the United Kingdom) are obliged by EU Regulation No. 2411/98 to accept this standard design as a distinguishing sign, making a separate sign unnecessary.

The British version of the EU standard number plate; this European plate is optional for UK vehicles.
This format is used for motorcycles and other vehicles where a narrower plate is required (showing optional EU symbol).
A British, Leeds–registered number plate without the EU symbol; UK vehicles must display a separate GB sticker if used outside the UK with plates without the EU symbol.

National emblems within Great Britain

Owners of vehicles registered in Great Britain which are not already displaying the EU format "GB" plate may choose to display plates with one of the national emblems below plus lettering. Either the full wording or the abbreviation is used.[21]

United Kingdom England Scotland Wales
GB – GREAT BRITAIN
Great Britain
UK – UNITED KINGDOM
United Kingdom
ENG – Eng – ENGLAND – England
SCO – Sco – SCOTLAND – Scotland
CYM – Cym – CYMRU – Cymru
WALES – Wales

Currently no other flags are allowed to be displayed on the plate. These regulations do not extend to Northern Ireland as there is no consensus on a national symbol.

Although these plates are permitted throughout the entire UK,[21] they are not recognised in other countries, therefore a motorist who drives a vehicle abroad displaying these plates must also affix a "GB" sticker.

Examples of British registration plates with national emblems
CYM – Example of official Welsh "CYM" version
Cymru – Example of official Welsh "Cymru" version
Wales – Example of official Welsh "Wales" version
ENG – Example of official English "ENG" version
England – Example of official English "England" version
GB – Example of official British "GB" version
Great Britain – Example of official British "Great Britain" version
UK – Example of official British "UK" version
United Kingdom – Example of official British "United Kingdom" version
SCO – Example of official Scottish "SCO" version
Scotland – Example of official Scottish "Scotland" version
No identifier or EU symbol – the EU symbol is not compulsory

Typography

The standard (79 mm height) typeface is set out in the Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001.[22] An alternative (64 mm) font is provided for motorcycles (schedule 4 part 2, p. 24).

The standard font, unofficially known as Charles Wright 2001, is a subtly redrawn version of Charles Wright's original 1935 font. The width of the previous font was condensed from 57 mm to 50 mm to allow space for the extra letter and the optional blue EU strip. The letter O and the digit 0 are intentionally identical, as are the letter I and digit 1. But the typeface accentuates the differences between characters such as 8 and B, or D and 0, with slab serifs to improve the legibility of a plate from a distance. This is especially useful for the automatic number plate recognition software of speed cameras and CCTV. This accentuation also discourages the tampering that is sometimes practised with the use of black insulating tape or paint to change letter forms (such as P to R, or 9 to 8), or with the inclusion of carefully positioned black "fixing screw" dots that alter the appearance of letters on some vanity plates.

The design has similarities with the FE-Schrift number-plate font which was introduced in Germany in 1994 and which has been mandatory there since 2000. However, the UK design remains more conventional in its character shapes.

Special plates

Registrations having a combination of characters that are particularly appealing (resembling a name, for example) are auctioned each year. The first of these auctions was in 1989.[23][24]

For the 07 registration period a higher than usual number of Scottish 07 codes were retained as Select registrations for sale and an additional allocation of Tx letter pairs were released for use by the local offices in Scotland with the same allocation as the Sx letter pairs (for example Edinburgh with SK to SN allocated had TK to TN added)[a].[25]

In 2007 the Edinburgh DVLA office exceptionally issued TN07 prefixed registrations for some vehicles, instead of the expected 'SN07'. This was stated to be because of potential offence caused by interpreting SN07 as 'snot'.[26]

Older plates

Vehicles registered under previous numbering systems continue to retain their original number plates but the area identifier in the previous number system is not the same area as the post 2001 area identifier, eg AA pre 2001 is Bournemouth whereas AA post 2001 is Peterborough. Subject to certain conditions, number plates can be transferred between vehicles by the vehicle owner; some of these transfers involve tens or even hundreds of thousands of pounds changing hands, because of the desirability of a specific letter/number combination.

History

Before 1932

Number plate displaying a vehicle registration mark created between 1903 and 1932

The first series of number plates was issued in 1903 and ran until 1932, consisting of a one- or two-letter code followed by a sequence number from 1 to 9999.[27] The code indicated the local authority in whose area the vehicle was registered. In England and Wales, these were initially allocated in order of population size (by the 1901 census) – thus A indicated London, B indicated Lancashire, C indicated the West Riding of Yorkshire and so on up to Y indicating Somerset, then AA indicated Hampshire, AB indicated Worcestershire and so on up to FP indicating Rutland.

The letters G, S and V were initially restricted to Scotland, and the letters I and Z to Ireland. In both cases, allocations of codes were made in alphabetical order of counties, followed by county boroughs[28] – thus in Scotland, Aberdeenshire was allocated SA, Argyll received SB and so on, while in Ireland Antrim was allocated IA, Armagh received IB, and so on.

When a licensing authority reached 9999, it was allocated another two-letter code, but there was no pattern to these subsequent allocations as they were allocated on a first come first served basis. London and Middlesex quickly took most codes with L and M as the first letter respectively, while Surrey, initially allocated P, took many codes beginning with that letter.

A zero has been issued by several issuing authorities for the official car of the council head, in cases where plate number "1" had already been issued by the time the councils decided to give priority to its first citizen.[29] Example include the Lord Mayor of London (LM 0[29][30]) and the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh (S 0), of Glasgow (G 0) and of Aberdeen (RG 0).[29]

1932 to 1963

By 1932, the available codes were running out, and an extended scheme was introduced. This scheme placed a serial letter before the code, and had the sequence number run only to 999, thus restricting the number of characters in a registration to six. The first area to issue such marks was Staffordshire in July 1932 with ARF 1 etc.,[31] and all other areas in England and Wales, plus most areas in Scotland, followed suit once they had issued all their two-letter registrations.

I, Q, and Z were not used as serial letters, as the use of I and Z continued to be restricted to Ireland and Q was reserved for temporary imports, while the single-letter codes were left out of this scheme as a serial letter would have created a duplicate of an existing two-letter code. (The Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland later adopted this scheme in their own ways, and the latter still uses it.)

In some areas, the available marks within this scheme started to run out in the 1950s, and in those areas, what became known as "reversed" registrations – the letters coming after the numbers – were introduced. Staffordshire was again the first area to issue such registrations, starting with 1000 E in 1953. In most cases, the three-letter combinations (e.g. 1 AHX for Middlesex) would be issued first, while in later years some areas started with the one- and two-letter combinations and others issued all three at the same time. The ever-increasing popularity of the car meant that by the beginning of the 1960s, these registrations were also running out.

Some three-letter combinations were not authorised for licensing use as they were deemed offensive. These included ARS, BUM, GOD, JEW, SEX, and SOD.[32][33] DUW was issued in London for several months in 1934 before it was realised it was the Welsh for "god", and withdrawn.[25] Even then, there were some registrations which would now be called cherished plates. One was RAD10 (BBC) and another was IND1A (Indian Embassy).

1963 to 1982

In August 1962, an attempt was made to create a national scheme to alleviate the problem of registrations running out. This used the scheme introduced in 1932, of a three-letter combination followed by a sequence number from 1 to 999, but also added a letter suffix, which initially changed on 1 January each year. An "A" suffix was thus used for 1963, "B" for 1964, etc. Middlesex was the first authority to adopt this scheme when it issued AHX 1A in February 1963.[34] Most other areas followed suit during 1964, but some chose to stick to their own schemes up until 1 January 1965, when the letter suffix was made compulsory.

As well as yielding many more available numbers, it was a handy way for vehicle buyers to know the age of the vehicle immediately. However, the year letter changing on 1 January each year meant that car retailers soon started to notice that buyers would tend to wait until the New Year for the new letter to be issued, so that they could get a "newer" car. This led to major peaks and troughs in sales over the year, and to help flatten this out somewhat the industry lobbied to get the scheme changed, so that the change of year letter occurred on 1 August rather than 1 January. This was done in 1967, when "E" suffixes ran only from 1 January to 31 July, before "F" suffixes commenced on 1 August.

In October 1974, responsibility for issuing registrations was transferred from local and regional authorities to specialist Local Vehicle Licensing Offices (LVLOs) or Vehicle Registration Offices (VROs) run by the DVLA. Most of the two-letter area codes allocated during the first scheme continued in their respective areas, albeit now indicating the nearest LVLO/VRO rather than the local or regional authority. However, the decision to streamline the allocations of these codes meant that some were transferred to new areas. For instance, the former Suffolk code CF was transferred to Reading, while the former Edinburgh code WS was re-allocated to Bristol.[31]

1983 to 2001

By 1982, the year suffixes had reached Y and so from 1983 onwards the sequence was reversed again, so that the year letter — starting again at "A" — preceded the numbers then the letters of the registration. The available range was then A21 AAA to Y999 YYY, the numbers 1–20 being held back for the government's proposed, and later implemented, DVLA select registration sales scheme. Towards the mid-1990s there was some discussion about introducing a unified scheme for Europe, which would also incorporate the country code of origin of the vehicle, but after much debate such a scheme was not adopted because of lack of countries willing to participate.

A construction vehicle bearing a Q number plate, August 2016, UK

The changes in 1983 also brought the letter Q into use – although on a very small and limited scale. It was used on vehicles of indeterminate age, such as those assembled from kits, substantial rebuilds, or imported vehicles where the documentation is insufficient to determine the age. There was a marked increase in the use of Q registrations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, fuelled by car crime. Many stolen vehicles had false identities given to them, and when this was discovered and the original identity could not be determined, a Q registration would be issued to such vehicle. It was seen as an aid to consumer protection. Due to indeterminate age, origin and specification of Q registration vehicles, most motor insurers are reluctant to offer cover for these 'Q-plate' vehicles.

By the late 1990s, the range of available numbers was once again starting to run out, exacerbated by a move to biannual changes in registration letters (March and September) in 1999 to smooth out the bulge in registrations every August, so a new scheme needed to be adopted. It was decided to research a system that would be easier for crash or vehicle related crime witnesses to remember and clearer to read, yet still fit within a normal standard plate size.

Year identifiers

In order to avoid any confusion, the letters I, O, Q, U and Z have never been issued as year identifiers: I because of its similarity to the numeral 1; O and Q because of similarity to a zero; U because of similarity to the letter V; and Z because of similarity to the numeral 2.

Suffix letter series 1963–83Prefix letter series 1983–2001
Letter Dates of issue
A February 1963[35] – 31 December 1963
B 1 January 1964 – 31 December 1964
C 1 January 1965 – 31 December 1965
D 1 January 1966 – 31 December 1966
E 1 January 1967 – 31 July 1967
F 1 August 1967 – 31 July 1968
G 1 August 1968 – 31 July 1969
H 1 August 1969 – 31 July 1970
J 1 August 1970 – 31 July 1971
K 1 August 1971 – 31 July 1972
L 1 August 1972 – 31 July 1973
M 1 August 1973 – 31 July 1974
N 1 August 1974 – 31 July 1975
P 1 August 1975 – 31 July 1976
R 1 August 1976 – 31 July 1977
S 1 August 1977 – 31 July 1978
T 1 August 1978 – 31 July 1979
V 1 August 1979 – 31 July 1980
W 1 August 1980 – 31 July 1981
X 1 August 1981 – 31 July 1982
Y 1 August 1982 – 31 July 1983
Letter Dates of issue
A 1 August 1983 – 31 July 1984
B 1 August 1984 – 31 July 1985
C 1 August 1985 – 31 July 1986
D 1 August 1986 – 31 July 1987
E 1 August 1987 – 31 July 1988
F 1 August 1988 – 31 July 1989
G 1 August 1989 – 31 July 1990
H 1 August 1990 – 31 July 1991
J 1 August 1991 – 31 July 1992
K 1 August 1992 – 31 July 1993
L 1 August 1993 – 31 July 1994
M 1 August 1994 – 31 July 1995
N 1 August 1995 – 31 July 1996
P 1 August 1996 – 31 July 1997
R 1 August 1997 – 31 July 1998
S 1 August 1998 – 28 February 1999
T 1 March 1999 – 31 August 1999
V 1 September 1999 – 29 February 2000
W 1 March 2000 – 31 August 2000
X 1 September 2000 – 28 February 2001
Y 1 March 2001 – 31 August 2001

Pre-2001 codes

Normally the last two letters would indicate where the car was initially registered. The letters I and Z are reserved for Ireland.[36][37] If you want to look for the office code (or council code until 1974) easier, look at the bold letters next to the examples (ABC 123D; A123 BCD). Note that pre 2001 number plates where the last two letters indicate the original district of registration is not the same as the 1st two letters of the post 2001 system so For example pre 2001 AB is Worcester Whereas post 2001 AB is Peterborough.

For the list of Northern Ireland codes, see the Northern Ireland section of this article. For a full list of Irish codes, see Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland.

First letterCodeCounty or cityCodeCounty or cityCodeCounty or city
A ALondonAABournemouth (Salisbury until 1980)ABWorcester
ACCoventryADGloucesterAEBristol
AFTruroAGHull (Ayrshire until 1974)AHNorwich
AJMiddlesbrough (Yorkshire (North Riding) until 1974)AKSheffield (Bradford until 1974)ALNottingham
AMSwindonANWest Ham (changed to London from 1967) then again to Reading in 1974. (MAN used only in Isle of Man)AOCarlisle
APBrightonARChelmsford (Hertfordshire until 1974)ASInverness
ATHullAUNottinghamAVPeterborough (Aberdeenshire until 1974)
AWShrewsburyAXCardiff (Monmouthshire until 1974)AYLeicester
B BLancashireBAManchester (Salford until 1974)BBNewcastle upon Tyne
BCLeicesterBDNorthamptonBELincoln (Grimsby until 1981)
BFStoke-on-TrentBGLiverpool (Birkenhead until 1974)BHLuton (Buckinghamshire until 1974)
BJIpswich (East Suffolk until 1974)BKPortsmouthBLReading
BMLutonBNManchester (Bolton until 1981)BOCardiff
BPPortsmouthBRNewcastle upon Tyne (Durham until 1981)BSAberdeen (Orkney until 1980)
BTLeeds (Yorkshire (East Riding) until 1974; York until 1981)BUManchester (Oldham until 1974)BVPreston (Blackburn until 1974)
BWOxfordBXHaverfordwest (Carmarthenshire until 1974)BYCroydon (changed to London (North-West) on closure from 1967)
C CYorkshire (West Riding)CAChester (Denbighshire until 1974)CBManchester (Blackburn until 1974; Bolton until 1981)
CCBangorCDBrightonCEPeterborough (Cambridge until 1981)
CFReading (West Suffolk until 1974)CGBournemouth (Salisbury until 1980)CHNottingham (Derby until 1974)
CJGloucester (Hereford until 1981)CKPrestonCLNorwich
CMLiverpool (Birkenhead until 1974)CNNewcastle upon Tyne (Gateshead until 1974)COExeter (Plymouth until 1980)
CPHuddersfield (Halifax until 1974)CRSouthamptonCSGlasgow (Ayr until 1981)
CTLincoln (Boston until 1981)CUNewcastle upon Tyne (South Shields until 1974)CVTruro
CWPreston (Burnley until 1974)CXHuddersfieldCYSwansea (SCY used for Isles of Scilly)
D DKentDABirmingham (Wolverhampton until 1974)DBManchester (Stockport until 1974)
DCMiddlesbroughDDGloucesterDEHaverfordwest
DFGloucesterDGGloucesterDHDudley (Walsall until 1974)
DJLiverpool (St Helens until 1974; Warrington until 1981)DKManchester (Rochdale until 1974; Bolton until 1981)DLIsle of Wight
DMChester (Flintshire until 1974)DNLeeds (York until 1981)DOLincoln (Boston until 1981)
DPReadingDRExeter (Plymouth until 1980)DSGlasgow (Peeblesshire until 1974)
DTSheffield (Doncaster until 1974)DUCoventryDVExeter
DWCardiff (Newport until 1974)DXIpswichDYBrighton (Hastings until 1980)
E EStaffordshireEADudley (West Bromwich until 1974)EBPeterborough (Cambridge until 1981)
ECPreston (Westmorland until 1974; Kendal until 1981)EDLiverpool (Warrington until 1981)EELincoln (Grimsby until 1981)
EFMiddlesbrough (West Hartlepool until 1974)EGPeterboroughEHStoke-on-Trent
EJHaverfordwest (Cardiganshire until 1974; Aberystwyth until 1981)EKLiverpool (Wigan until 1974; Warrington until 1981)ELBournemouth
EMLiverpool (Bootle until 1974)ENManchester (Bury until 1974; Bolton until 1981)EOPreston (Barrow-in-Furness until 1981)
EPSwansea (Montgomeryshire until 1974)ERPeterborough (Cambridge until 1981)ESDundee (Perthshire until 1974)
ETSheffield (Rotherham until 1974)EUBristol (Breconshire until 1974)EVChelmsford
EWPeterboroughEXNorwich (Great Yarmouth until 1974)EYBangor (Anglesey until 1974)
F FEssexFAStoke-on-Trent (Burton-upon-Trent until 1974)FBBristol (Bath until 1974)
FCOxfordFDDudleyFELincoln
FFBangor (Merionethshire until 1974; Aberystwyth until 1981)FGBrighton (Fife until 1974)FHGloucester
FJExeterFKDudley (Worcester until 1974)FLPeterborough
FMChesterFNMaidstone (Canterbury until 1981)FOGloucester (Radnorshire until 1974; Hereford for Radnorshire until 1981)
FPLeicester (Rutland until 1974)FRPreston (Blackpool until 1974)FSEdinburgh
FTNewcastle upon Tyne (Tynemouth until 1974)FULincoln (Grimsby until 1981)FVPreston (Blackpool until 1974)
FWLincolnFXBournemouthFYLiverpool (Southport until 1974)
G GGlasgowGAGlasgowGBGlasgow
GCLondon (South-West)GDGlasgowGEGlasgow
GFLondon (South-West)GGGlasgowGHLondon (South-West)
GJLondon (South-West)GKLondon (South-West)GLTruro (Bath until 1974)
GMReading (Motherwell and Wishaw until 1974)GNLondon (South-West)GOLondon (South-West)
GPLondon (South-West)GRNewcastle upon Tyne (Durham until 1981)GSLuton (Perthshire until 1974)
GTLondon (South-West)GULondon (South-East)GVIpswich (West Suffolk until 1974)
GWLondon (South-East)GXLondon (South-East)GYLondon (South-East)
H HLondonHADudley (Smethwick until 1974)HBCardiff (Merthyr Tydfil until 1974)
HCBrighton (Eastbourne until 1974; Hastings until 1980)HDHuddersfield (Dewsbury until 1974)HESheffield (Barnsley until 1974)
HFLiverpool (Wallasey until 1974)HGPreston (Burnley until 1974)HHCarlisle
HJChelmsford (Southend-on-Sea until 1974)HKChelmsfordHLSheffield (Wakefield until 1974)
HMEast Ham ( changed to London (Cent) from 1967)HNMiddlesbrough (Darlington until 1974)HOBournemouth (Salisbury until 1980)
HPCoventryHRSwindonHSGlasgow (Renfrewshire until 1974)
HTBristolHUBristolHVEast Ham (Changed to London (Cent) from 1967
HWBristolHXLondon (Central) (Middlesex before 1965)HYBristol
J JDurhamJAManchester (Stockport until 1974)JBReading
JCBangorJDWest Ham (Changed to London (Cent) from 1967JEPeterborough (Cambridge until 1981)
JFLeicesterJGMaidstone (Canterbury until 1981)JHReading (Hertfordshire until 1974)
JJMaidstone (London until 1974; Canterbury until 1981)JKBrighton (Eastbourne until 1974; Hastings until 1980)JLLincoln (Boston until 1981)
JMReading (Westmorland until 1974)JNChelmsford (Southend-on-Sea until 1974)JOOxford
JPLiverpool (Wigan until 1974; Warrington until 1981)JRNewcastle upon TyneJSRoss-Shire
JTBournemouthJULeicesterJVLincoln (Grimsby until 1981)
JWBirmingham (Wolverhampton until 1974)JXHuddersfield (Halifax until 1974)JYExeter (Plymouth until 1980)
K KLiverpoolKALiverpoolKBLiverpool
KCLiverpoolKDLiverpoolKEMaidstone
KFLiverpoolKGCardiffKHHull
KJMaidstoneKKMaidstoneKLMaidstone
KMMaidstoneKNMaidstoneKOMaidstone
KPMaidstoneKRMaidstoneKSEdinburgh (Roxburghshire until 1947 Selkirk until 1980)
KTMaidstone (Canterbury until 1981)KUSheffield (Bradford until 1974)KVCoventry
KWSheffield (Bradford until 1974)KXLuton (Buckinghamshire until 1974)KYSheffield (Bradford until 1974)
L LGlamorganshireLALondon (North-West) (used for London County Council before 1965)LBLondon (North-West)
LCLondon (North-West)LDLondon (North-West)LELondon (North-West)
LFLondon (North-West)LGChesterLHLondon (North-West)
LJBournemouthLKLondon (North-West)LLLondon (North-West)
LMLondon (North-West)LNLondon (North-West)LOLondon (North-West)
LPLondon (North-West)LRLondon (North-West)LSEdinburgh (Stirling until 1981)
LTLondon (North-West)LULondon (North-West)LVLiverpool
LWLondon (North-West)LXLondon (North-West)LYLondon (North-West)
M MCheshireMAChesterMBChester
MCLondon (North-East) ( Middlesex before 1965)MDLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MELondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)
MFLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MGLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MHLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)
MJLutonMKLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MLLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)
MMLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MNIsle of ManMOReading
MPLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MRSwindonMSEdinburgh (Stirling until 1981)
MTLondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MULondon (North-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MVLondon (South-East) (Middlesex before 1965)
MWSwindonMXLondon (South-East) (Middlesex before 1965)MYLondon (South-East) (Middlesex before 1965)
N NManchesterNAManchesterNBManchester
NCManchesterNDManchesterNEManchester
NFManchesterNGNorwichNHNorthampton
NJBrightonNKLuton (Hertfordshire until 1974)NLNewcastle upon Tyne
NMLutonNNNottinghamNOChelmsford
NPWorcesterNRLeicesterNSGlasgow (Sutherland until 1974)
NTShrewsburyNUNottinghamNVNorthampton
NWLeedsNXDudleyNYCardiff
O OBirminghamOABirminghamOBBirmingham
OCBirminghamODExeterOEBirmingham
OFBirminghamOGBirminghamOHBirmingham
OJBirminghamOKBirminghamOLBirmingham
OMBirminghamONBirminghamOOChelmsford
OPBirminghamORPortsmouthOSGlasgow (Wigtownshire until 1974; Stranraer until 1981)
OTPortsmouthOUBristol (Hampshire until 1974)OVBirmingham
OWSouthamptonOXBirminghamOYCroydon (changed to London (NW) from 1967)
P PSurreyPAGuildfordPBGuildford
PCGuildfordPDGuildfordPEGuildford
PFGuildfordPGGuildfordPHGuildford
PJGuildfordPKGuildfordPLGuildford
PMGuildfordPNBrightonPOPortsmouth (GPO formerly used for General Post Office vehicles)
PPLuton (Buckinghamshire until 1974)PRBournemouthPSAberdeen (Lerwick until 1980)
PTNewcastle upon Tyne (Durham until 1981)PUChelmsfordPVIpswich
PWNorwichPXPortsmouthPYMiddlesbrough (Yorkshire (North Riding) until 1974)
R RDerbyshireRANottinghamRBNottingham
RCNottingham (Derby until 1974)RDReadingREStoke-on-Trent
RFStoke-on-TrentRGNewcastle upon Tyne (Aberdeen until 1974)RHHull
RJManchester (Salford until 1974)RKCroydon (changed to London (NW) from 1967RLTruro
RMCarlisleRNPrestonROLuton (Hertfordshire until 1974)
RPNorthamptonRRNottinghamRSAberdeen
RTIpswich (East Suffolk until 1974)RUBournemouthRVPortsmouth
RWCoventryRXReadingRYLeicester
S SEdinburghSAAberdeenSBArgyll until 1974 then Oban until 1980, then Glasgow from 1981
SCEdinburghSDGlasgow (Ayr until 1981)SEAberdeen (Keith until 1981)
SFEdinburghSGEdinburghSHEdinburgh (Selkirk until 1980)
SJGlasgow (Bute until 1974 Ayr until 1981)SKCaithnessSLDundee (Clackmannanshire until 1974)
SMCarlisle (Dumfries until 1981)SNDundee (Dunbartonshire until 1974)SOAberdeen
SP(Fife until 1974)SRDundeeSSEast Lothian (Haddingtonshire until 1921 Aberdeen until 1974)
STInvernessSUGlasgow (Kincardineshire until 1974)SVKinross-shire (until 1974), subsequently unused
SWCarlisle (Kirkcudbrightshire until 1974 Dumfries until 1981)SXEdinburghSYMidlothian (until 1974), subsequently unused
T TDevonTAExeterTBLiverpool (Lancashire until 1974; Warrington until 1981)
TCBristol (Lancashire until 1974)TDManchester (Lancashire until 1974; Bolton until 1981)TEManchester (Lancashire until 1974; Bolton until 1981)
TFReading (Lancashire until 1974)TGCardiffTHSwansea
TJLiverpool (Lancashire until 1974)TKExeter (Plymouth until 1980)TLLincoln
TMLutonTNNewcastle upon TyneTONottingham
TPPortsmouthTRSouthamptonTSDundee
TTExeterTUChesterTVNottingham
TWChelmsfordTXCardiffTYNewcastle upon Tyne
U ULeedsUALeedsUBLeeds
UCLondon (Central)UDOxfordUEDudley
UFBrightonUGLeedsUHCardiff
UJShrewsburyUKBirmingham (Wolverhampton until 1974)ULLondon (Central)
UMLeedsUNDenbighshire prior to 1974, Barnstable 1974–80, Exeter from 1981UOExeter (Barnstaple until 1980)
UPNewcastle upon Tyne (Durham until 1981)URLuton (Hertfordshire until 1974)USGlasgow
UTLeicesterUULondon (Central)UVLondon (Central)
UWLondon (Central)UXShrewsburyUYWorcester
V VLanarkshireVAPeterborough (Lanarkshire until 1974; Cambridge until 1981)VBCroydon (changed to London from 1967 until 1974) then Canterbury then Maidstone from 1981
VCCoventryVDLanarkshire (until 1974), later LutonVEPeterborough (Cambridge until 1981)
VFNorwichVGNorwichVHHuddersfield
VJGloucester (Hereford until 1981)VKNewcastle upon TyneVLLincoln
VMManchesterVNMiddlesbrough (Yorkshire (North Riding) until 1974)VONottingham
VPBirminghamVRManchesterVSLuton (Greenock until 1974)
VTStoke-on-TrentVUManchesterVVNorthampton
VWChelmsfordVXChelmsfordVYLeeds (York until 1981)
W WSheffieldWASheffieldWBSheffield
WCChelmsfordWDDudleyWESheffield
WFSheffield (Yorkshire (East Riding) until 1974)WGSheffield (Stirlingshire until 1974)WHManchester (Bolton until 1981)
WJSheffieldWKCoventryWLOxford
WMLiverpool (Southport until 1974)WNSwanseaWOCardiff (Monmouthshire until 1974)
WPWorcesterWRLeedsWSBristol (Edinburgh until 1974)
WTLeedsWULeedsWVBrighton (Wiltshire until 1974)
WWLeedsWXLeedsWYLeeds
X XNorthumberlandXALondon. (Kirkaldy 1964–74 with year suffix)XBLondon (Coatbridge 1964–1974 with year suffix)
XCLondon (Solihull 1964–1974 with year suffix)XDLondon (Luton 1964–1974 with year suffix)XELondon (Luton 1964–1974 with year suffix)
XFLondon (Torbay 1964–1974 with year suffix)XGMiddlesbrough (until 1974), subsequently unusedXHLondon
XJManchester (until 1974), subsequently unusedXKLondonXLLondon
XMLondonXNLondonXOLondon
XPLondon, later temporary plates for vehicles being exported to EuropeXRLondonXSPaisley (until 1974), subsequently unused
XTLondonXULondonXVLondon
XWLondonXXLondonXYLondon
Y YSomersetYATauntonYBTaunton
YCTauntonYDTauntonYELondon (Central)
YFLondon (Central)YGLeedsYHLondon (Central)
YJBrighton (Dundee until 1974)YKLondon (Central)YLLondon (Central)
YMLondon (Central)YNLondon (Central)YOLondon (Central)
YPLondon (Central)YRLondon (Central)YSGlasgow
YTLondon (Central)YULondon (Central)YVLondon (Central)
YWLondon (Central)YXLondon (Central)YYLondon (Central)

Northern Ireland

A Northern Ireland plate displaying the optional EU format "GB" country code. Any other format displaying a side badge, including those bearing the codes "NI" or "IRL", are unofficial.
Northern Ireland plate. EU bands are not provided, and are uncommon in Northern Ireland, but can be added, although the "NI" code is unofficial. This particular plate uses an old-style font.

Northern Ireland uses a modified version of the national system initiated for the whole of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1903, with two-letter county and city codes featuring the letters I or Z representing Ireland. The full list of codes appears below.

Format

As in Great Britain, each code originally ran from 1 to 9999, and when one was completed, another was allocated. All possible codes had been allocated by 1957, following which reversed sequences were introduced, the first county to do so being Antrim in January 1958 with 1 IA. These reversed sequences were completed quickly, leading to the introduction of the current "AXX 1234" format in January 1966, where "XX" is the county code and "A" is a serial letter. This format allowed capacity to be increased. Each county adopted it once they had completed their reversed sequences, the last one to do so being County Londonderry in October 1973 with AIW 1. From November 1985, the first 100 numbers of each series were withheld for use as cherished registrations. From April 1989, the numbers 101-999 were also withheld in this way. Even multiples of 1000 and 1111 ("four-of-a-kind") are deemed cherished by the DVLA and thus withheld. Each series ends at 9998 and follows on to the next letter/number combination in the series.

While motorists with vehicles registered in Great Britain are permitted by the DVLA to use number plates carrying Euro-style bands with UK national flags and country codes, officially only the European Union symbol and the "GB" country code are specified in Northern Ireland.[38] This is despite the fact that Northern Ireland, while part of the United Kingdom, is not part of Great Britain.

Administration

The administrative counties of Northern Ireland were abolished by the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972, and their responsibility for issuing registrations was transferred to the NI Ministry of Home Affairs,[39] and later the Department of the Environment NI. The former vehicle section in the county town of each local authority became a "local office" of the relevant departmental agency, formerly Driver and Vehicle Licensing Northern Ireland and latterly the Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA). From 21 July 2014, vehicle registration in Northern Ireland became the responsibility of the DVLA in Swansea. The pre-1972 format of Northern Ireland registration plates continues unchanged.[40]

County codes in alphabetical order

The first codes were allocated in 1903–1904 to all administrative counties of Ireland, in the order IA, IB, ..., IY, IZ, AI, BI, ..., VI, WI, starting with the 33 counties arranged alphabetically and continuing with the 6 county boroughs alphabetically. For example, between IJ for Down and IL for Fermanagh came IK for (County) Dublin, now in the Republic of Ireland. Remaining codes with I were allocated later as needed, and codes with Z were introduced after the 1922 partition of Ireland, with Northern Ireland using AZ, BZ, ... and the Republic using ZA, ZB, .... The only code used in both jurisdictions is NI; it was the standard code for Wicklow in the Republic, but QNI is a special code in Northern Ireland, so Wicklow registrations skipped from PNI to RNI to avoid a clash.

CodeCounty or CityCodeCounty or CityCodeCounty or City
AZBelfastILFermanaghSZDown
BZDownIWCounty LondonderryTZBelfast
CZBelfastJITyroneUIDerry
DZAntrimJZDownUZBelfast
EZBelfastKZAntrimVZTyrone
FZBelfastLZArmaghWZBelfast
GZBelfastMZBelfastXIBelfast
HZTyroneNZCounty LondonderryXZArmagh
IAAntrimOIBelfastYZCounty Londonderry
IBArmaghOZBelfastQNICars with indeterminate age, kit cars.
IGFermanaghPZBelfastLTZBuses built in Northern Ireland for Transport for London
IJDownRZAntrim

Series per administrative county / DVA licensing local office

For each DVA licensing local office[41] (administrative county before 1974) the two-letter sequences are shown first, followed by the reversed two-letter sequences, then the three-letter sequences.

CC
code		 CC number range number CC range ACC–YCC number range number range ACC–YCC
County Antrim / Ballymena
IA 1 to 9999Dec 1903 – Mar 1932 1 to 9999Jan 1958 – Jun 1960 1 to 9998[n 1]Jan 1966 – Jul 1985 1001 to 9998Likely next
DZ 1 to 9999Mar 1932 – Jan 1947 301 to 9999Jun 1960 – Sep 1962 101 to 9998[n 2]Jul 1985 – May 1998
KZ 1 to 9999Jan 1947 – Feb 1954 1 to 9999Sep 1962 – Jun 1964 1001 to 9998May 1998 – May 2010
RZ 1 to 9999Feb 1954 – Jan 1958 501 to 9999Jun 1964 – Jan 1966 1001 to 9998[n 3]May 2010 – current[n 4]
County Armagh / Armagh
IB 1 to 9999Dec 1903 – Aug 1947[n 5] 301 to 9999Apr 1962 – Nov 1965 1 to 9998Mar 1972 – Nov 1996[n 6][n 7] 1001 to 9998Likely next
LZ 1 to 9999Jan 1947[n 5] – Nov 1957 1 to 9999Nov 1965 – Mar 1969 1001 to 9998Nov 1996 – May 2010
XZ 1 to 9999Nov 1957 – Apr 1962 1 to 9999Mar 1969 – Mar 1972 1001 to 9998May 2010 – current[n 8]
Belfast County Borough / Belfast City
OI 1 to 9999Jan 1904 – Jan 1921 1000 to 9999Jun 1958 – Jun 1959 1 to 9999[n 9][n 10]Apr 1969 – Apr 1982
XI 1 to 9999Jan 1921 – Feb 1928 1000 to 9999Jun 1959 – Apr 1960 1 to 9998Apr 1982 – Feb 1993
AZ 1 to 9999Feb 1928 – Nov 1932 1 to 9999Apr 1960 – Mar 1961 1001 to 9998[n 11]Feb 1993 – May 1999
CZ 1 to 9999Nov 1932 – Oct 1935 1 to 9999Mar 1961 – Apr 1962 1001 to 9998May 1999 – late 2004
EZ 1 to 9999Oct 1935 – Oct 1938 1 to 9999Apr 1962 – Apr 1963 1001 to 9998late 2004 – Sep 2009
FZ 1 to 9999Oct 1938 – May 1942 1 to 9999Apr 1963 – Jan 1964 1001 to 9998Sep 2009 – Nov 2015
GZ 1 to 9999May 1942 – Dec 1947 1 to 9999Jan 1964 – Sep 1964 1001 to 9998Nov 2015 – current[n 12]
MZ 1 to 9999Dec 1947 – Jun 1950 1 to 9999Sep 1964 – May 1965
OZ 1 to 9999Jun 1950 – Jan 1953 1 to 9999May 1965 – Mar 1966
PZ 1 to 9999Jan 1953 – Aug 1954 1 to 9999Mar 1966 – Jan 1967
TZ 1 to 9999Aug 1954 – Oct 1955 1 to 9999Jan 1967 – Oct 1967 [n 13]Mid-2013 – current
UZ 1 to 9999Oct 1955 – Mar 1957 1 to 9999Oct 1967[n 14] – Jun 1968
WZ 1 to 9999Mar 1957 – Jun 1958 1 to 9999Jun 1968 – Apr 1969
County Down / Downpatrick
IJ 1 to 9999[n 15]Dec 1903 – Apr 1930 101 to 9999Oct 1958 – May 1961 1 to 9998[n 16][n 17]May 1967 – May 1987 1001 to 9998Likely next
BZ 1 to 9999Apr 1930 – Oct 1946 201 to 9999May 1961 – Nov 1963 101 to 9998May 1987 – 2000
JZ 1 to 9999Oct 1946 – Aug 1954 201 to 9999Nov 1963 – Jul 1965 1001 to 99982000 – Nov 2016
SZ 1 to 9999Aug 1954 – Oct 1958 1 to 9999Jul 1965 – May 1967 1001 to 9998Nov 2016 – current[n 18]
County Fermanagh / Enniskillen
IL 1 to 9999Jan 1904 – Feb 1958 51 to 9999Feb 1958 – Aug 1966 1001 to 9998[n 19][n 20][n 21]Aug 1966 – Dec 2004 1001 to 9998Likely next
IG 1001 to 9998[n 22]Dec 2004 – current[n 23]
County Londonderry / Coleraine
IW 1 to 9999Dec 1903 – Jan 1949 100 to 9999Sep 1962 – Oct 1966 1 to 9998[n 24][n 25]Oct 1973 – 2001
NZ 1 to 9999Jan 1949 – Dec 1957 1 to 9999Oct 1966 – Nov 1970 1001 to 99982001 – current[n 26]
YZ 1 to 9999Dec 1957 – Sep 1962 1 to 9999Nov 1970 – Oct 1973
Londonderry County Borough / Derry City
UI 1 to 9999Jan 1904 – Aug 1963 100 to 9999Aug 1963 – Apr 1973 1 to 9998[n 27][n 28][n 29]Apr 1973 – current[n 30] 1001 to 9998Likely next
County Tyrone / Omagh
JI 1 to 9999Dec 1903 – Feb 1944 100 to 9999Apr 1961 – Oct 1964 1 to 9998[n 31][n 32]Jun 1971 – 2000
HZ 1 to 9999Feb 1944 – Apr 1956 200 to 9999Oct 1964 – Mar 1968 1001 to 99982000 – current[n 33]
VZ 1 to 9999Apr 1956 – Apr 1961 200 to 9999Mar 1968 – Jun 1971
Footnotes
  1. ↑ Authority transferred from Antrim County Council to Ballymena LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was GIA 8977.
  2. ↑ BDZ ended at 7458 due to computerisation in October 1986, followed by CDZ 101.
  3. ↑ ARZ was deemed inappropriate and will not be issued.[42]
  4. ↑ As of October 2017 the current issue was NRZ.
  5. 1 2 Although LZ commenced in January 1947, IB was not completed until August 1947.
  6. ↑ Authority transferred from Armagh County Council to Armagh LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was AIB 7786.
  7. ↑ JIB ended at 4400 due to computerisation in 1986, followed by KIB 101.
  8. ↑ As of September 2017 the current issue was LXZ.
  9. ↑ Authority transferred from Belfast City Council to Belfast LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was GOI 8301.
  10. ↑ IOI and OOI were not allocated.
  11. ↑ NAZ was deemed inappropriate and will never be issued.
  12. ↑ As of August 2018 the current issue was KGZ.
  13. ↑ Since 2013, the LTZ series has been used by Transport for London for its New Routemaster buses, which are built in Northern Ireland.
  14. ↑ A batch of reverse UZ was issued early in July 1967 for Belfast City Transport.
  15. ↑ IJ 1-100 were mixed allocations to all types of vehicles, but thereafter there was a period when motorcycles were segregated in blocks; the following were the motorcycle blocks: IJ 101-150, 201-249, 301-350, 451-500, 551-600, 651-700, 751-800, 851-950, 1001-1100, 1151-1200 and 1251 up, (no information thereafter). Other vehicles took the remaining numbers, but 1000-1050 were, in fact, duplicated.
  16. ↑ Authority transferred from Down County Council to Downpatrick LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was in the early FIJ series.
  17. ↑ XIJ ended at 3439 due to computerisation in October 1986, followed by YIJ 101.
  18. ↑ As of July 2017 the current issue was BSZ.
  19. ↑ Authority transferred from Fermanagh County Council to Enniskillen LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was in the late AIL series.
  20. ↑ EIL ended at 2423 due to computerisation in October 1986, followed by FIL 101.
  21. ↑ KIL was deemed inappropriate and will never be issued.
  22. ↑ CIG, NIG and PIG were deemed inappropriate and will never be issued.
  23. ↑ As of November 2017 the current issue was TIG.
  24. ↑ Authority transferred from Londonderry County Council to Coleraine LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was in the early AIW series.
  25. ↑ HIW incomplete due to computerisation in October 1986 (highest normal issue unknown), followed by IIW 101.
  26. ↑ As of June 2017 the current issue was XNZ.
  27. ↑ Authority transferred from Londonderry County Borough Council to Londonderry LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was AUI 1110.
  28. ↑ CUI ended at 7388 due to computerisation in October 1986, followed by DUI 101.
  29. ↑ FUI was deemed inappropriate and will never be issued.
  30. ↑ As of September 2016 the current issue was WUI.
  31. ↑ Authority transferred from Tyrone County Council to Omagh LVLO/VRO from 1 January 1974; the first registration following the transfer was BJI 800.
  32. ↑ JJI ended at 4700 due to computerisation in October 1986, followed by KJI 101.
  33. ↑ As of April 2018 the current issue was WHZ.

Most expensive plates

As popularity grows, the prices reached for the most expensive plates have increased with many motorists attracted by the investment potential as well as vanity. In the UK, sales of private plates via the Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency exceeded £100 million per annum for the first time in 2016. Since 1989 the DVLA has made a total of £2 billion from selling private plates. While the wealthy may spend more on a private plate than on their personal vehicle, not all car owners are attracted to private plates. This has not affected number plates from appreciating thousands in value each year.

Registration 1 sold for £7.25 million and is the highest price paid for a plate – in the United Arab Emirates. It was purchased by Abu Dhabi businessman Saeed Abdul Ghaffar Khouri in 2008. In 2014, the registration 25 O broke a new record[43] when it was purchased for £518,000 by Ferrari dealer John Collins; the plate now sits on a Ferrari 250 SWB once owned by rock star Eric Clapton. Registration F1 and RAC3R have been considered as the most desirable plates amongst supercar and Formula One fans. The registration RAC3R is a suffix style plate that was issued in 1976, the same year British racing driver James Hunt won the Formula One World Championship.[44] The plate covers all the different forms of racing, making it extremely desirable.

The popularity of race-related plates led the Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency to make a motor racing game to mark the profits it has made from the sales of private plates. The celebration took place at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in 2010.[45] On 25 January 2008 the registration F1 sold for £440,000 to Bradford Car design entrepreneur Afzal Kahn. The plate was previously owned and sold by Essex County Council and was sold to raise money for training young drivers. Today the F1 plate has a valuation less than the winning bid with the price tag stagnating on that particular plate. Originally the plate was affixed in 1904 to the Panhard et Levassor of the then County Surveyor.[46] A few months before the F1 plate was purchased, the S1 plate sold for £397,500 at an auction in September 2007 to an anonymous buyer, making it the second most expensive number plate to be sold in the UK. The S1 plate was originally owned by Sir John MacDonald, the Lord Kingsburgh and was Edinburgh's first ever number plate.[47] Within the space of two years the S1 plate sold for £65,500 more than the M1 plate that sold at auction in Goodwood on 7 July 2006.[48] Registrations 1D, VIP 1 (Originally a Republic of Ireland plate from Kilkenny (IP)51 NGH, K1 NGS and 1O are also marked as considerably expensive plates that have sold publicly in excess of six figures.[49]

Other formats

Armed forces vehicles

In the Second World War, vehicles of the British Army had number plates such as A12104 and those of the Royal Air Force RAF 208343. Since 1949,[50] British military vehicle registration numbers are mostly either in the form of two digits, two letters, two digits (e.g. 07 CE 08),[51] or from 1995 onwards, two letters, two digits, two letters (for example, JW 57 AB).[52] Until the mid-1980s, the central two letters signified the armed service, or the branch or category of vehicle.[53] For example, Chief of Fleet Support's staff car in 1983–85 was 00 RN 04, and First Sea Lord's car 00 RN 01 and Second Sea Lord's 00 RN 02, normal civilian plates replacing them when security required;[54] and, in 1970, one of HMS Albion's Land Rovers was 25 RN 97 and HMS Bulwark's ship's minibus was 04 RN 84. Royal Air Force vehicles had numbers such as 55 AA 89, typically the first of the two letters being A,[55] and the new-style RAF plates, such as RZ 00 AA and RU 86 AA on fire engines.[56]

Military number plates are still often in the silver/white on black scheme used for civilian plates before 1973, and can be presented in one, two or three rows of characters.

From 1963 until around 1990, in West Germany, private vehicles owned by members of British Forces Germany and their families were issued registration numbers in a unique format (initially two letters followed by three digits plus a "B" suffix, e.g. RH 249 B, then from the early 1980s three letters followed by two numbers plus the "B" suffix, e.g. AQQ 89 B). This was discontinued for security reasons, as it made them vulnerable to Provisional IRA attacks.[57] Private vehicles driven by British military personnel are now issued with either standard UK number plates (if right hand drive) or German ones (if left hand drive), although the vehicle is not actually registered with the DVLA.[58]

JW 57 AB
00 RN 04
RH 249 B
AQQ 89 B
RAF 208343

Trade plates

Reading-registered trade plate

Trade licences are issued to motor traders and vehicle testers, and permit the use of untaxed vehicles on the public highway with certain restrictions.[59] Associated with trade licences are "trade plates" which identify the holder of the trade licence rather than the vehicle they are displayed on, and can be attached temporarily to vehicles in their possession.[60]

Until 1970, two types of trade plate were used. General trade plates had white letters and numbers on a red background and could be used for all purposes, while limited trade plates used red numbers and letters on a white background and were restricted in their use (e.g. a vehicle being driven under limited trade plates was not allowed to carry passengers). Since 1970, all trade plates have used the red-on-white format. According to the traders, the police followed a little rhyme about trade plates:

[61]

The format of trade plate numbers comprises three digits (with leading zeros if necessary) followed by one, two or three letters denoting the location of issue, using pre-2001 format codes.[60]

123 ABC
123 ABC

In 2015, a new system was introduced with a number-only format. This is a five-digit number (leading zeroes used below 10000) in red on white, with a DVLA authentication at the right. This is centrally issued, and there is no regional indicator.[62]

12345

Diplomatic vehicle registration plates

British diplomatic car plate

Since 1979 cars operated by foreign embassies, high commissions, consulates and international organisations are issued unique vehicle registration marks. Eligible officials are required to be accredited by the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) who liaise with Specialist Registrations at the Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) for issuance. Guidance document: INF267 (4/18) has been produced by the DVLA for accredited officials.

The distinguishing format is three numbers, space, letter D or X, space and three numbers. The letter D is predominately used for vehicles operated in or around the capital of London with the letter X allocated to vehicles outside London and for international organisations, unless otherwise stated by bilateral treaty or arrangement. The first group of three numbers identifies the country or international organisation. The second group of three numbers is a serial number sequence starting at 101 for Diplomats, 400 for non-diplomatic staff of international organisations, and 700 upwards for consular or other non-diplomatic staff. For example: 101 D 101 identifies the first registration allocated to the Afghanistan embassy and 900 X 400 is a registration allocated to the Commonwealth secretariat.

101 D 101 101 D 101
900 X 400 900 X 400

Honorary Consuls are not entitled under UK law to diplomatic vehicle registrations and/or diplomatic driving permits.

A limited number of "Flag" registrations, bearing a similar format to earlier civilian registrations, have been issued to embassies and high commissions for use instead of a “D” or “X” registration on its vehicles. For example: United States’ embassy is allowed to use the registration USA 1; Zimbabwe's embassy ZIM 1; Jamaica's high commission JAM 1 and South Korea's embassy ROK 1 – 'Republic of Korea'.[63] The North Korean embassy, however, had to buy a vanity plate: PRK 1D.[64]

Vehicles on D, X and Flag registrations are exempt from payment of vehicle tax (motor car road fund licence duty).

Cherished marks (personal, vanity or private number plates)

By default, a UK registration plate will accompany a vehicle throughout the vehicle's lifetime. There is no requirement to re-register a vehicle when moving to a new part of the country and no requirement that the number be changed when ownership of the vehicle changes. It is, however, possible for another registration number to be transferred, replacing the one originally issued, where owners wish to have a "vanity plate" (sometimes referred to as a "cherished" registration) displaying, for instance, their initials. Registration numbers may also be replaced simply to disguise the actual age of the vehicle.

According to information on the government DVLA website:

"Just remember you can make your vehicle look as old as you wish but you can not make it look newer than it is. For example you cannot put a Y registration number on a T registered vehicle but you could choose any prefix range from an A to a T. Each registration has an issue date which is what you must check to ensure you don't make your vehicle appear newer than it is."[63] However, you are able to put 1955 registered private number plates on a 1949 registered vehicle as there is no year indicator to determine the age of release.

As many vehicles registered before 1963 have been scrapped, some of their "dateless" pre-1963 registration numbers have been transferred to other vehicles as personal plates. They can be valuable, and can also be used to conceal the age of an older vehicle. Many vintage and classic cars no longer bear their original index marks due to the owners being offered high premiums for the desirable registrations. In addition Northern Irish registrations are also regarded as "dateless" and are often transferred to vehicles outside Northern Ireland.[64] Touring coaches often operate in other parts of the UK with registration numbers originally issued in Northern Ireland.

The DVLA's Personalised Registrations service also allows the purchase and transfer of registration numbers directly from the DVLA.[65] Many private dealers act as agents for DVLA issues (and sell DVLA numbers for more than the DVLA asking price, which many buyers do not realise), and also hold their own private stock of dateless registrations and other cherished marks. The DVLA however can only offer for sale registrations that have never previously been issued and thus have a limited offering and limited scope.

State vehicles used by the reigning monarch

Motor cars used by the reigning monarch on official business, which are (as of 2017) all Rolls-Royces or Bentleys built to special specifications, do not carry number plates.[1] The monarch's private vehicles carry number plates.

Other registration plates

  • Tax free export in 1970s had red borders around the plate.
  • United Kingdom American Exchange plates had the prefix "UKAX".
  • Some Republic of Ireland number plates have been registered in various motor tax offices in the UK. These plates dated from 1903-1986 and the UK practice of non-reregistration was discontinued in 1990. For example, VIP 1 was originally registered to a Jaguar in Co. Kilkenny (IP) Ireland in 1971 but is now registered on a Rolls Royce Corniche owned by Chelsea Football Club owner Roman Abramovich. Some UK embassy vehicles have I or Z in their number plates e.g. CZE (Dublin) 1, PHI (Tipperary) 1, which have originated in the Irish system. Vehicles registered in Ireland under the new system (87 onwards) and which are exported to the UK must de-register their new Irish county (or in many cases, their Irish export ZZ 5 digit plate) with the DVLA who will issue them with a new UK number.

Fraudulent use

Criminals sometimes use copies of number plates legitimately used on a vehicle of identical type and colour to the one used, known as "cloning", to avoid being identified.[66] A routine police computer check shows the plate matching the type of vehicle and does not appear suspicious.

The UK Government introduced on 1 August 2008 regulations requiring the production of personal identification and vehicle registration documents when having number plates made by a retailer.[67] The organisation that makes the plate is required to display their name and postcode, usually in small print at bottom centre, to aid in tracing false plates and their purchaser.[3] This requirement was introduced in 2001 when the new character style and two-digit year identifier came into force, and applies to all registration plates made after that date regardless of the year of the vehicle.

Registration plate suppliers

Number plates were initially made by the motor vehicle's original supplier, and replacement plates meeting standards could be made by anybody. Some people had street address numbers made up to motor-vehicle standards for their houses. From 2001 plates sold in England and Wales had to be provided by a supplier on the DVLA's Register of Number Plate Suppliers (RNPS) as specified in British Standard BSAU145d. The supplier needs to confirm that the customer is the registered keeper or other authorised person and verify their identity.[67] The name and postcode of the supplier must be shown at the bottom of the plate.[3] Number plates in the UK are usually flat and made of plastic; embossed aluminium plates are available from some suppliers. These rules are generally described as onerous, particularly to company car drivers who do not hold any of the required paperwork themselves (such items usually being stored by a fleet manager or lease hire company).

Registered number plate suppliers must keep records including the documents produced by their customers; they can be required to be shown to the police, although in reality this has seldom happened. The Department for Transport holds a full list of suppliers.[68]

Some companies, particularly those based online, sell number plates described as "show plates" or "not for road use", which may not satisfy the requirements of BSAU145d. However, if so specified, these products can be identical to number plates sold by approved RNPS registered supplier. Many of these companies do not ask customers to prove ownership of the registration they are purchasing, and try to circumvent the law by placing disclaimers on their websites. Despite these disclaimers, it is still not legal to produce any registration plates without seeing proof of identity of the purchaser (such as a driving licence), and proof of their connection to the registration (such as a V5C or retention certificate).[69]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 The Royal Household. "The Royal Household – Transport – Cars". Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  2. ↑ "London Transport Leyland Titan registered in 1979". Wikimedia Commons.
  3. 1 2 3 4 DVLA (7 July 2012). "V796: Display of Registration Marks for Motor Vehicles". Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  4. ↑ "BS AU 145d:1998". British Standards Institution. 5 January 1998. ISBN 0-580-28985-0.
  5. ↑ As specified in http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/561/schedule/2/made The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001 (Statutory Instrument 2001 Number 561), Schedule 2.
  6. ↑ As specified in http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2001/561/made PART IV MISCELLANEOUS
  7. ↑ What's the story with black and silver number plates?, DVLA, 17 November 2015
  8. ↑ Lindsay Brooke. Triumph : A Century of Passion and Power. MotorBooks International. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-1-61059-227-7.
  9. ↑ "Displaying number plates: Rules for number plates".
  10. 1 2 DVLA (June 2016). "INF104: Vehicle registration numbers and number plates" (PDF). Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  11. ↑ "The closure of DVLA local offices – everything you need to know" (PDF). GOV.UK.
  12. ↑ Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (30 March 2000). "Clearer rules for clearer number plates". DETR press notice 252 of 2000. web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2001. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  13. 1 2 "New number plates for old". BBC News. 22 August 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  14. ↑ History of Number Plates, Speedy Registrations Co. Limited, retrieved 14 November 2011
  15. ↑ "Current codes of United Kingdom". 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Car registration and number plates 1903 to 2003" (PDF). Chiltern Vehicle Preservation Group. 1 October 2003.
  17. 1 2 "Taking a vehicle out of the UK permanently or temporarily". Directgov. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2013. Under the 'personal export' scheme, a vehicle can be used on UK roads for a limited time before exporting it to a country outside the EU. You must either be an overseas visitor to the UK or a UK resident intending to live outside the UK for six months. UK residents can use the vehicle in the UK for up to six months but the vehicle has to be taxed. Overseas visitors can use the vehicle for up to 12 months without tax. A registration mark will be given from the 'XA – XF' range and a pink registration certificate (VX302) issued. These vehicles are subject to the first registration fee.
  18. ↑ "'Offensive' SN07 car plate banned". 13 July 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  19. ↑ "DVLA Personalised Registrations". dvlaregistrations.direct.gov.uk. DVLA. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  20. ↑ European Union (3 November 1998). "Council Regulation (EC) No 2411/98 of 3 November 1998 on the recognition in intra-Community traffic of the distinguishing sign of the Member State in which motor vehicles and their trailers are registered". Retrieved 22 October 2007.
  21. 1 2 Statutory Instrument 2009 No. 811 The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks)(Amendment) Regulations 2009 with effect from 27 April 2009
  22. ↑ "The Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001 (schedule 4 part 1)". legislation.gov.uk. 28 February 2001. p. 23. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  23. ↑ Lawson, Damian (12 November 2014). "25 years selling personalised registrations". DVLA. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  24. ↑ "Number Plate Auction - December 1989". Numberplates.com. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  25. 1 2 Newall, L.H. (2008). A History of Motor Vehicle Registration in the United Kingdom (3rd ed.). Scarborough: Newby Books. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-872686-32-5.
  26. ↑ BBC News Online (13 July 2007). "Offensive SN07 car plate banned". Retrieved 24 December 2007.
  27. ↑ "A Brief History Lesson on Licensing and Registrations". Nationalnumbers.co.uk. 30 November 1983. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  28. ↑ "Allocation of vehicle registration marks". Fleetdata.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  29. 1 2 3 "Zero Number Plates". Nice-Reg!. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  30. ↑ "Lord Mayor arrives at St. John's School". St. John's School. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  31. 1 2 "British vehicle registration numbers". Fleetdata.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  32. ↑ http://www.fergusontractor.co.uk/infofiles/which/regmk.asp Archived 21 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ Whitehead, Graham W. "Triumph Sells Record Number of Sportscars" (PDF). Triumph Sports Owners Association. 18 (1, January 1972). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  34. ↑ "UK registration marks from 1904 to August 2001". The Moped Archive. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  35. ↑ Parker's Car Price Guide, September 1977
  36. ↑ "United Kingdom". Licenseplatemania.com. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  37. ↑ "UK Vehicle Registration Letters and Area Codes". motorcycle.co.uk. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  38. ↑ DVLNI (29 January 2009). "V796(NI): Display of Registration Marks for Motor Vehicles" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  39. ↑ "The Vehicles Excise (Transfer of Functions) (Supplementary Provisions) Order (Northern Ireland) 1973". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  40. ↑ "Vehicle registration from 21 July 2014". nidirect. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  41. ↑ "DVA licensing Local Offices official website". dvlni.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  42. ↑ "BRZ Number Plates have arrived". Speedy Registrations Blog. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  43. ↑ BBC News Beat (27 November 2014). "Registration plate sells for a record £500,000 in Wales". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  44. ↑ mirror (2013). "Britain's best ever year".
  45. ↑ dvlaregistrations (2010). "dvla's good wood soapbox reader game".
  46. ↑ BBC News Online (25 January 2008). "F1 car plate sells for record fee". Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  47. ↑ BBC News Online (19 September 2008). "Historic car reg fetches £400,000". Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  48. ↑ World Collectors Net (7 July 2006). "New World Record Price For Car Number Plate – £331,500 – Will Benefit Tatton Park in Cheshire". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  49. ↑ autoexpress (2016), personalised number plate top ten most expensive ever
  50. ↑ Winter, Dik T. "British vehicle registrations". Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  51. ↑ "Land Rover "88"". Griffin Trust. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  52. ↑ "Photo of Ridgeback wheeled armoured vehicle personnel carrier". armyrecognition.com. 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  53. ↑ Olav Arne Brekke. "Olav's British Number Plates". Retrieved 24 December 2007.
  54. ↑ "Sir Frank Twiss". seayourhistory.org.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  55. ↑ "Photo of RAF vehicle". military-collections.com. 2006. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  56. ↑ "Military Fire". UK Emergency Vehicles. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  57. ↑ "Secret squad sent in to track down IRA killers". Glasgow Herald. 3 May 1988.
  58. ↑ "DVLA Registration – Vehicle Licensing". British Forces Germany.net. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  59. ↑ DVLA (March 2004). "VTL301/1: Trade Licences – Guidance Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  60. 1 2 "Trade Plates". www.vrm-group.co.uk. VRM Group. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  61. ↑ Jenkinson, Denis (1984). From Chain Drive to Turbocharger - The A.F.N. Story. Patrick Stephens. p. 170.
  62. ↑ "Trade plates: a new design". UKMotorists. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  63. ↑ "Personalised Registrations: Terms & Conditions of Sale". Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  64. ↑ "Northern Irish Registrations". Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  65. ↑ "DVLA Personalised Registrations". Directgov. DVLA. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
  66. ↑ Archived 17 January 2014 at Archive.is
  67. 1 2 Directgov. "How to get a number plate made up". Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  68. ↑ "Find your nearest number plate supplier". gov.uk. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  69. ↑ "Documents required from registered number plate suppliers". Plate-Trader.com. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
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