Backpage

Backpage
Type of business Web communications
Available in English, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Russian, Chinese, Finnish, Italian, Dutch, Swedish, and Turkish
Founded 2004
Owner Atlantische Bedrijven CV
Former owner: Village Voice Media
Employees 120+
Alexa rank Positive decrease 806[1]
Launched 2004
Current status Seized

Backpage was a classified advertising website launched in 2004. Until its seizure by U.S. authorities in April 2018, it offered classified listings for a wide variety of products and services including automotive, jobs listings, strippers and real estate. In 2011, Backpage was the second largest classified ad listing service on the Internet in the United States after Craigslist.[2]

The site's offering of adult services sections had been highly controversial, due to allegations that Backpage knowingly allowed and encouraged users to post ads related to prostitution and human trafficking, particularly involving minors, and took steps to intentionally obfuscate the activities. After a series of court cases and the arrest of the company's CEO and other officials, Backpage removed the adult services subsection in the United States in 2017.

On April 6, 2018 backpage.com and affiliated websites were seized as part of an enforcement action by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Postal Inspection Service, the United States Department of Justice,[3] the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigator Division, with analytical assistance from the Joint Regional Intelligence Center.

Its CEO, Carl Ferrer, pleaded guilty to charges of facilitating prostitution and money laundering.[4]

History

Near the turn of the 21st century, Internet-based classified advertising, particularly the website Craigslist, was having a significant impact on the classified advertising business in newspapers nationwide. Classified advertising in daily newspapers as well as weekly alternatives, suburban papers and community papers was moving to the free advertising model of Craigslist and other smaller websites.

In 2004, in response to this phenomenon, New Times Media (later to be known as Village Voice Media), a publisher of 11 alternative newsweeklies, launched a free classified website called backpage.com.[5] The foundation and traditions of free classified advertising and free circulation were part of the fundamentals of the alternative newsweeklies dating back to 1971. The Chicago Reader and the Phoenix New Times were pioneers in these operating philosophies.[6][7]

Backpage soon became the second largest online classified site in the United States.[5] The site included the various categories found in newspaper classified sections including those that were unique to and part of the First Amendment-driven traditions of most alternative weeklies. These included personals (including adult-oriented personal ads), adult services, musicians and "New Age" services.

Adult section

Until January 9, 2017, Backpage contained an adult section containing different subcategories of various sex work professions (escorts, erotic masseuses, strippers, phone sex operators, etc). After accusations from the United States Senate of being directly involved with sex-trafficking and the sexual exploitation of minors, the company suspended its adult listings, describing the move as "the direct result of unconstitutional government censorship".[8] However, many escorts and erotic masseuses admit to moving their ads to the "massage" and "women seeking men" listings.[9] Prostitution is illegal throughout the United States, except for some counties in Nevada.

Kristen DiAngelo, executive director of the Sex Workers Outreach Project of Sacramento, criticized the shutdown, questioning how many sex workers across the United States no longer had a way to support themselves. Activists argued that the move would force some of the site's users to work on the street instead.[10]

Controversy

There has been significant public controversy and discourse regarding the adult section of Backpage.com. Most of the criticism has centered on the charge that Backpage is used to market minors (i.e. underage sex trafficking), and that they contribute to a surge of prostitution in areas that they operate.[11][12] Media, law enforcement, politicians and parents of trafficked children have weighed in on this matter.[13][14][15][16]

According to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the majority of child sex trafficking cases referred to NCMEC involve ads on Backpage.[10] Backpage says that it blocks about a million ads per month, mostly suspected of child sex trafficking or prostitution.[11] Of those, they report around 400 ads a month to NCMEC which in turn notify law enforcement.[12][13] Content submitted to Backpage is surveyed by an automated scan for terms related to prostitution. At least one member of a team of over 100 people also oversees each entry before it is posted.[14]

Backpage has had continued issues with credit card processors, who were under pressure from law enforcement to cease working with companies that allegedly allow or encourage illegal prostitution. In 2015 Backpage lost all credit card processing agreements, leaving Bitcoin as the remaining option for paid ads.[17]

In an amicus curiae brief, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children says the efforts of Backpage are inadequate and their reporting lacked in several areas. They say Backpage does not report all ads that have been flagged as being underage, does not report when someone tries to advertise children under 18 years of age, and does not respond to requests of parents to have ads of their trafficked children removed. They also say Backpage "encourage[s] dissemination of child sex trafficking content on its website". They say Backpage is much slower in removing ads that advertise children than ads placed by authorities aimed at trapping traffickers, guides traffickers in creating false pages for underage children, instructs traffickers and buyers on how to pay anonymously, and makes it easier to make adult posts than other posts. They said "To all intents and purposes, Backpage has instituted no effective procedures to prevent child sex trafficking ads from being created on its site." They say that they do not use obvious techniques to identify traffickers, such as using the same phone number, email address or credit card of a known trafficker, or reusing the same picture of known victim of human trafficking.[13]

Advocates for Backpage point out that by carefully scrutinizing each posting in the Adult section before it is posted, removing questionable posts and reporting potential cases of the trafficking of minors to the authorities and NGOs such as NCMEC, Backpage is aiding in the fight against this activity. In addition, they argue that by providing prompt and detailed information about postings to law enforcement when asked to do so (including phone numbers, credit card numbers and IP addresses), Backpage aids law enforcement in protecting minors from such activity. They also contend that the prompt and complete production of this information results in more convictions for illegal activities and that shutting down the adult section of Backpage will simply drive the traffickers to other places on the internet that will be less forthcoming about crucial information for law enforcement.[15][18][19]

Liz McDougall, an attorney serving as general counsel for Backpage.com, said that Backpage is an "ally in the fight against human trafficking." She said that the adult section of Backpage is closely monitored, and that shutting it down "would simply drive the trafficking underground." She said that websites like Backpage, that are able to monitor trafficking activity and report it to law enforcement, are key in the fight against human trafficking.[20] McDougall said that shutting down the service on a cooperative United States–based website would only drive trafficking to underground and international websites that are more difficult to monitor, and are often outside the jurisdiction of U.S. law enforcement.[20]

Numerous writers, non-governmental organizations ("NGO's") legal experts and law enforcement officials including the Electronic Frontier Foundation,[21][22] the Internet Archive,[23] and the Cato Institute,[24] have pointed out that the freedoms and potentially the entire fabric of the internet would be threatened if this type of free speech is prohibited on Backpage. They cite both First Amendment rights of free speech guaranteed in the Constitution as well as Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act.[25] This law provides protection to Interactive service providers that are the conduits for others’ speech and not the speaker themselves.[25][26]

Writers for Forbes, the Huffington Post, and Fast Company have suggested that Backpage is a useful tool for law enforcement and the public in exposing the perpetrators of human trafficking.[16][18][27][28] Numerous NGOs and others contend that the potential harm done by a website that features a section for adult posting is far greater than any actions the site may take to aid law enforcement. In many cases, the critics of Backpage say that these efforts are less than is necessary or possible. Some say that no efforts to police the site and report bad actors outweigh the negative impact the site may have in this area. The general counsel for National Center for Missing and Exploited Children said, "Backpage’s reporting is not conducted in good faith."[14] Washington Post writer Glenn Kessler, in a number of his Fact Checker columns, debunked many of the inflated sex trafficking statistics and claims cited by politicians, NGOs, lawmakers and the media.[29][30][31][32]

In 2012, at the behest of a number of NGO's including Fair Girls and NCMEC, Fitzgibbon Media (a well-known progressive/liberal public relations agency) created a multimedia campaign to garner support for the anti-Backpage position. They enlisted support from musicians, politicians, journalists, media companies and retailers. The campaign created a greater public dialogue, both pro and con, regarding Backpage.[33] In 2015, Fitzgibbon Media was closed due to multiple allegations of sexual harassment and abuse by Fitzgibbon owner Tervor Fitzgibbon.[34] Some companies including H&M, IKEA, and Barnes & Noble canceled ads for publications owned by Village Voice Media. Over 230,000 people including 600 religious leaders, 51 attorneys general, 19 U.S. senators, over 50 non-governmental associations, musician Alicia Keys, and members of R.E.M., The Roots, and Alabama Shakes petitioned the website to remove sexual content.[14] New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof authored a number of columns criticizing Backpage,[35][36][37] to which Backpage publicly responded.[38]

In 2012, Village Voice Media separated their newspaper company, which then consisted of eleven weekly alternative newspapers and their affiliated web properties, from Backpage, leaving Backpage in control of shareholders Mike Lacey and Jim Larkin. Executives for the spinoff holding company, called Voice Media Group (VMG) and based in Denver, raised "some money from private investors" in order to purchase the newspapers.[39] The CEO of VMG, said "Backpage has been a distraction—there's no question about it—to the core (editorial) properties."[39] In December 2014, Village Voice Media sold Backpage to a Dutch holding company. Carl Ferrer, the founder of Backpage, remained as CEO of the company.[40]

Beginning in 2011 a number of legal challenges were initiated by foes of Backpage in attempts to eliminate the adult section of the website and or shut down the website entirely. These actions included legislative initiatives as well as lawsuits brought by individuals; all of these lawsuits, which were mostly brought by politicians and NGOs, were successfully challenged by Backpage, which argued that the First Amendment protections of free speech were being compromised by any restriction on postings by individuals on the Backpage website. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments to the Constitution as well as the Commerce Clause were also cited as reasons that these efforts were illegal under U.S. law.

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) served as an additional cornerstone in the defense. Section 230 says that "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." This portion of the CDA was drafted to protect ISPs and other interactive service providers on the Internet from liability for content originating from third parties.[41] The enactment of this portion of the CDA overturned the decision in Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co. in which Prodigy was deemed by the court to be a publisher and therefore liable for content posted on its site.[41] Many observers have credited the passage of section 230 of the CDA as the spark that ignited the explosive growth of the internet.[25] The protection afforded to website owners under section 230 was upheld in numerous court cases subsequent to the passage of the legislation in 1996 including Doe v. MySpace Inc., 528 F.3d 413 (5th Cir. 2008) and Dart v. Craigslist, Inc., 665 F. Supp. 2d 961 (N.D. Ill. October 20, 2009).

  • M.A. v. Village Voice Media, LLC - In September 2010, M.A. v. Village Voice Media was held in Missouri courts. The plaintiff alleged that Backpage "had knowledge...that postings on their website were advertisements for prosititution" and "illegal sexual contact with minors," that "crimes were being committed" and therefore "had a desire that these posters accomplish[] their nefarious illegal prostitution activities."[42] The court dismissed the claims, holding that the plaintiff's allegations about the structure and operation of the website and that Backpage profited from user ads could not establish the requisite intent to assist others in committing a certain crime.[43]
  • Backpage.com v. McKenna, et al. — In March 2012, the state of Washington enacted a law (SB 6251)[44] making "advertising commercial sexual abuse of a minor" a felony offense.[45] The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington enjoined the law, on the grounds that SB 6251 violated the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, and First and Fifth Amendments.[46] The court rejected the State's argument that the statute only concerned "offers to engage in illegal conduct," and its presumption that "all online advertisements for escort services are actually offers for prostitution." The court held that escort ads are protected speech and a statute seeking to impose criminal liability on websites for hosting ads would impermissibly chill speech and could not withstand strict scrutiny.[26][44][46]
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. Cooper — In 2012, the state of Tennessee passed similar legislation mirroring most of the language in the Washington law. The law specifically targeted Backpage. Backpage filed suit in the U.S. District Court of Tennessee seeking a restraining order and temporary injunction to prevent enforcement of this law. In January 2013, United States District Judge John T. Nixon granted the motion.[47] A permanent injunction and Final judgment was granted on March 27, 2013 holding that it was likely unconstitutional and "directly at odds" with Section 230.[48][49] The court rejected the State's argument that its statute "does not implicate First Amendment scrutiny because it criminalizes only offers to engage in illegal transactions." Rather, the court held that under the First Amendment, the State must prove a defendant's scienter that specific speech is unlawful "to avoid the hazard of self-censorship," and therefore the State's presumption of illegality would impose "an impossible burden" on "websites such as Backpage.com . . . to review all of their millions of postings or, more likely, shut down their adult services section entirely."[50] Invalidating the Tennessee law, the court held that state efforts to censor or chill an entire category of speech on a website fail because, "when freedom of speech hangs in the balance—the state may not use a butcher knife on a problem that requires a scalpel to fix."[51]
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. Hoffman et al. — In 2013, the state of New Jersey enacted legislation targeting human trafficking with similar provisions to the ones in the Washington bill that targeted third party advertising on the internet aiming to remove the immunity of website operators.[52] Similar arguments to those proffered in Washington and Tennessee were made. The preliminary injunction and restraining order were granted on August 20, 2013.[53] In May 2014. United States District Judge Claire C. Cecchi granted Backpage a permanent injunction as unconstitutional and a violation of Section 230.[54]
  • Doe No. 1 v. Backpage.com, LLC - In May 2015, a case in Massachusetts filed against Backpage.com alleged Backpage's policies and the design of the website were intended to promote "the illicit sex trade" and "the trafficking of children." The U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts held that the challenged practices "[s]ingly or in the aggregate . . . amount to neither affirmative participation in an illegal venture nor active web content creation." The court held that Backpage could not be liable for the "existence of an escorts section" ("whatever its social merits, [the section] is not illegal"). The court held that "claims that a website facilitates illegal conduct through its posting rules necessarily treat the website as a publisher or speaker of content provided by third parties, and, thus, are precluded by section 230(c)(1)."[55][56]
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. Dart — In 2015, Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart wrote to Visa and MasterCard pressuring the firms to "immediately cease and desist" allowing the use of their credit cards to purchase ads on Backpage and websites like it. Within two days, both companies withdrew the use of their services from Backpage.[57] Backpage filed a lawsuit asking for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction alleging that Dart's actions were unconstitutional violating the First and Fourteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution as well as Section 230 of the CDA.[58] In August, U.S. District Judge John Tharp rejected the injunction,[59] but on November 30, 2015 a three judge panel of the Seventh Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals reversed this decision and granted the injunction.[60] The court held that "a public official trying to shut down an avenue of expression of ideas and opinions through 'actual or threatened imposition of government power or sanction' is violating the First Amendment."[60]

Alleged victims

On April 9, 2018, the US Department of Justice's indictment against Backpage was unsealed. It contains details about 17 alleged victims which range from minors as young as 14 years old to adults, who were allegedly trafficked on the site while Backpage was knowingly facilitating prostitution. One 15-year-old is alleged to have been forced to do in-calls at hotels. A second teenager was allegedly told to "perform sexual acts at gunpoint and choked" until she had seizures, before being gang-raped. A third victim, advertised under the pseudonym "Nadia" was stabbed to death, while a fourth victim was murdered in 2015, and her corpse deliberately burned. The lawyer for Backpage operations manager Andrew Padilla stated that his client was "not legally responsible for any actions of third parties under U.S. law. He is no more responsible than the owner of a community billboard when someone places an ad on it,"[61][62]

In October 2018 a Texas woman sued Backpage and Facebook, claiming she had been sex trafficked on Backpage by a man who lured her into prostitution by posing as her friend on the social media network.[63]

Arrest of CEO and corporate officers

On October 6, 2016, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton and California Attorney General Kamala Harris announced that Texas authorities had raided the Dallas headquarters of Backpage.com and arrested CEO Carl Ferrer at the George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston on felony charges of pimping a minor, pimping, and conspiracy to commit pimping. The California arrest warrant alleged that 99% of Backpage’s revenue was directly attributable to prostitution-related ads, and many of the ads involved victims of sex trafficking, including children under the age of 18. The State of Texas was also considering a money laundering charge pending its investigation.[64][65] Arrest warrants were also issued against former Backpage owners and founders Michael Lacey and James Larkin. Lacey and Larkin were charged with conspiracy to commit pimping.[66][67]

Backpage general counsel Liz McDougall dismissed the raid as an "election year stunt" which wasn't "a good-faith action by law enforcement", and stated that the company would "take all steps necessary to end this frivolous prosecution and will pursue its full remedies under federal law against the state actors who chose to ignore the law, as it has done successfully in other cases."[68] Backpage also accused California attorney general Kamala Harris of an illegal prosecution.[69]

A range of observers immediately criticized the arrests, including writers such as Mike Masnick at Techdirt, Noah Feldman at Bloomberg and Elizabeth Nolan Brown at Reason.com.[70] Masnick points out that the arrests are in contradiction to section 230 of the CDA and the First Amendment rights of Backpage as has been upheld in numerous court decisions over the five previous years. He posited that AG Harris was more interested in the publicity from the arrests for political gain than in enforcing a law she had previously admitted was unenforceable by individual states as specified in section 230. In addition he points out that the details in the complaint appear to support Backpage’s assertion that it responds appropriately when advised of illegal ads on its site and removes them promptly.[71][72]

Feldman said: "It takes a lot to turn a publisher of sex ads into a First Amendment hero. But the attorney general of California has managed the feat. By charging Carl Ferrer, the chief executive of Backpage.com, with pimping and sex trafficking in minors, Kamala Harris has seriously breached the constitutional wall meant to protect the free press."[73]

On October 17, attorneys for Ferrer, Larkin and Lacey, sent a letter to the California AG Kamala Harris asking that all charges against their clients be dropped.[74] The AG’s office did not agree to the request for dismissal.

On October 19, 2016, attorneys for Backpage filed a Demurrer to the Criminal Complaint against CEO Carl Ferrer and former Backpage owners Michael Lacey and Jim Larkin. In it they argued that all charges against their clients should be dismissed based upon, among other things, that the Attorney General’s prosecution "tramples First Amendment Rights and is flatly barred by Section 230 as she has admitted". Numerous previous court ruling and decisions were cited in the Demurrer supporting this position.[75]

The AG filed its response to the Demurrer on November 4, 2016. Backpage Attorneys filed their reply in support of the Demurrer on November 10, 2016. On November 16, 2016 Judge Michael Bowman of the Superior Court of the State of California issued a tentative ruling in this case supporting the position of Backpage and granting its request for dismissal of the case.[76] He then heard oral arguments in his courtroom from both parties and indicated he would issue a final ruling by December 9, 2016.[77]

On December 9, 2016, Judge Bowman issued a Final Ruling 62 on this matter. Bowman dismissed all the charges in the complaint, stating that:

"...Congress has precluded liability for online publishers for the action of publishing third party speech and thus provided for both a foreclosure from prosecution and an affirmative defense at trial. Congress has spoken on this matter and it is for Congress, not this Court, to revisit.”[78] On December 23, 2016, the state of California then filed new charges against Backpage CEO Carl Ferrer and former Backpage owners Mike Lacey and Jim Larkin. They were charged with pimping and money laundering.[79]

Lawyers for Backpage responded that the charges rehashed the earlier case that had been dismissed on December 9, 2016. Jim Grant, an attorney for Backpage said: “She (CA AG Kamala Harris) cannot avoid First Amendment protections, federal law or her obligations to follow the law, although her new complaint is a transparent effort to do exactly that."[80] Arraignment was set for January 11, 2017. Since April 2015, the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ("PSI") has been investigating Backpage.com as part of a stated overall investigation of human trafficking. After a voluntary, day-long briefing and interview provided by the company’s General Counsel, PSI followed up with a subpoena to Backpage.com demanding over 40 categories of documents, covering 120 subjects, regarding Backpage’s business practices. Much of the subpoena targeted Backpage’s editorial functions as an online intermediary. Over the ensuing months, Backpage raised and PSI rejected numerous objections to the subpoena, including that the subpoena was impermissibly burdensome both in the volume of documents PSI demanded and in its intrusion into constitutionally-protected editorial discretion. PSI subsequently issued a shorter document subpoena with only eight requests but broader in scope and also targeting Backpage.com's editorial functions. Backpage.com continued to object on First Amendment and other grounds.

PSI applied in March 2016 for a federal court order to enforce three of the eight categories of documents in the subpoena. In August 2016, the U.S. District Court in D.C. granted PSI’s application and ordered Backpage to produce documents responsive to the three requests.[81]

Backpage immediately filed an appeal and sought a stay, which the district court denied, then filed emergency stay petitions with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, and Supreme Court. Each appellate court issued temporary stays to consider whether to grant a stay pending appeal,[82] but eventually denied the emergency stay requests,[83] However, the D.C. Circuit agreed to expedite the appeal, and one of its judges who considered the emergency stay said he would have granted it. Backpage has continued to pursue its appeal despite producing thousands of documents to PSI pursuant to the District Court order. PSI scheduled a Subcommittee hearing regarding Backpage.com for January 10, 2017.

On January 9, 2017, the United States Supreme Court refused to re-consider a ruling by the U.S 1st Circuit Court of Appeals that a suit filed in Boston federal court in 2014 against Backpage by three women who claimed that Backpage was responsible for them being forced into illegal sex transactions. The Court of Appeals held that Backpage could not be held liable as the "publisher or speaker" for postings on its site by third parties in accordance with the protections provided to website operators under section 230 of the CDA.[84]

Also on January 9, 2017, prior to its scheduled hearings on Backpage the next day, the PSI released a report that accused Backpage of knowingly facilitating child sex trafficking.[85][86]

Shortly thereafter, Backpage announced that it would remove its adult sections from all of its sites in the United States. Backpage said it was taking this action due to many years of continuing acts by the government to unconstitutionally censor the site’s content via harassment and extra-legal tactics and to make it too costly to continue its publishing activities.[87][88]

In late-March 2018 and early-April 2018, courts in Massachusetts and Florida affirmed that Backpage's facilitation of sex trafficking fell outside of the immunity granted by Section 230 safe harbors. The latter ruling argued that because Backpage "materially contributed to the content of the advertisement" by censoring specific keywords, it became a publisher of content and thus no longer protected.[89][90]

On April 9, 2018, the US Department of Justice's indictment against Backpage was unsealed.[91][61] The 93 charges include, but are not limited to, "Crimes of conspiracy to facilitate prostitution using a facility in interstate or foreign commerce, facilitating prostitution using a facility in interstate or foreign commerce, conspiracy to commit money laundering, concealment money laundering, international promotional money laundering, and transactional money laundering."[92][93] According to prosecutors, the seven people charged in the indictment are: Michael Lacey of Paradise Valley, Arizona; James Larkin of Paradise Valley, Arizona; Scott Spear of Scottsdale, Arizona; John E. "Jed" Brunst of Phoenix, Arizona; Daniel Hyer of Dallas, Texas; Andrew Padilla of Plano, Texas; and Jaala Joye Vaught of Addison, Texas.[92][94][95]

Seizure

Screenshot of the webpage on April 13, 2018, following the seizure of Backpage a week earlier

On April 6, 2018, Backpage was seized by the United States Department of Justice, and it was reported that Michael Lacey's home had been raided by authorities.[96] Lacey was charged with money laundering and violations of the Travel Act.[97][98][99][100]

Guilty pleas

On April 12, 2018, Carl Ferrer, the chief executive officer (CEO) of Backpage pleaded guilty to both state and federal charges, including but not limited to conspiracy to facilitate prostitution and money laundering.[101] He also agreed to a plea deal in which he will testify against other alleged co-conspirators, such as but not limited to founders Michael Lacey and James Larkin.[102][103][104]

Also on April 12, 2018, the company Backpage pleaded guilty to human trafficking, announced the Texas Attorney General.[102][103][104]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Dorish, Joe (February 2011). "Backpage Vs. Craigslist". Knoji. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Backpage.com CEO pleads guilty to California money charges". Business Insider. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  4. ↑ Cassidy, Megan; Ruelas, Ricgard (April 14, 2018). "Backpage CEO pleads guilty, could spend 5 years in prison". Montgomery Advertiser. p. 3B.
  5. 1 2 Kiefer, Michael (September 23, 2012), Phoenix New Times founders selling company, Phoenix: The Arizona Republic, retrieved December 1, 2015
  6. ↑ Valeo, Tom (November 4, 1979), The Chicago Reader: A '70s Success Story (PDF), Chicago, IL: Daily Herald, retrieved November 21, 2016
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  10. ↑ Levin, Sam (January 10, 2017). "Backpage's halt of adult classifieds will endanger sex workers, advocates warn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
  11. ↑ Manuel Gamiz Jr. (July 12, 2014). "Website fuels surge in prostitution, police say". The Morning Call. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Backpage.com was formed in 2004, but didn't factor much in vice investigations until its adult services section flooded with ads around 2010, the same year Craigslist stopped its adult section.
  12. ↑ Roy S. Johnson (January 25, 2017). "Sex Trafficking Victim Sues Backpage.com, Choice Hotels". Alabama.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Last September, however, the Supreme Court in Washington state ruled 6-3 that a 2012 suit against Backpage.com by three Washington teenaged girls who were allegedly trafficked on the site, could proceed, in what turned out to be a preliminary blow against the site. Backpage was seized by the federal government on April 6, 2018.
  13. 1 2 "Amicus Curiae Brief of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children" (PDF). Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  14. 1 2 3 Feyerick, Deborah; Steffen, Sheila (May 10, 2012). "A lurid journey through Backpage.com". CNN.com. cnn.com. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  15. 1 2 Irvine, Martha (August 16, 2015). "Backpage ad site: Aider of traffickers, or way to stop them?". Seattle Times. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  16. 1 2 Fisher, Daniel. "Backpage Takes Heat, But Prostitution Ads Are Everywhere". Forbes. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  17. ↑ Parker, Luke. "Backpage Goes Bitcoin-Only". bravenewcoin. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
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  20. 1 2 McDougall, Liz (May 6, 2012). "Backpage.com is an ally in the fight against human trafficking". The Seattle Times. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Washington State Drops Defense of Unconstitutional Sex Trafficking Law". www.eff.org. Electronic Frontier Foundation. December 6, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  22. ↑ Reitman, Rainey (July 6, 2015). "Caving to Government Pressure, Visa and MasterCard Shut Down Payments to Backpage.com". www.eff.org. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  23. ↑ (United States District Court, Western District of Washington at Seattle December 10, 2012). Text
  24. ↑ Backpage v Dart (United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit October 23, 2015). Text
  25. 1 2 3 Masnick, Mike (February 8, 2016). "20 Years Ago Today: The Most Important Law On The Internet Was Signed, Almost By Accident". www.techdirt.com. Techdirt. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
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  27. ↑ Anderson, Lessley (November 19, 2014). "The Backpage.com Paradox". Fast Company. Fast Company. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  28. ↑ Hanson, Hilary (July 30, 2015). "Sex Workers Say Credit Card Bans On Online Ads Do More Harm Than Good". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 21, 2016. It's the more marginalized and poorer workers who are hit hardest by this.
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  30. ↑ Kessler, Glenn (May 28, 2015). "The bogus claim that 300,000 U.S. children are 'at risk' of sexual exploitation". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  31. ↑ Kessler, Glenn (June 2, 2015). "The false claim that human trafficking is a '$9.5 billion business' in the United States". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  32. ↑ Kessler, Glenn (April 24, 2015). "Why you should be wary of statistics on 'modern slavery' and 'trafficking'". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Exposing Backpage.com". www.fitzgibbonmedia.com. Fitzgibbon Media. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  34. ↑ Terkel, Amanda; Grim, Ryan; Stein, Sam (December 19, 2015). "The Disturbing Story Of Widespread Sexual Assault Allegations At A Major Progressive PR Firm". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  35. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (November 1, 2014). "Teenagers Stand Up to Backpage". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  36. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (March 17, 2012). "Where Pimps Peddle Their Goods". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  37. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (March 31, 2012). "Financers and Sex Trafficking". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  38. ↑ "What Nick Kristof Didn't Tell You in his Sunday Column about Backpage.com". www.villagevoice.com. Village Voice. March 21, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
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