IKEA

IKEA
Private
Industry Retail
Founded 1943 (1943)
Älmhult, Sweden[1][2]
Founder Ingvar Kamprad
Headquarters Leiden, Netherlands
Number of locations
 411 (November 2017)
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
  • Jesper Brodin (Chairman and CEO of INGKA Holding)[3]
  • Torbjörn Lööf (Chairman and CEO of the Inter IKEA Group)[4]
Products Ready-to-assemble furniture, homeware
Revenue Increase US$40.906 billion (2016)[5]
Increase US$5.247 billion (2016)[5]
Increase US$4.898 billion (2016)[5]
Total assets Increase US$62.933 billion (2016)[5]
Total equity Increase US$45.371 billion (2016)[5]
Owner

INGKA Holding
(shops and factories)
Inter IKEA Systems B.V.
(intellectual property)

Number of employees
 194,000 (2017)[6]
Website www.ikea.com

IKEA (/aɪˈkiːə/, Swedish: [ɪ²keːa]) is a Swedish-founded multinational group that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, kitchen appliances and home accessories, among other useful goods and occasionally home services. It has been the world's largest furniture retailer since at least 2008.[7][8][9][10][11] It was founded in Sweden in 1943 by then-17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad, who was listed by Forbes in 2015 as one of the ten richest people in the world, worth more than $40 billion.[12][13][14] The company's name is an acronym that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad (name of founder), Elmtaryd (the farm where he grew up), and Agunnaryd (his hometown in Småland, southern Sweden).[15][16]

The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture, and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity.[17] In addition, the firm is known for its attention to cost control, operational details, and continuous product development, corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion. The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure, which members of the European Parliament have alleged was designed to avoid over €1 billion in tax payments over the 2009-2014 period.[18][19] It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands, and Liechtenstein.[20][21]

As of November 2017, IKEA owns and operates 415 stores in 49 countries.[22] In fiscal year 2016, €36.4 billion (US$42.4 billion) worth of goods were sold, a total that represented a 7.6 percent increase over 2015.[23] The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range. There were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016.[23] The company is responsible for approximately 1% of world commercial-product wood consumption, making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector.[24]

Most of IKEA's stores and factories were previously owned by INGKA, a holding company controlled by the Stichting INGKA Foundation, one of the 40 wealthiest foundations in the world.[25][26]

History

IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad (right) shakes hands with Hans Ax, IKEA's first store manager

Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943 as a mostly mail-order sales business. It began to sell furniture five years later.[27] The first Möbel-IKÉA store was opened in Älmhult, Småland, in 1958 (Möbel means "furniture" in Swedish). The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).[28]

Map of countries with IKEA stores
Legend:
  Current market locations
  Future market locations
  No current or planned market locations

Amid a high level of success, the company's West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz.[27] Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia, Canada,[29][30] Hong Kong (1975), and Singapore (1978).[31] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984),[32] the United States (1985),[33] the United Kingdom (1987),[34] and Italy (1989).[35] The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s. Germany, with 53 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 50 stores. At the end of the 2009 financial year, the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries.[36] The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.[37][38] As of July 2013, the company's presence in developing countries remains minimal.

The world's largest IKEA store located near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station in Seoul Capital Area, South Korea.[39]

In December 2014, the world's largest IKEA store at 59,000 m2 (635,070.7 sq ft),[40][41][42][43][39][44][45][46] opened near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station, located at the heart of South Korea's Seoul Capital Area. It opened the world's fourth largest store (and the largest standalone store in the world[47]) in Goyang, Gyeonggi on October 2017 at 52,199 square meters.[48] IKEA plans to open two more stores of such scale in the Seoul Capital Area, along with a store in Daejeon and Busan by 2020.

The largest store in the Southern Hemisphere is located in Tempe, Sydney, Australia with an area of 39,000 m2 (420,000 sq ft).[49] The biggest store in North America is located in Montreal, in the province of Quebec, Canada. The store was opened in 1986 in the Ville-St-Laurent area, and was completely renovated and expanded in 2012-2013. Built in 1986, the store's initial area was 22,062 m2 (237,470 sq ft), while the renovated store now measures 43,636 m2 (469,690 sq ft).

In March 2013, IKEA opened its first outlet in Qatar, after a delay of several months.[50][51] Like others in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Doha outlet is operated by the Al-Futtaim Group.[52] In August 2013, the first store in the Baltic States was opened in the Vilnius region of Lithuania. Construction of the 285,243 sq ft (26,000 m2) store commenced in 2011 and the store employs over 200 people.[53] It is the biggest furniture-selling mall in the Baltic states.[54]

In 2014, IKEA opened its first warehouse in Croatia, near Zagreb.[55] The warehouse opened its doors on 21 August 2014.[56] The shopping center in Zagreb with an area of 38,000 m2 (410,000 sq ft) is one of the five biggest in Europe and among the 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world.[57][58][59][60]

On 26 March 2015,[61] a set of 19 storage buildings holding various film and TV props, owned by Western Studio Services, were demolished in favor of construction of the largest IKEA in the United States.[62] Located in Burbank, California, this store replaced Burbank's existing IKEA located less than a mile away from the new construction site, which was nearly double the size of the existing store (456,000 sq ft).[62] The existing store ceased operations on 4 February 2017,[63] and the grand opening of the new store took place on 8 February 2017.[64]

IKEA began constructing its first store in India on 11 August 2016.[65] The 400,000 sq ft store in Hyderabad was built at a cost of ₹7 billion (US$97 million),[66][67] and opened on 9 August 2018.[68][69] IKEA purchased 610,000 sq ft of land in Bengaluru, Karnataka next to a Namma Metro station where the company plans on opening their third store in India later the same year.[70] The store in Bengaluru will be IKEA's biggest in Asia. The company began construction of its second Indian store at Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra on 18 May 2017 and it is scheduled to open in January 2019. IKEA plans to open 5 stores in the state of Maharashtra and also build a distribution centre in Pune.[71][72] Per Indian regulations, IKEA will have to locally source at least 30% of the products sold at its Indian stores. The company plans to open 25 stores across 8 cities in the country by 2025. It predicts that Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore will be the company's largest markets, while Chennai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat and smaller cities will also receive IKEA stores.[73] On 1 November 2017 IKEA bought 10 acres of land in Gurugram to expand operations in Northern India.[74]

On 31 January 2017, IKEA announced that it will open a new store in Latvia. It will be the second store to open in the Baltic states. The store will be located near Riga and is planned to open in August 2018.[75][76]

On 10 August 2017, IKEA opened its first store in Serbia and 400th store overall. IKEA invested €70 million, and plans to open a second store in Belgrade in the future.

On 16 November 2017, IKEA opened its third store in Malaysia in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It was the largest store in Southeast Asia, spanning 502,815 sq ft.[77]

On 15 March 2018, IKEA opened its second store in Thailand in Bangkok, Thailand. It is now the largest store in Southeast Asia ahead of Johor Bahru, Malaysia, with a total area of 50,278 m2 and 1900 car park spaces. It's also the first store with cashiers installed on all floors.[78][79]

IKEA was awarded the Nordic Language Award of 2017 for introducing Scandinavian language and culture to a global audience.[80]

Founder Ingvar Kamprad died on 27 January 2018.[81]

Store design

Layout

Inside a Hong Kong IKEA store

Older IKEA stores are usually blue buildings with yellow accents (also Sweden's national colours). They are often designed in a one-way layout, leading customers counter clockwise along what IKEA calls "the long natural way" designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed). There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom. Newer IKEA stores, like the one in Mönchengladbach, Germany, make more use of glass, both for aesthetics and functionality. Skylights are also now common in the self-serve warehouses; natural lighting reduces energy costs, improves worker morale and gives a better impression of the products.

The self-service warehouse area
Food market

The sequence first involves going through the furniture showrooms making note of selected items. The customer then collects a shopping cart and proceeds to an open-shelf "Market Hall" warehouse for smaller items, then visits the self-service furniture warehouse to collect previously noted showroom products in flat pack form. Sometimes, they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase. Finally, customers pay for their products at a cash register.

Today, most stores follow the same layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self-service warehouse downstairs. Some stores are single level, while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store, such as the Saarlouis, Germany and Haparanda, Sweden locations. Some stores have dual-level warehouses with machine-controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day.

Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" area at the end of the warehouse, just before the cash registers. Returned, damaged and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with a significant discount, but also with a no-returns policy. Most IKEA stores communicate the IKEA policy on environmental issues in this part of the store. The area, which is painted red, is named according to local customs, in the United Kingdom this is referred to as "Bargain Corner", in Sweden "FYND" (Bargains) and in Denmark, "Rodebutikken" (Rummage boutique).

IKEA uses a sales technique called "bulla bulla" in which a bunch of items are purposefully jumbled in bins, to create the impression of volume, and therefore, inexpensiveness.[27][82]

Restaurant and food markets

IKEA restaurant
IKEA is known for its Swedish meatballs

IKEA's own restaurant are all over the world and the taste is cross-cultural. Every store includes a restaurant serving traditional Swedish food, including potatoes with Swedish meatballs.[83][84] In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the usual boiled or mashed potatoes have been replaced with French fries; meanwhile in Indonesia, the usual Swedish Meatballs recipe are changed to accommodate the country's Halal requirements. Besides these Swedish foods, hot dogs and drinks are also sold, along with a few varieties of the local cuisine, and beverages such as lingonberry juice. Also items such as prinsesstårta (princess cake) are sold as desserts. Stores in Israel sell kosher food with a high degree of rabbinical supervision.[85] The kosher restaurants are separated into dairy and meat areas; falafel and non-dairy ice cream are available at the exit. IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates serve chicken shawarma at the exit café as well as beef hot dogs, while in United Kingdom, a Quorn hot dog is available in the exit café.[86] Coffee, soft drinks, and tea refills are free, as like in Sweden within store premises. All of the stores are equipped with Nordic fruit drinks since 2017, replacing Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

In many locations, the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve an inexpensive breakfast.[87][88][89]

Every store also has a Swedish Food Market that, until 2011, sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods, such as meatballs, packages of gravy, lingonberry jam, various biscuits and crackers, and salmon and fish roe spread. Later, IKEA replaced most of the branded foods and extended its product range with the introduction of the IKEA food label. The new label has a variety of items including chocolates, meatballs, jams, pancakes, salmon, along with various drinks.[90] All food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions.

Småland

Every store has a kids play area, named Småland (Swedish for small lands; it is also the Swedish province where Kamprad was born). Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. In some stores, parents are given free pagers by the on-site staff, which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them earlier than expected; in others, staff summon parents through announcements over the in-store public address system or by calling them on their cellphones.[91]

Alternative designs

The vast majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centers, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Several smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early '90s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m2 (100,000 sq ft), or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan). A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester (United Kingdom) store, situated in Ashton-under-Lyne in 2006. Another store, in Coventry opened in December 2007. The store has seven floors and a different flow from other IKEA stores. IKEA's Southampton store which opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store. IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions blocking retail establishment outside city centres.[92]

In Hong Kong, where shop space is limited and costly, IKEA has opened three outlets in the city, most of which have the one-way layout. They are part of shopping malls, and while being tiny compared to common store design, are huge by Hong Kong standards.

In 2015, IKEA announced that it would be attempting a smaller store design at several locations in Canada. This modified store will feature only a display gallery and small warehouse. One location planned for Kitchener is in the place formerly occupied by a Sears Home store. The warehouses will not keep furniture stocked, and so customers will not be able to drop in to purchase and leave with furniture the same day. Instead, they will purchase the furniture in advance online or in store and order the furniture delivered to one of the new stores, for a greatly reduced rate. IKEA claims that this new model will allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full-size store.[93]

Products and services

Furniture

Billy bookcase

Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer. The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air; the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also more practical for customers using public transport, because flat packs can be more easily carried.

IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture.[94] Kamprad calls this "democratic design," meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design). In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries, the company implements economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of Medium-Density Fiberboard ("MDF"), also called "particle board." It is an engineered wood fibre glued under heat and pressure to create a building material of superior strength which is resistant to warp. IKEA uses cabinet-grade and furniture-grade MDF in all of its MDF products, such as PAX wardrobes and kitchen cupboards. IKEA also uses wood, plastic, and other materials for furniture and other products. The intended result is flexible, adaptable home furnishings, scalable both to smaller homes and dwellings as well as large houses.

Klippan sofa

Not all furniture is stocked at the store level, such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home (for a delivery charge). The item can also be shipped from the warehouse to the store. Some stores charge an extra fee for this service, but not all.

Notable items of IKEA furniture include the Poäng armchair, the Billy bookcase and the Klippan sofa, all of which have sold by the tens of millions since the late 1970s.[95][96]

Product names

IKEA products are identified by one-word (rarely two-word) names. Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin. Although there are some exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA.[97] Company founder Kamprad was dyslexic and found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember.[98]

  • Upholstered furniture, coffee tables, rattan furniture, bookshelves, media storage, doorknobs: Swedish placenames (for example: Klippan)
  • Beds, wardrobes, hall furniture: Norwegian place names
  • Dining tables and chairs: Finnish place names
  • Bookcase ranges: Occupations
  • Bathroom articles: Scandinavian lakes, rivers and bays
  • Kitchens: grammatical terms, sometimes also other names
  • Chairs, desks: men's names
  • Fabrics, curtains: women's names
  • Garden furniture: Swedish islands
  • Carpets: Danish place names
  • Lighting: terms from music, chemistry, meteorology, measures, weights, seasons, months, days, boats, nautical terms
  • Bedding
  • Children's items: mammals, birds, adjectives
  • Curtain accessories: mathematical and geometrical terms
  • Kitchen utensils: foreign words, spices, herbs, fish, mushrooms, fruits or berries, functional descriptions
  • Boxes, wall decoration, pictures and frames, clocks: colloquial expressions, also Swedish place names

For example, DUKTIG (meaning: clever, well-behaved) is a line of children's toys, OSLO is a name of a bed, BILLY (a Swedish masculine name) is a popular bookcase, DINERA (meaning: (to) dine) for tableware, KASSETT (meaning: cassette) for media storage. One range of office furniture is named EFFEKTIV (meaning: efficient, effective), SKÄRPT (meaning: sharp or clever) is a line of kitchen knives.

A notable exception is the IVAR shelving system, which dates back to the early 1970s. This item is named after the item's designer.

Some of IKEA's Swedish product names have amusing or unfortunate connotations in other languages, sometimes resulting in the names being withdrawn in certain countries. Notable examples for English include the "Jerker" computer desk (discontinued several years ago as of 2013), "Fukta" plant spray, "Fartfull" workbench,[99] and "Lyckhem" (meaning bliss). Kitchen legs are called FAKTUM (called AKURUM in the United States). The latest addition is the new "Askholmen" outdoor suite. Similar blunders happen with other multinational companies.[100]

Smart home

In 2016 IKEA started a move into the smart home business. The IKEA TRÅDFRI smart lighting kit was one of the first ranges signalling this change.[101] IKEA's media team has confirmed that smart home project will be a big move. They have also started a partnership with Philips Hue.[102] The wireless charging furniture, integrating wireless Qi charging into everyday furniture, is another strategy for the smart home business.[103]

A collaboration to build Sonos' smart speaker technology into furniture sold by IKEA was announced in December 2017.[104] The first products resulting from the collaboration will launch in 2019.[105]

Houses and flats

IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat-pack houses and apartments, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. (This practice is not new; the defunct Canadian retailer Eaton's sold houses in a similar fashion), The IKEA product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska. Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Ashton-under-Lyne, Leeds, Gateshead, Warrington and Liverpool.[106]

Solar PV systems

At the end of September 2013, the company announced that solar panel packages, so-called "residential kits", for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014. The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store, whereby one photovoltaic system was sold almost every day. The solar CIGS panels are manufactured by Solibro, a German-based subsidiary of the Chinese company Hanergy.[107][108] By the end of 2014, IKEA began to sell Solibro's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.[109]

In November 2015 IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury[110]

IKEA announced in April 2016, that it was doing a second attempt with SolarCity to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom. It allows users to be able to order them online and starting with three stores and by the end of summer available in all United Kingdom stores.[111]

Other ventures

A MEGA mall in Moscow

IKEA owns and operates the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia.[112]

On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched a virtual mobile phone network called IKEA Family Mobile, which ran on T-Mobile.[113] At launch it was the cheapest pay-as-you-go network in the UK.[114][115] In June 2015 the network announced that its services would cease to operate from 31 August 2015.[116][117]

As of 2012, IKEA is in joint venture with TCL to provide Uppleva integrated HDTV and entertainment system product.[118][119]

In mid-August 2012, the company announced that it will establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but, unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia, they will not carry the IKEA name, nor will they use IKEA furniture and furnishings – they will be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers.[120]

In September 2017, IKEA announced they would be acquiring San Francisco-based TaskRabbit. The deal should be completed by the end of October 2017 and TaskRabbit will remain an independent company.[121]

Corporate structure

IKEA Concept Center - The head office of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which owns the IKEA trademark and concept

IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of not-for-profit and for-profit corporations. The corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising.

The ownership of Inter IKEA Systems is exceedingly complicated and not publicly known. Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding, a company registered in Luxembourg. The Inter IKEA Holding, in turn, is owned by the Interogo Foundation, based in Liechtenstein.[122][123] In 2016, the INGKA Holding sold its design, manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to the Inter IKEA Holding.[124]

In June 2013, Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company. Following his decision to step down, the 87-year-old founder explained, "I see this as a good time for me to leave the board of Inter IKEA Group. By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years."[125] After the 2016 company restructure, Inter IKEA Holding SA no longer exists. Mathias Kamprad became board member of the Inter IKEA Group and the Interogo Foundation.[126] Mathias and his two older brothers, who also have leadership roles at IKEA, work on the corporation's overall vision and long-term strategy.[125]

In Australia, IKEA is operated by two companies. Stores located on the East Coast including Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria are owned by INGKA Holding. Stores elsewhere in the country including South Australia and Western Australia are owned by Cebas Pty Ltd.[127] Like elsewhere, all stores are operated under a franchise agreement with Inter IKEA Systems.[128]

Control by Kamprad

Ingvar Kamprad, founder of IKEA

Along with helping IKEA make non-taxable profit, IKEA's complicated corporate structure allowed Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of INGKA Holding, and thus the operation of most IKEA stores. The INGKA Foundation's five-person executive committee was chaired by Kamprad. It appoints board of INGKA Holding, approves any changes to INGKA Holding's bylaws, and has the right to preempt new share issues. If a member of the executive committee quits or dies, the other four members appoint his or her replacement.

In Kamprad's absence the foundation's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the INGKA Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the INGKA Foundation.[122]

Financial information

The net profit of IKEA Group (which does not include Inter IKEA systems) in fiscal year 2009 (after paying franchise fees to Inter IKEA systems) was €2.538 billion on sales of €21.846 billion. Because INGKA Holding is owned by the nonprofit INGKA Foundation, none of this profit is taxed. The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems.

Inter IKEA Systems collected €631 million of franchise fees in 2004, but reported pre-tax profits of only €225 million in 2004. One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was €590 million of "other operating charges". IKEA has refused to explain these charges, but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding, another Luxembourg-registered group that, according to The Economist, "is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family." I.I. Holding made a profit of €328 million in 2004.

In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of €553m and paid €19m in taxes, or approximately 3.5 percent.[122] In 2013 the Daily Mail media publication reported that the IKEA subsidiary Swedwood had grown between 20-30% per year since its inception in 1991.[129]

The Berne Declaration, a non-profit organisation in Switzerland that promotes corporate responsibility, has formally criticised IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies. In 2007, the Berne Declaration nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye "awards", which highlight corporate irresponsibility and are announced during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.[130]

In a company statement emailed on 14 October 2013, IKEA's full-year sales rose 3.1 percent due in part to growth in Russia and China. IKEA's revenue total rose to US$37.9 billion (27.9 billion euros), with significant growth also recorded in North America.[131]

In February 2016, the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA: Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries. The report was sent to Pierre Moscovici, the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs, and Margrethe Vestager, the European Commissioner for Competition, expressing the hope that it would be of use to them in their respective roles "to advance the fight for tax justice in Europe."[19] .[132] Sales jumped 17 per cent to almost €132 million in the 12 months to the end of August 2015 [133]

Manufacturing

Although IKEA household products and furniture are designed in Sweden, they are largely manufactured in developing countries to keep costs down. For most of its products, the final assembly is performed by the end-user (consumer).

Swedwood, an IKEA subsidiary, handles production of all of the company's wood-based products, with the largest Swedwood factory located in Southern Poland. According to the subsidiary, over 16,000 employees across 50 sites in 10 countries manufacture the 100 million pieces of furniture that IKEA sells annually. IKEA furniture uses the hardwood alternative particle board. Hultsfred, a factory in southern Sweden, is the company's sole supplier.[129]

Recalls

In September 2018, The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission advised the public about IKEA CALYPSO Ceiling Lamps due to impact and laceration hazards.[134]

Labor practices

During the 1980s, IKEA kept its costs down by using production facilities in East Germany. A portion of the workforce at those factories consisted of political prisoners. This fact, revealed in a report by Ernst & Young commissioned by the company, resulted from intermingling of criminals and political dissidents in the state-owned production facilities IKEA contracted with, a practice which was generally known in West Germany. IKEA was one of a number of companies, including West German firms, which benefited from this practice. The investigation resulted from attempts by former political prisoners to obtain compensation. In November 2012, IKEA admitted being aware at the time of the possibility of use of forced labor and failing to exercise sufficient control to identify and avoid it. A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012.[135]

IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine. It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc.[136]

In 2012, IKEA in France was accused by the independent newspaper Le Canard enchaîné and the investigative website Mediapart of spying on its employees and clients by illegally accessing French police records. The head of risk management at IKEA feared his employees were anti-globalists or potential ecoterrorists.[137][138]

Environmental performance

After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992,[139][140][141] IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures.[142] In 1990, IKEA invited Karl-Henrik Robèrt, founder of the Natural Step, to address its board of directors. Robert's system conditions for sustainability provided a strategic approach to improving the company's environmental performance. In 1990, IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan.[143] This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992. The plan focused on structural change, allowing IKEA to "maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues."[143] The environmental measures taken include the following:

  1. Replacing polyvinylchloride (PVC) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades and furniture—PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables;
  2. minimizing the use of formaldehyde in its products, including textiles;
  3. eliminating acid-curing lacquers;
  4. producing a model of chair (OGLA) made from 100% post-consumer plastic waste;
  5. introducing a series of air-inflatable furniture products into the product line. Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15% of that of conventional furniture;
  6. reducing the use of chromium for metal surface treatment;
  7. limiting the use of substances such as cadmium, lead, PCB, PCP, and Azo pigments;
  8. using wood from responsibly managed forests that replant and maintain biological diversity;
  9. using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and "pure" (non-mixed) materials for packaging to assist in recycling.[143]
  10. introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark.[144]

In 2000 IKEA introduced its code of conduct for suppliers, called the IKEA way of purchasing, shortened as IWAY. Today IWAY is a totally integrated part of IKEA's purchasing model. IWAY covers social, safety and environmental questions. Today IKEA has around 60 IWAY auditors who perform hundreds of supplier audits every year. The main purpose with IWAY is to make sure that the IKEA suppliers follow the law in each country where they are based. Most IKEA suppliers fulfill the law today with exceptions for some special issues, one being excessive working hours in Asia, in countries such as China and India.

An IKEA reusable plastic shopping bag

More recently, IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers, but offers reusable bags for sale. The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates, knives, forks, spoons, etc. Toilets in some IKEA WC-rooms have been outfitted with dual-function flushers. IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), energy saving bulbs and batteries. In 2001 IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe.[145]

In August 2008, IKEA also announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a €50 million venture capital fund. Located in Lund (a university town in Sweden), it will invest in 8–10 companies in the coming five years with focus on solar panels, alternative light sources, product materials, energy efficiency and water saving and purification. The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3–4 years.[146][147]

To make IKEA a more sustainable company, a product life cycle was created. For the idea stage, products should be flat-packed so that more items can be shipped at once; products should also be easier to dismantle and recycle. Raw materials are used, and since wood and cotton are two of IKEA's most important manufacturing products, the company works with environmentally friendly forests and cotton, whereby the excessive use of chemicals and water is avoided.[148]

Manufacturing is third in the life cycle and includes IWAY, IKEA's code of conduct for manufacturers and suppliers that formulates and enforces requirements for working conditions, social and environmental standards, and what suppliers can expect from IKEA in return. Marketing is another part of IKEA's life cycle and a portion of the paper used for its catalogues is sourced from responsibly managed forests. The catalogue is also smaller, so that less paper is required, less waste is produced and more catalogues can be shipped per load.

IKEA stores recycle waste and many run on renewable energy with the use of energy-saving bulbs and sensors. All employees are trained in environmental and social responsibility, while public transit is one of the priorities when the location of stores is considered. Also, the coffee and chocolate served at IKEA stores is UTZ Certified.[149]

The last stage of the life cycle is the end of life. Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries, and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products. According to IKEA's 2012 "Sustainability Report", 23% of all wood that the company uses meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council, and the report states that IKEA aims to double this percentage by 2017. The report also states that IKEA does not accept illegally logged wood and supports 13 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) projects.[129]

LED lamp display at an IKEA in Hong Kong

On 17 February 2011, IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County, Sweden, furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations.[150] As of June 2012, 17 United States IKEA stores are powered by solar panels, with 22 additional installations in progress,[151] and IKEA owns the 165 MW Cameron Wind farm in Cameron County on the South Texas coast[152] and a 42 MW coastal wind farm in Finland.[153]

In 2011, the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of pallets. The company consequently started a transition to the use of paper pallets and the "Optiledge system".[154] The OptiLedge product is totally recyclable, made from 100% virgin high-impact copolymer polypropylene (PP). The system is a "unit load alternative to the use of a pallet. The system consists of the OptiLedge (usually used in pairs), aligned and strapped to the bottom carton to form a base layer upon which to stack more product. Corner boards are used when strapping to minimize the potential for package compression." The conversion began in Germany and Japan, before its introduction into the rest of Europe and North America.[155] The system has been marketed to other companies, and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product.[156]

IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013.[157] The effort will include Nissan and Ecotricity and promise to deliver an 80% charge in 30 minutes.[158]

In February 2014, IKEA in the UK announced that from 2016 they will only sell energy-efficient LED lightbulbs, lamps and light fixtures. LED lightbulbs use as much as only 15% of the power of a regular incandescent light bulb.[159] IKEA hope to have a 100% clean energy supply in all their firms come the year 2020.[160]

As of March 2018, IKEA has signed on with 25 other companies to participate in the British Retail Consortium’s Better Retail Better World initiative, which challenges companies to meet objectives outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.[161]

Charitable giving

The INGKA Foundation is officially dedicated to promoting "innovations in architecture and interior design."[122] The net worth of the foundation exceeded the net worth of the much better known Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (now the largest private foundation in the world) for a period.[162] However, most of the Group's profit is spent on investment.

IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes, particularly in partnership with UNICEF, including:

  • In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers' donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause.
  • After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region.[163]
  • IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 "bridge schools" in Liberia.[164]
  • In the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China, IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 yuan (US$5.83, €3.70) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area.
  • In 2013, IKEA has donated more than $2.6 Million to the UNICEF to help children and families affected by Typhoon Haiyan.

IKEA also supports American Forests to restore forests and reduce pollution.[165][166]

IKEA Social Initiative

In September 2005, IKEA Social Initiative was formed to manage the company's social involvements on a global level. IKEA Social Initiative is headed by Marianne Barner.

The main partners of IKEA Social Initiative are UNICEF[167] and Save the Children.[168]

On 23 February 2009, at the ECOSOC event in New York, UNICEF announced that IKEA Social Initiative has become the agency's largest corporate partner, with total commitments of more than US$180 million.[169][170]

Examples of involvements:

  • The IKEA Social Initiative contributes €1 to UNICEF and Save the Children from each soft toy sold during the holiday seasons, raising a total of €16.7 million so far.[171] In 2013, an IKEA soft toy, Lufsig, created a storm and sold out in Hong Kong and in Southern China because it had been misnamed in Chinese.[172]
  • The IKEA Social Initiative provided soft toys to children in Burma after Cyclone Nargis.[173]
  • Starting in June 2009, for every Sunnan solar-powered lamp sold in IKEA stores worldwide, IKEA Social Initiative will donate one Sunnan with the help of UNICEF.[174]
  • In September 2011,[175] the IKEA Foundation pledged to donate $62 million to help Somali refugees in Kenya.[27]
  • According to The Economist, however, IKEA's charitable giving is meager, "barely a rounding error in the foundation's assets."[27]

In 2009, Sweden's largest television station, SVT, revealed that IKEA's money—the three per cent collection from each store—does not actually go to a charitable foundation in the Netherlands, as IKEA has said. Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein, called Interogo, which has amassed $12 billion, and is controlled by the Kamprad family.[27]

Marketing

Catalogue

IKEA publishes an annual catalogue, first published in Swedish in 1951.[176] IKEA published 197 million catalogues in 2010, in twenty languages and sixty-one editions.[27] It is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant, consuming 70% of the company's annual marketing budget.[177]

The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail,[178] with most of it being produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA's hometown of Älmhult, Sweden where IKEA operates the largest photo studio in northern Europe at 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft).[179] The catalogue itself is printed on chlorine-free paper of 10–15% post-consumer waste, and prints approximately 175 million copies worldwide annually,[180] more than 3 times as much as the Bible.[181]

The 2013 catalogue is smartphone compatible, containing videos and photo galleries that can be accessed via an app by scanning the catalogue's pages, while the 2014 catalog incorporates an augmented reality app that projects an item into a real-time photograph image of the user's room. The augmented reality app also provides an indication of the scale of IKEA objects in relation to the user's living environment.[182]

In May 2017, IKEA introduced an online shopping interactive catalog, as a shopping virtual-assistant intelligent user interface web application, developed by the software house Netguru.[183]

Advertising

In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple; it aired for several weeks before being pulled after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores.[184] Other IKEA commercials appeal to the wider GLBTQ community, one featuring a transgender woman.[185]

German-Turkish advertisement in Berlin-Neukölln

In 2002, the inaugural television component of the "Unböring" campaign, titled Lamp, went on to win several awards, including a Grand Clio,[186] Golds at the London International Awards[187] and the ANDY Awards,[188] and the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival,[189] the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community.

IKEA launched a UK-wide "Home is the Most Important Place in the World" advertising campaign in September 2007 using estate agent signs with the term "Not For Sale" written on them as part of the wider campaign. After the campaign appeared in the Metro newspaper London the business news website www.mad.co.uk remarked that the IKEA campaign had amazing similarities with the marketing activity of UK home refurbishment company Onis living who had launched its own Not For Sale advertising campaign two years prior and was awarded the Interbuild 2006 Construction Marketing Award for best campaign under £25,000.[190][191]

A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson, Chief Executive of Onis and Andrew McGuinness, partner at Beattie McGuinness Bungay (BMB), the advertising and PR agency awarded the £12m IKEA account.[192][193] The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis's campaign as Onis was not an advertising agency. Onis's argument was that its advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London, having been already accredited, showing concern about the impact IKEA's campaign would have on the originality of its own. BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis's website for a period of 1 year.

IKEA marketing campaign in the Paris subway

In 2008, IKEA paired up with the makers of video game The Sims 2 to make a stuff pack called IKEA Home Stuff, featuring many IKEA products. It was released on 24 June 2008 in North America and 26 June 2008 in Europe. It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff.

IKEA took over the title sponsorship of Philadelphia's annual Thanksgiving Day parade in 2008, replacing Boscov's, which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.

In November 2008, a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in Novosibirsk, Russia.[194] Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design. The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, carried passengers until 6 June 2009.

Oyster cards (the ticket-free system for the London Underground) were for given with wallets sponsored by IKEA in 2008-09. IKEA also sponsored the tube map.[195][196]

The Isle of Wight ferry Red Osprey in her IKEA livery.

In January 2009, just before the new store opened in Southampton, MV Red Osprey of Red Funnel was re-painted in an entirely yellow and blue livery to celebrate the opening of the new IKEA store in Southampton. This is the first time a Red Funnel ferry has been re-painted out of its own red and white colour scheme. It stayed in these colours for 12 months as part of a deal between Red Funnel and IKEA to provide home delivery services to the Isle of Wight. It was repainted with Red Funnel's red and white livery when the deal ended in January 2010.

In March 2010, IKEA developed an event in four important Metro stations in Paris, in which furniture collections are displayed in high-traffic spots, giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand's products. The Metro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors.

In September 2010, IKEA launched an advertisement for UK and Ireland called "Happy Inside" which had 100 cats lying on IKEA furniture in the flagship IKEA store in Wembley, London.[197]

In April 2011, an advertising campaign was launched aiming at discovering whether men or women are messier in the home. Created by Mother, the campaign will begin with a TV advert shot in front of a live audience, featuring four stand-up comedians, two men and two women, debating which gender is messier. The idea behind the campaign is that domestic clutter leads to arguments, and thus to an unhappy home, a conflict that IKEA wants to show can be avoided with better storage. Viewers will be directed to a new Facebook page for the brand, where they are able to vote on who they believe is messier, and submit evidence using videos and photos through an app created especially for the campaign. Meanwhile, online display banners will allow other users the opportunity to vote, with online adverts promoting IKEA products demonstrating the problems confronting people, and offering solutions.[198]

In 2016, in conjunction with Stockholm ad agency Åkestam Holst, IKEA released the "Where Life Happens" video campaign.[199] The series focused on taboo issues like divorce and adoption, and was filmed in a non-traditional 4:3 aspect ratio.[199][200] The campaign won an Epica gold award in Amsterdam.[201]

In September 2017, IKEA launched the "IKEA Human Catalogue" campaign in which memory champion Yanjaa Wintersoul memorized all 328 pages of the catalogue in minute detail in just a week before its launch. To prove the legitimacy and accuracy of the campaign, live demonstrations were held at press conferences in IKEA stores across Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand as well as a Facebook Live event held at the Facebook Singapore headquarters and talk show demonstrations in the US with Steve Harvey among others.[202] The advertising campaign was hugely successful winning numerous industry awards including the Webby award 2018 for best social media campaign,[203] an Ogilvy award and is currently a contender for the Cannes Lions 2018.[204]

IKEA Family

IKEA Family card, issued in Canada, ca. 2012

In common with some other retailers, IKEA launched a loyalty card called "IKEA Family". The card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on certain products found in-store. It is available worldwide. In conjunction with the card, IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled IKEA Family Live which supplements the card and catalogue. The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007. It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000.[205]

IKEA Place app

In September 12, 2017, IKEA announced the augmented reality app, IKEA Place, following by Apple's release of its ARkit technology and iOS 11.[206] IKEA Place helps consumers to visualize true to scale IKEA products into real environment.[207]

Criticisms

Negative media attention

IKEA's goals of sustainability and environmental design in its merchandise have sometimes been at odds with the impact a new IKEA store can have on a community. In particular, the size of proposed IKEA stores has often seen significant opposition from members of such communities. The following are a list of issues which have received negative media attention, both regarding the size of IKEA's stores and other controversies:

  • In September 2004, when IKEA offered a limited number of free $150 vouchers at the opening of a new store in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, three people were crushed to death in a stampede that followed the store's opening.[208]
  • IKEA has demolished historic buildings to make room for parking lots, including part of Marcel Breuer's landmark Pirelli Tire Building[209] and the Red Hook graving dock.[210] (At the College Park, Maryland, US, store there is an interactive digital display which tells the history of a tavern which used to exist where the store is currently located.)
IKEA Nanjing
  • In 2007, about ten ancient tombs were destroyed while IKEA built a store in Nanjing, southeastern China. Archaeologists from the Nanjing Museum asked whether the building company could halt work while they collect artifacts, but they did not receive the necessary permission.[211]
  • In 2004, there was controversy about an Irish law restricting the maximum size of a retail outlet to 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft). IKEA's plan to build a much larger store in Dublin caused the law to be put up for debate. The law was changed to remove the size limit for retail outlets selling durable goods in designated areas.[212] The Minister for the Environment was criticised for allegedly changing the law to suit one company and other agencies protested the law change as damaging to small businesses while the government defended its decision stating that the move was a positive one for Irish consumers. IKEA Dublin has since opened on 27 July 2009.[213]
  • In June 2007 the designated nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party complained about an artist's rendering of IKEA Belfast that included both the Union Flag and the Ulster Banner flag as two of the three flags in front of the store. After being labelled "an upmarket Orange hall" by the party, IKEA assured customers and co-workers that only the Swedish flag would be seen outside the actual store.[214]
  • In a police investigation (2008) for corruption in Spain, there appears a conversation between a director of IKEA Expansion and an entrepreneur owner of the land selected to locate a store in Alicante. The IKEA director was pleased to meet with the "Spanish mafia"[215]

Price discrimination

IKEA has been criticised by Citytv in Canada for charging up to twice as much in their Canadian stores as for the same items sold in their American stores, despite the Canadian dollar reaching parity with the U.S. dollar.[216]

Within the days after the launch of the South Korean edition of the official website, complaints arose from a group of consumers on IKEA's pricing policy in the country: the prices of certain products were higher than other countries.[217] On 24 November 2014, Jang Duck-jin, head of the Fair Trade Commission's consumer policy bureau, told the media that the Commission was planning to commission a consumer group to compare IKEA's product prices by country,[218] and on 19 March 2015, the Consumers Union of Korea published a report comparing the prices of 49 IKEA products in South Korea and other countries.[219]

Biased branding and advertising accusations

  • Former Norwegian prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik has criticized IKEA for not depicting women assembling furniture in its instruction booklets.[220] IKEA denied this claim in a statement.[221]
  • A researcher from the University of Copenhagen pointed out that for years, IKEA has named their cheap rugs after Danish places, while the more expensive and luxurious furniture was named after Swedish places. The researcher, Klaus Kjøller, who is well known for tongue-in-cheek statements, accused IKEA of cultural imperialism.[222]
  • In October 2012, IKEA was criticized for airbrushing women out of pictures in catalogues which were used in Saudi Arabia.[223]
  • In October 2017, a TV commercial by IKEA showing a mother scolding her daughter for not "bringing home a boyfriend" was criticized by netizens for "sexist" and discrimination against singles and single women in China. IKEA then apologized for "giving the wrong perception".[224]

Horsemeat meatballs

In February 2013, IKEA announced it had pulled 17,000 portions of Swedish meatballs containing beef and pork from stores in Europe after testing in the Czech Republic found traces of horsemeat in the product. The company removed the Swedish meatballs from stores' shelves on 25 February 2013, but only made the announcement public after Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet uncovered what happened.[225] In a March 2013 media report, an IKEA representative stated that the corporation had forced Familjen Dafgard, its main meatball supplier, to cease business with eight of its 15 suppliers and would reduce the number of purchasing countries. The discovered horsemeat was traced to a Polish abattoir.[226]

Child deaths

In July 2015, IKEA, with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, through the company's Safer Homes Together advertising campaign, issued a warning in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland to customers to secure the Malm chests of drawers and wardrobes firmly to the wall using free kits distributed by the company, after two deaths of young children in the U.S. in February and June 2014 when the furniture pieces tipped over on them. There were three other deaths, from 1989, from other, similar appliance models tipping over, and 14 incidents of Malm chests tipping over, resulting in four injuries. The company sent out free kits on request for customers to anchor the furniture to the wall.[227] In June 2016, after a third toddler died in the U.S., IKEA recalled all Malm dressers as well as several similar models which posed a tipping danger if not secured to the wall with the supplied kit.[228][229] On July 12, 2016, bowing to two weeks of rising pressure in China, IKEA announced that it was extending this recall to that country, which - along with Europe - was initially excluded from the recall.[230] Over 29 million dressers have been recalled.[231][232][233] IKEA has settled wrongful death lawsuits for over $50 million in compensation to the families of the three children who were killed.[234][235]

Operation Scandinavica

In 2014, documents were found at the Securitate archives in Bucharest which indicated that IKEA's open purchase of Romanian lumber throughout the 1980s was part of a complex scheme (codenamed "Scandinavica") to fund the Securitate and allow the accumulation of foreign currency: the Romanian lumber company Tehnoforestexport would regularly overcharge IKEA, transfer the overpayments into private Securitate bank accounts, wait for interest to accrue, and then reimburse IKEA the principal. IKEA has denied complicity in Scandinavica, but has begun an internal investigation to learn more.[236]

Countries with IKEA presence

IKEA has over 400 stores around the world. The countries with the most IKEA stores are Germany and the United States.

References

  1. ↑ "Visiting IKEA Hometown in Almhult".
  2. ↑ ""IKEA museum to open in Sweden in 2015"".
  3. ↑ "IKEA Has a New CEO". Fortune. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  4. ↑ "IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades". Reuters. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "IKEA Group Yearly Summary FY16" (PDF). IKEA.
  6. ↑ "IKEA 2017 by numbers".
  7. ↑ "Topic: IKEA". www.statista.com. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  8. ↑ Loeb, Walter. "IKEA Is A World-Wide Wonder". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  9. ↑ "How IKEA creator Ingvar Kamprad built the world's largest furniture retailer — and a $39 billion fortune". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  10. ↑ Zuvela, Maja (8 January 2008). "IKEA mulls joint venture with Bosnia furniture maker". Reuters. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  11. ↑ "Profiles of 50 major furniture retailers worldwide – Market Research – Report by CSIL". www.worldfurnitureonline.com. CSILMilano Research and Studies. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  12. ↑ Wood, Robert W. "How IKEA Billionaire Legally Avoided Taxes From 1973 Until 2015". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  13. ↑ "The billionaire who founded Ikea is so frugal he only wears second hand clothes". The Independent. 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  14. ↑ Patrick Chu; Robert LaFranco (27 June 2013). "Europe's Richest Person Kamprad to Move Back to Sweden". Bloomberg. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  15. ↑ "The story behind Ikea's 'quirky' product names".
  16. ↑ "Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA". Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA, 02163. 1996
  17. ↑ "IKEA cuts down old-growth forest!, 26 April 2012". Protecttheforest.se. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  18. ↑ Shen, Lucinda. "Ikea Has Been Accused of Avoiding 1 Billion Euros in Taxes". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  19. 1 2 Greens-EFA letter to Commissioners Vestager and Moscovici - IKEA report, 12 February 2016 Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  20. ↑ "IKEA looks to $6 bln revamp to spur growth". Reuters. 2016.
  21. ↑ "Inter IKEA Group Organisation". Archived from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  22. ↑ "IKEA opens it's frist store in Serbia". www.rts.rs. RTS. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  23. 1 2 "IKEA Highlights 2016". Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  24. ↑ IKEA Group Sustainability Report FY13, Page 23. Retrieved February 13, 2014
  25. ↑ "IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades". Reuters. 2016.
  26. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Collins, Lauren (3 October 2011). "House Perfect". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  28. ↑ "Milestones in Our History". Inter IKEA Group. 2016-05-04.
  29. ↑ "Company news: IKEA". The Globe and Mail. 11 March 1988. p. B8. North America's first IKEA store is closing. The Swedish furniture chain, whose Dartmouth, N.S., store opened in 1975, said it is shutting the doors on the store and warehouse in six months, putting 50 people out of work.
  30. ↑ "For the love of Ikea". Toronto Star. Aug 3, 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  31. ↑ "1960s-1970s - IKEA". www.ikea.com. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  32. ↑ "Ikea blijft groeien". De Standaard. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  33. ↑ "How IKEA Leveraged The Art Of Listening To Global Dominance". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  34. ↑ Finch, Julia (2002-05-31). "Democratic by design". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  35. ↑ "1980s - IKEA". www.ikea.com. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
  36. ↑ "IKEA facts and Figures". ikea.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  37. ↑ "Bienvenido a Ikea Santo Domingo". ikeasantodomingo.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  38. ↑ "Ikea abrirá el 17 de febrero; presentan catálogo de artículos". DiarioLibre.com. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  39. 1 2 "The Biggest IKEA Store In The World Just Opened In South Korea". Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  40. ↑ "이케아 광명점 12월 18일 오픈". IKEA KR/KO. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  41. ↑ "In South Korea, IKEA opens biggest store to lure tiny households". 18 December 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2017 – via Reuters.
  42. ↑ Kowitt, Beth. "How Ikea took over the world". Fortune. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  43. ↑ Lee, Jonathan Cheng and Min Sun (18 November 2014). "Poäng! IKEA Hits Headwinds in Korea". Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  44. ↑ "Largest IKEA store: South Korea breaks Guinness World Records' record (VIDEO)". www.worldrecordacademy.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  45. ↑ "Koreans embrace home decor of IKEA, local rivals - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  46. ↑ "Ikea lovers find middlemen on web as retailers shun Ukraine". 30 May 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  47. ↑ "'세계 최대 규모' 이케아 고양점 정식 개장 / YTN". YouTube. YTN. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  48. ↑ http://www.mediagoyang.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4122
  49. ↑ Lorna Brett (3 November 2011). "Ikea Tempe opens". Dynamicbusiness.com.au. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  50. ↑ "Following all the media fanfare, Ikea finally opens its doors in Qatar". Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  51. ↑ "IKEA Qatar is officially, finally open to the public". Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  52. ↑ "Ikea Eyeing Expansion in the GCC". Gulf News. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  53. ↑ B.C. (29 July 2013). "First IKEA store in Baltics to open in Vilnius in August". The Baltic Course. The Baltic Course. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  54. ↑ www.DELFI.lt. "Lithuania". Verslas.delfi.lt. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  55. ↑ "Ikea postpones shopping centre project". Croatiantimes.com. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  56. ↑ "1st IKEA store in Croatia to open its doors to buyers on 21 Aug". dalje.com. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  57. ↑ "U prva cetiri dana 60.711 gradana posjetilo Ikeu". Poslovni dnevnik. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  58. ↑ "Zagreb East". Inter IKEA Centre Group. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Set to open in 2014, Zagreb East will be the largest shopping centre in Coratia. With the first IKEA store in Croatia as its anchor....
  59. ↑ adriaticmedia (15 February 2011). "VIDEO: Pogledajte kako ce izgledati Ikea kod Zagreba – Danas.hr" (in Croatian). Danas.net.hr. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  60. ↑ "IKEA Zagreb". YouTube. 4 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  61. ↑ Raul Roa [@raulroa] (26 March 2015). "1st of 19 bldgs torn for a new #Ikea Burbank 456,000 sqft Largest in USA 22acres & 1700, parkings. Opens spring 2017!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2017 – via Twitter. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  62. 1 2 "Work Begins on the Biggest Ikea in the United States". Curbed. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
  63. ↑ "The biggest Ikea in the U.S. will open next month in Burbank". Curbed. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
  64. ↑ "Crowds Gather for Opening of Massive New IKEA Store in Burbank". KTLA5. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  65. ↑ "Ikea breaks ground for first Indian store in Hyderabad". Firstpost. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  66. ↑ "Ikea stops Hyderabad: Huge rush, traffic snarls".
  67. ↑ "IKEA's first store to open in autumn 2017". The Hindu. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  68. ↑ "Hyderabad: Following Ikea rush, cops issue traffic curbs".
  69. ↑ "why Hyderabad was chosen by IKEA for its first India store".
  70. ↑ Govind, Deepti (2017-06-01). "Ikea India acquires land for store in Bengaluru". Livemint. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  71. ↑ "IKEA starts work on Navi Mumbai store, to open in January 2019". The Indian Express. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  72. ↑ India, Press Trust of (18 May 2017). "IKEA starts work on Navi Mumbai store; to open in Jan'19". Business Standard India. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  73. ↑ Roche, Elizabeth (18 May 2017). "IKEA aims to have over 30% of products made in India: Patrik Antoni". Mint. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  74. ↑ "IKEA bags 10-acre parcel in Gurgaon for Rs 842 crore". The Economic Times. 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  75. ↑ DELFI (2017-01-31). "34 tūkstoši kvadrātmetru un pusmiljons ceļu uzlabošanai – milzis IKEA ienāks Latvijā". DELFI (in Latvian). Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  76. ↑ LETA. "IKEA veikalu Latvijā plānots atklāt nākamā gada augustā" (in Latvian). Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  77. ↑ "Southeast Asia's largest IKEA store opens in Johor Baru". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  78. ↑ "Bangkok's Second Ikea store set to open in march 2018". TimeOut.
  79. ↑ "10 Things about ikea Bang Yai". Brand inside (in Thai).
  80. ↑ "Ikea praised for making Swedish language popular around the world".
  81. ↑ CNBC (2018-01-28). "IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad has died at 91". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
  82. ↑ "Is the IKEA Aesthetic Comfy or Creepy?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
  83. ↑ Trask, Bailey. "Short Order: Ikea Restaurant". Columbus Monthly. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  84. ↑ "Ikea store takes shape in Oak Creek: Here's how it looks from the air—Slideshow - Milwaukee - Milwaukee Business Journal". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  85. ↑ "Badatz Beit Yosef Restaurant Listing". Badatz.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  86. ↑ "Ikea Bistro". IKEA United Kingdom.
  87. ↑ "IKEA Restaurant". IKEA.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  88. ↑ "IKEA Restaurant". IKEA.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  89. ↑ "IKEA Restaurant". IKEA.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  90. ↑ Maynard, Micheline. "From Sofas To Meatballs: Ikea May Be The Next Player In The Restaurant Business". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
  91. ↑ Higgins, Michelle (2009-06-10). "A Cheap Date, With Child Care by Ikea". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  92. ↑ "IKEA - press room - press release". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  93. ↑ "Ikea coming to Kitchener - Kitchener-Waterloo - CBC News". Retrieved 21 Dec 2015.
  94. ↑ The IKEA Group approach to sustainability, http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_CA/pdf/sustainability_report/group_approach_sustainability_fy11.pdf
  95. ↑ "The 12 most popular IKEA products of all time". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  96. ↑ Fortini, Amanda (2016-09-12). "Ikea Forever". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  97. ↑ Lars Petrus. "The IKEA Dictionary".
  98. ↑ Henley, Jon (4 February 2008). "Do you speak Ikea?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  99. ↑ 'Fartfull' workbench, 'Jerker' desk: Is Ikea hiding a grin? Chicago Sun-Times, 17 August 2004
  100. ↑ From correspondents in London (1 February 2008). "'Lolita' bed set for girls withdrawn". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  101. ↑ "Ikea Tradfri Smart Lighting Kit". CNET. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  102. ↑ "Ikea Trådfri & Hue work together NOW!". Smart Home Geeks. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
  103. ↑ "Wireless Charging - IKEA". www.ikea.com. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
  104. ↑ Tepper, Fitz (6 December 2017). "Sonos and Ikea are collaborating on sound products for the home". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  105. ↑ Roettgers, Janko (6 December 2017). "Sonos Teams Up With Ikea for Smart Home Audio". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  106. ↑ Wainwright, Martin (2 February 2005). "Buying a house? Pick up a flatpack at Ikea". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  107. ↑ Reuters (30 September 2013). "Ikea to sell solar panels in UK stores". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  108. ↑ Lobello, Carmel (1 October 2013). "The latest appliance from IKEA: Solar power panels". The Week Newspaper. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  109. ↑ "The Solibro CIGS Technology". Solibro GmbH. Retrieved 2017-01-20. Residential kit for IKEA in the Netherlands and Switzerland
  110. ↑ Stoker, Liam. "Solarcentury lands IKEA 'Solar Shops' contract". solarpowerportal.co.uk. solarpowerportal.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  111. ↑ "Ikea to start selling solar panels in U.K. stores". Newsweek. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
  112. ↑ "IKEA Plans Major Expansion of Two Moscow Malls". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  113. ↑ Milmo, Dan (4 August 2014). "Ikea launches ready-made mobile phone service". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  114. ↑ "T-Mobile signs Ikea MVNO". 4 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  115. ↑ "T-Mobile " the network behind IKEA Family Mobile,the UK's newest mobile service". 3 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  116. ↑ Kubiak, Paloma (7 July 2015). "Family Mobile to close, but unused credit will be refunded". MoneySavingExpert. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  117. ↑ "Coms Mobile / Your Family Mobile closure on 31st August 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  118. ↑ Anna Ringstrom (17 Apr 2012). "IKEA moves into consumer electronics with China venture". Thomson Reuters.
  119. ↑ LOUISE NORDSTROM (17 April 2012). "IKEA to sell TVs integrated in its furniture". Bloomberg L.P. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012.
  120. ↑ "IKEA to launch chain of budget hotels in Europe". New York: NY Daily News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  121. ↑ Staff, Writer (2017-09-28). "No assembly required? Ikea to buy services site TaskRabbit". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
  122. 1 2 3 4 "Flat-pack accounting". The Economist. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  123. ↑ "Our owner". Inter IKEA Group. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  124. ↑ "IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades". Reuters. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  125. 1 2 Gina Chon (5 June 2013). "IKEA's new chairman likes PAX wardrobes, and that's about all we know". Quartz. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  126. ↑ "Ingvar Kamprads son bort från maktposition". Dagens Industri. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  127. ↑ Cebas Pty Ltd. "Disclaimer". Retrieved 10 April 2007.
  128. ↑ The Economist, "The secret of IKEA's success", 24 February 2011, pp. 67–68.
  129. 1 2 3 Ryan Gorman (6 July 2013). "IKEA uses a staggering 1% of the world's wood every year". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  130. ↑ "Berne Declaration Public Eye Awards, 2007 Nominations". Erklärung von Bern. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014.
  131. ↑ Katarina Gustafsson (14 October 2013). "Ikea Full-Year Sales Gain 3.1% Helped by Growth in Russia, China". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  132. ↑ https://www.statista.com/statistics/241801/gross-profit-of-ikea-worldwide/
  133. ↑ https://www.irishtimes.com/business/retail-and-services/ikea-ireland-profits-nearly-double-to-13-2m-1.2568148
  134. ↑ "IKEA Recalls Ceiling Lamps Due to Impact and Laceration Hazards". United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  135. ↑ Nicholas Kulish; Julia Werdigier (16 November 2012). "Ikea Admits Forced Labor Was Used in 1980s". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  136. ↑ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition".
  137. ↑ "Ikea 'stole secret French police reports' – claim – The Local". Thelocal.fr. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  138. ↑ "Espionnage : quand Ikea faisait son marché dans les fichiers de police" (in French). Rue89. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  139. ↑ "Ikea and formaldehyde". unknown (2003 to 6 February 2004). Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  140. ↑ "Formaldehyde and other VOC's". ikeafans.com (February 1998). Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  141. ↑ "Eco Etiquette: Should I Freak Out About Formaldehyde In Baby Furniture?". By Jennifer Grayson of The Huffington Post. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  142. ↑ See Bartlett, Dessain, Sjöman (2006) – Ikea's Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labour (A) in Harvard Business School
  143. 1 2 3 Owens, Heidi (1998) Ikea: A Natural Step Case Study. Archived 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Oregon Natural Step Network. Retrieved on: 6 April 2008.
  144. ↑ Sherwood Stranieri (17 July 2008). "IKEA Bikes (no, they're not made of plywood)". Using Bicycles. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  145. ↑ "Banverket – press release". Cision Wire. 29 June 2001. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012.
  146. ↑ "Ikea Sets its Sights on the Sun". Futurethinktank.com (futurethink's innovation weblog). 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  147. ↑ "IKEA GreenTech". Green VC. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  148. ↑ "IKEA Group Sustainability Strategy 2016" (PDF). Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  149. ↑ "From store to farm – traceability in action at IKEA - UTZ.org". UTZ.org. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  150. ↑ "IKEA building its own personal wind farm". CNET. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  151. ↑ "Ikea U.S. Solar Plans near 89% with Two More Installations Proposed; Distribution Centers in Perryville, MD and Westampton, NJ Will Be among Country's Largest Projects". Business Wire. June 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014.
  152. ↑ Handy, Ryan Maye (2017-07-27). "Sea change: Gulf Coast wind farms become vital to Texas energy mix". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
  153. ↑ "Ajos vindpark överlämnad till kund". www.vindkraftsnyheter.se. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  154. ↑ "IKEA Phases Out Wood Pallets". Packaging Revolution. 3 November 2011.
  155. ↑ "The OptiLedge Offers Efficiencies for International Shipments". Packaging Revolution. 8 December 2011.
  156. ↑ "OptiLedge". Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2012.
  157. ↑ Briggs, Fiona. "Ikea becomes first retailer to install electric vehicle rapid chargers at all UK stores". Retail Times. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  158. ↑ Murray, James. "IKEA promises rapid rollout of electric car chargers". Business Green. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  159. ↑ "Make a difference without leaving your home". IKEA UK. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  160. ↑ Nichols, Will (2012-10-23). "Ikea unveils plans to use 100% clean energy by 2020". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  161. ↑ "Better Retail, Better World". brc.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  162. ↑ "Foundation Fact Sheet". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
  163. ↑ "Quake children at greater risk after rain, snowfall: UN".
  164. ↑ "IKEA donates 9,000 tables for Liberia's schools and health centres". Unicef.org. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  165. ↑ "Plant Trees". IKEA. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  166. ↑ "American Forests". American Forests. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  167. ↑ "UNICEF's corporate partnerships". Unicef.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  168. ↑ International Save the Children Alliance Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  169. ↑ UNICEF (23 February 2009) IKEA social initiative adds $48 million to UNICEF's child health programme
  170. ↑ Reuters India (23 February 2009) Ikea gives UNICEF $48 mln to fight India child labour
  171. ↑ "UNICEF: IKEA Soft Toy campaign raises €5.4 million for education projects".
  172. ↑ McBain, Sophie (10 December 2013). "How Lufsig the cuddly wolf became a Hong Kong protest symbol – A short lesson in the art of mistranslating names into Chinese." The New Statesman.
  173. ↑ "Save the Children: Ikea Provides Soft Toys to Children in Cyclone-Affected Myanmar". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  174. ↑ "Reuters / PR Newswire: Sunny News: IKEA and UNICEF Lighten Up Children's Lives in the Developing World". 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010.
  175. ↑ UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency (Thailand) (2 September 2011). "Ikea Foundation gives UNHCR US$62 million for Somali refugees in Kenya | UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency (Thailand)". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  176. ↑ "IKEA History".
  177. ↑ "IKEA Reinvents the Catalog".
  178. ↑ "IKEA FAQ".
  179. ↑ "2003 IKEA Catalogue printable facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2012.
  180. ↑ "Why Swedes keep a cool head over Ikea". Sweden.se. 28 July 2006. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  181. ↑ Roth, Martin (29 December 2005). "The Bible vs. the Ikea Catalogue – Which is Winning Hearts?". Retrieved 29 August 2007.
  182. ↑ Luisa Rollenhagen (6 August 2013). "Virtually Furnish a Room With IKEA's Augmented Reality Catalog". Mashable. Mashable. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  183. ↑ "Shopping Made Personal - How We Translated IKEA's Offline Experience Into the Concept of a Seamless Online App". Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  184. ↑ "Dining Room Table Ikea advertisement". AdRespect Advertising Education Program. 1994. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  185. ↑ "Redecorate Your Life IKEA advertisement". AdRespect Advertising Education Program. 1999. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  186. ↑ Eastwood, Allison; "MINI missing but "Lamp" shines at Clios Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.", Boards, 22 May 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  187. ↑ "Archive: 2003 Winners, London International Awards". 2008.liaawards.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  188. ↑ "Archive: 2003 Winners, ANDY Awards". Andyawards.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  189. ↑ Mutel, Glen; "Surprise at Cannes as 'lamp' wins Grand Prix", Campaign, 27 June 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  190. ↑ "Our award winning campaign | Onis Home Refurbishments". Onisliving.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  191. ↑ http://www.constructionmarketingawards.com/testimonials.html Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  192. ↑ "Ikea campaign attracts copycat claims". Mad.co.uk. 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  193. ↑ "Ikea's new marketing campaign 'remarkably similar' to strategy used by Scots-led firm". Sundayherald.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  194. ↑ "IKEA в метро" (in Russian). metkere.com. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  195. ↑ "Agencies Team Ikea campaign". Media Week. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  196. ↑ "Impact at CBS Outdoor creates exclusive campaign for Ikea" (Press release). Exterion Media. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  197. ↑ "Happy Inside – IKEA cats advert". YouTube. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  198. ↑ "Ikea rolls out battle of the sexes campaign – Brand Republic News". Brandrepublic.com. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  199. 1 2 "With This Sweet Ad, Ikea Joins Small Group of Brands Willing to Talk About Divorce". Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  200. ↑ "Ikea Touchingly Portrays an Adoption in Its Latest 'Where Life Happens' Spot - Video - Creativity Online". Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  201. ↑ "Life Happens In Bacon's New IKEA Film | LBBOnline". Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  202. ↑ "IKEA Human Catalogue". ikeahumancatalogue.com. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  203. ↑ "The IKEA Human Catalogue | The Webby Awards". Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  204. ↑ "20 ad campaigns tipped to win at Cannes Lions - AdNews". Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  205. ↑ Daniel Farey-Jones. "Ikea to introduce UK magazine in February". Archived from the original on 30 November 2007.
  206. ↑ Pardes, Arielle (20 September 2017). "Ikea's New App Flaunts What You'll Love Most About AR". Wired. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  207. ↑ Regan, Jack (29 August 2017). "Apple teases the future of augmented reality apps". CNNMoney. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  208. ↑ "World | Middle East | Three die in Saudi shop stampede". BBC News. 1 September 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  209. ↑ Hawthorne, Christopher (February 2003). "Disposable Architecture". Metropolis. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  210. ↑ "Suit aims to make an IKEA lot history". New York Daily News. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  211. ↑ "Workers destroy ancient Chinese tombs: media". Reuters. July 3, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
  212. ↑ "RTÉ report on the loosening of shop planning laws". Rte.ie. 5 January 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  213. ↑ "IKEA Ireland". Retrieved 15 April 2008.
  214. ↑ "'No Union flag at new Ikea store'". BBC News. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
  215. ↑ "Ortiz al enlace de Ikea: 'Te gustó, ¿eh?...¡Tener un amigo mafioso!" (in Spanish). El Mundo (Spanish Newspaper). 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  216. ↑ "CityNews: "Ikea confronted over Canadian–U.S. price differences"". 5 November 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  217. ↑ "IKEA pricing under fire". koreatimes. 2014-11-16. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  218. ↑ "IKEA under probe for overcharging consumers here". koreatimes. 2014-11-24. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  219. ↑ "IKEA accused of pricing higher in Korea". koreatimes. 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  220. ↑ "Norwegian Prime Minister Slams Ikea". 10 March 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013.
  221. ↑ "IKEA to Review Equality in Manuals". Los Angeles Times. 11 March 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  222. ↑ O'Mahony, Paul (20 February 2008). "Ikea guilty of 'cultural imperialism': Danes". The Local. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  223. ↑ "#28 Facts about IKEA". flatpackmates.co.uk. 1 August 2015.
  224. ↑ "Ikea apologises for 'sexist' China advert". BBC. 2017-10-26.
  225. ↑ "Horsemeat found in Ikea meatballs in Czech Republic". BBC. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  226. ↑ Reuters (21 March 2013). "IKEA meatballs return after horsemeat scare". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  227. ↑ Khomami, Nadia (23 July 2015). "Ikea issues warning after deaths of US children". The Guardian – via MSN.
  228. ↑ Costello, Tom; Stelloh, Tim (28 June 2016). "Dangerous Dressers". NBC News.
  229. ↑ "IKEA Recalls MALM and Other Models of Chests and Dressers Due to Serious Tip-Over Hazard. Consumers Urged to Anchor Chests and Dressers or Return for Refund". Ikea. 28 June 2016.
  230. ↑ Feng, Emily (12 July 2016). "Ikea Extends Recall to China After Criticism". New York Times.
  231. ↑ http://abcnews.go.com/US/ikea-recalls-29-million-dressers-chests-children-crushed/story?id=40170255
  232. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3549208/Ikea-issues-urgent-warning-popular-range-drawers-child-crushed-death-toppling-unit.html
  233. ↑ http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/06/28/ikea-recalls-29-million-dressers-after-6-kids-killed.html
  234. ↑ http://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/ikea-reaches-50-million-wrongful-death-settlement-over-falling-dressers-n698876
  235. ↑ https://gizmodo.com/ikea-to-pay-parents-of-kids-crushed-by-falling-dressers-1790385423
  236. ↑ Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era, by Matei Rosca, in the Guardian; published July 4, 2014; retrieved July 6, 2014

Coordinates: 52°10′02″N 4°28′55″E / 52.1673°N 4.4819°E / 52.1673; 4.4819

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.