Barnes & Noble

Barnes & Noble, Inc.
Public
Traded as NYSE: BKS
S&P 600 Component
ISIN US0677741094
Predecessor Arthur Hinds & Company
Founded 1873 (1873) (as Arthur Hinds & Company)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Founders Charles M. Barnes
William Barnes
G. Clifford Noble
Leonard Riggio[1]
Headquarters New York City, New York, United States
Number of locations
 633 retail stores
(As of July 29, 2017)[2]
Key people
 Leonard Riggio
(Chairman)
Products Nook
SparkNotes
Brands Barnes & Noble Booksellers
Nook Digital, LLC
Sterling Publishing
Revenue Decrease US$ 4.164 billion (FY 2016) [3]
Decrease US$ 14.656 million (FY 2016) [3]
Decrease US$ -24.446 million (FY 2016) [3]
Total assets Decrease US$ 2.013 billion (FY 2016) [3]
Total equity Decrease US$ 603.510 million (FY 2016) [3]
Owner Leonard Riggio (11.8%)
Number of employees
 26,000 (2017)
Website www.barnesandnobleinc.com (corporate site)
www.barnesandnoble.com (consumer site)
www.nook.com (consumer site)
Barnes & Noble Education, Inc.
Traded as NYSE: BNED
S&P 600 Component
Website www.barnesandnoble.com/ Edit this on Wikidata

Barnes & Noble, Inc., a Fortune 500 company, is the bookseller with the largest number of retail outlets in the United States, and a retailer of content, digital media, and educational products. As of October 15, 2017, the company operates 633 retail stores in all 50 U.S. states.[4]

Barnes & Noble operates mainly through its Barnes & Noble Booksellers chain of bookstores. The company's headquarters are at 122 Fifth Avenue in New York City.[5]

After a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, Barnes & Noble stands alone as the United States' largest national bookstore chain.[6][7] Previously, Barnes & Noble operated the chain of small B. Dalton Booksellers stores in malls until they announced the liquidation of the chain. The company is known for large retail outlets, many of which contain a café serving Starbucks coffee and other consumables. Most stores sell books, magazines, newspapers, DVDs, graphic novels, gifts, games, toys, music, and Nook e‑readers and tablets.

History

19th century: Foundations

Clifford Noble in 1893

Barnes & Noble began in 1886 as a bookstore called Arthur Hinds & Company, located in the Cooper Union Building in New York City.[8][9] In the fall of 1886, Gilbert Clifford Noble, a then-recent Harvard graduate from Westfield, Massachusetts, was hired to work there as a clerk.[10]

In 1894, Noble was made a partner, and the name of the shop was changed to Hinds & Noble.[11]

20th century: Expansion

1900–1919

In 1901, Hinds & Noble moved to 31–35 W. 15th Street.[12]

In 1917, Noble bought out Hinds and entered into a partnership with William Barnes, son of his old friend Charles and the name of the store was changed to Barnes & Noble.[13][14] Charles Barnes had opened a book-printing business in Wheaton, Illinois in 1873; William Barnes divested himself of his ownership interest in his father's C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Company just before his partnership with Noble and his father's company would go on to become Follett Corporation. Although the flagship store once featured the motto "founded in 1873," the C. M. Barnes-Wilcox Company never had any connection to Barnes & Noble other than the fact that both were partly owned (at different times) by William Barnes.

1920–1939

Barnes & Noble's former flagship store at 105 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York that operated from 1932 to 2014.

In 1930, Noble sold his share of the company to William Barnes' son John Wilcox Barnes.[15] Noble died on June 6, 1936, at the age of 72.[16] In the long history of the bookstore, the namesake partnership was a brief interlude of thirteen years. In 1932, at the height of the Great Depression, the bookstore moved the flagship location to 18th Street and Fifth Avenue,[17] which served as the flagship location until its closure in 2014. The Noble family retained ownership of an associated publishing business, and Barnes & Noble opened a new publishing division in 1931.[15]

1940–1959

In 1940, the store was one of the first businesses to feature Muzak and it underwent a major renovation the following year.[18] That decade the company opened stores in Brooklyn and Chicago.[19] William Barnes died in 1945, at the age of 78, and his son John Wilcox Barnes assumed full control.[19] The company underwent a significant expansion between the 1950s and the 1960s, opening an additional retail store on 23rd Street in Manhattan, as well as shops near the City University of New York, Harvard, and other Northeast college campuses.[20]

1960–1979

Barnes & Noble corporate headquarters, 122 (122–124) Fifth Avenue between West 17th and 18th Streets in the Flatiron District neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City
5th Avenue store sign

John Barnes died in 1964, and the company was sold to the conglomerate Amtel two years later.[21] The business was then purchased in 1971 by Leonard Riggio for $1.2 million.[20] By then, it had been mismanaged and consisted only of "a significantly reduced wholesale operation and a single retail location—the flagship store at 105 Fifth Avenue."[20] The publishing operation was sold separately by Amtel to Harper & Row.[22] In 1974, Barnes & Noble became the first bookstore chain to advertise on television and a year later, the company became the first bookseller in the United States to discount books, by selling The New York Times best-selling titles at 40% off the publishers' list price.[23] Between the 1970s and the 1980s, Barnes & Noble opened smaller discount stores, which were eventually phased out in favor of larger stores. They also began to publish their own books to be sold to mail-order customers. These titles were primarily affordable reissues of out-of-print titles and selling them through mail-order catalogs allowed Barnes & Noble to reach new customers nationwide.[23]

In November 1974, editors of the British-produced Guinness Book of Records, claimed on the BBC One television programme Record Breakers that the Fifth Avenue store of Barnes & Noble had overtaken that of London's Foyles bookshop to become the world's biggest bookstore.[24]

1980–1999

Barnes & Noble continued to expand throughout the 1980s, and it purchased the primarily shopping mall-based B. Dalton chain from Dayton Hudson in 1986, for an estimated $275 million to $300 million.[25] Solveig Robinson, author of The Book in Society: An Introduction to Print Culture, wrote that the purchase "gave [Barnes & Noble] the necessary know-how and infrastructure to create what, in 1992, became the definitive bookselling superstore."[26] The acquisition of the 797 B. Dalton bookstores turned the company into a nationwide retailer, and by the end of fiscal year 1999, the second-largest online bookseller in the United States.[27] B&N's critics claim that it has contributed to the decline of local and independent booksellers.[28] The last B. Dalton stores were scheduled to close in January 2010.[27]

In 1989, Barnes & Noble purchased the 22-store chain Bookstop.

Before Barnes & Noble created its official website, it sold books directly to customers through mail-order catalogs. It first began selling books online through an early videotex service called "Trintex," a joint venture between Sears and IBM, but the company's website was not launched until May 1997.[29] BarnesandNoble.com went public in 1999.[30]

21st century: Operating in an electronic environment

2000s

In 2004, it was reported that although the reading of books was on the decline in America, with the number of non-reading adults increasing by 17 million between 1992 and 2002. Despite this, Barnes & Noble claimed that its retail store business was expanding in the book market.[31] Beginning in 1999, Barnes & Noble owned GameStop, a video game and electronics retail outlet. The company distributed its shares in GameStop in late 2004, spinning it off into its own company in an attempt to simplify its corporate structure.[32]

CEO Leonard Riggio stepped down in 2002, naming his younger brother and former acting chief executive of BarnesandNoble.com, Stephen Riggio, to succeed him. Some corporate governance experts noted that this appointment could potentially cause conflict of interest, but the company board noted that Riggio's experience at the company made him the right person for the job.[33] Stephen Riggio stepped down from the position in 2010.[34]

2010s

In 2010, website president William Lynch was named CEO. He is credited with helping launch the company's electronic book store and overseeing the introduction of its electronic book reader, the Nook. Many observers saw his appointment as underscoring the importance of digital books to Barnes & Noble's future. Steve Riggio stayed on as vice chairman.[35] When Lynch resigned in mid-2013,[36] he was replaced by Chief Financial Officer Michael Huseby early the next year.[37] Following the spinoff of Barnes & Noble Education, Huseby departed to head the new firm; his place was filled in mid-2015 by Ronald Boire,[38][39] who departed one year later.[40] Demos Parneros was named Barnes & Noble’s Chief Executive Officer in April 2017 after having joined the company as Chief Operating Officer in November 2016; however, he was fired in July 2018 for "company policy violations" without severance and was immediately removed from the company's board, at the advice of a law firm hired by Barnes & Noble.[41] On August 28, 2018, Parneros filed a lawsuit against Barnes & Noble, claiming wrongful termination.[42]

After the bankruptcy and closure of its chief competitor, Borders Group, in 2011,[43] Barnes & Noble became the last remaining national bookstore chain in the United States.[6][7] This followed a series of mergers and bankruptcies in the American bookstore industry since the 1990s, which also saw the demise of Waldenbooks, Barnes & Noble's own subsidiary B. Dalton, and Crown Books, among others. Barnes & Noble's largest physical bookstore rival is now Books-A-Million, which does not operate in the Western US. Barnes & Noble also faces competition from general retailers, especially from Amazon.com, and from regional and independent booksellers. Amazon has even opened its own physical bookstores, once again creating a second national bookstore chain.[44]

Barnes & Noble began reducing its overall presence in the 2010's, closing its original flagship store in early 2014.[45] In mid-2014, the company announced it would separate its Nook Media division from its retail store division.[46] In 2018, Barnes & Noble laid off a number of employees in an effort to save up to $40 million annually.[47]

In 2018, the company overall losses reached $17 million. In early July 2018, Barnes & Nobles fired Demos Parneos, for unspecified violation of company policy.[48]

Publishing

Barnes & Noble maintains a separate publishing business in addition to its retail stores and other entities. Barnes & Noble's publishing company got its start by reissuing inexpensive versions of out-of-print books, and made a push to expand the unit in 2003. The company saw success the following year; in September 2004, its book, "Hippie," reached the New York Times best-seller list.[49]

Barnes & Noble often publishes and sells books at a lower cost than competitors, and sells lines of inexpensive books like Barnes & Noble Classics.[49] In addition, the company has a second paperback series called the Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading.[50]Barnes & Noble's edition of The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense by Suzette Haden Elgin, has sold over 250,000 copies,[29] and its reissued edition of The Columbia History of the World by John Garrity, has sold over 1 million copies.[29][51]

The company has expanded business by acquiring several firms over the years, including SparkNotes, an educational website and publishing company, in 2001[52] and Sterling Publishing in 2003.[29]

Food service

The Barnes & Noble café in Springfield, New Jersey

In 1993, Barnes & Noble signed an agreement to serve Starbucks coffee in each of its existing and future cafes.[53][54] In 2004, Barnes & Noble began offering Wi-Fi in the café area of selected stores, using SBC FreedomLink (now the AT&T Wi-Fi network). All stores offered Wi-Fi as of 2006 and as of July 27, 2009, Wi-Fi is offered for free to all customers.[55]

The Barnes & Noble at The Grove at Farmers Market, Los Angeles.
Barnes & Noble in Lynnwood, Washington, using the former 1990s era logo.

In 2016, Barnes & Noble announced plans to open four concept stores in 2017 that featured cafés twice the size of its usual food spots, as well as bars offering wine and beer. Restaurants would also include a waitstaff and a full menu for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The restaurants were expected to revive sales growth. Company executives planned to open additional concept stores if sales met expectations.[56] The first stores were opened in Scarsdale, New York, Edina, Minnesota, Plano, Texas, and Folsom, California.[57]

Community involvement

Barnes & Noble hires community business development managers to engage in community outreach.[58][59] Barnes & Noble also gives back to the community to increase literacy and education. The Barnes & Noble located in Fairbanks, Alaska gave over $80,000 to the community between 2015 and 2018 through book fair fundraising programs.[58] To promote nationwide literacy among 1st through 6th graders and encourage more reading during the summer, Barnes & Noble has implemented a summer challenge.[60][61][62]

Barnes & Noble Nook

Barnes & Noble Nook (styled NOOK) is a suite of e-book readers developed by the company,[63] based on the Android platform. The first device was announced in the United States on October 20, 2009 and was released November 30, 2009, for $259.[64] On June 21, 2010, Barnes & Noble reduced the Nook's price to $199, as well as launched a new Wi-Fi-only model, for $149, and released a Nook colored touch screen for $249.[65]

The Nook competes with the Amazon Kindle, Kobo eReader, and other e-reader offerings and color tablets with reading apps, such as Apple's iBooks for iOS devices. Various Nook models feature a 6-inch, 7-inch, or larger touchscreen.[66] Version 1.3 of the Nook introduced Wi-Fi connectivity, a web browser, a dictionary, chess, and sudoku games, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device. The Nook also features a Read in Store capability that allows visitors to stream and read any book for up to one hour while shopping in a Barnes & Noble bookstore. According to a June 2010 CNet article, the company planned to expand this feature to include periodicals in the near future.[67] The color version of the Nook introduced a 7-inch color touchscreen and the ability to view at a portrait or landscape orientation.[68]

On April 30, 2012, Microsoft invested $300 million for a 17.6% stake in Nook, which valued the business at about $1.7 billion.[69]

In November 2012, the technology publications Mashable and Techdirt criticized the license agreement with which Barnes & Noble sells ebooks to consumers, pointing out that the rights to re-download a purchased ebook expire when the customer's credit card expires, and a valid credit card must be added to the account to restore this functionality.[70][71]

In June 2014, Barnes & Noble had previously announced that it would spin off its Nook Digital division into a separate publicly traded company,[46][72] but as of 2016, Nook remains a part of Barnes & Noble. That same month, the company announced a partnership with Samsung Electronics to make Nook tablets, as the bookseller moved forward with plans to revamp its digital business.[73] Samsung and Barnes & Noble introduced the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 7.0 in August 2014, followed by the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 10.1 in October 2014. In December 2014, Barnes & Noble announced that it had ended its Nook partnership with Microsoft by buying back its stake.[74] Samsung and Barnes & Noble continue to introduce new Nook tablets.[75]

In March 2016, Barnes & Noble announced it would close the Nook App Store and Nook Video and in the UK close the Nook Store on March 15.[76] It will continue to sell e-books as well as digital magazines and newspapers in the US.

College bookstores

In February 2015 Barnes & Noble announced plans to spin off its college bookstore assets and create a separate company called Barnes & Noble Education.[77] By August 2015, Barnes & Noble Education, Inc. was trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol, "BNED".[78] The company operated stores dedicated to selling college textbooks, both on and off campus.[79]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Management Team". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  2. ↑ http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BKS/6141295490x0x950487/82F1551D-7EF1-4333-8E40-E53AA93FB383/2017_BN_Annual_Report.pdf
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Barnes & Noble, Inc. Annual Report".
  4. ↑ "For Investors". Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  5. ↑ "National Sponsorships and Donations". Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  6. 1 2 DePillis, Lydia (July 10, 2013). "Barnes & Noble's troubles don't show why bookstores are doomed. They show how they'll survive". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2013. it's now the only national bookstore chain in the country
  7. 1 2 Townsend, Matt (July 10, 2013). "Bookstores Not Dead Yet as Riggio Bets on Barnes & Noble". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on September 16, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013. the last national bookstore chain
  8. ↑ "Barnes & Noble to Move." The Bookseller and Stationer, January 1. 1922 p. 13
  9. ↑ The Noble Legacy: The Story of Gilbert Clifford Noble, Cofounder of the Barnes & Noble and Noble & Noble Book Companies by Betty N. Turner. iUniverse: 2006 ISBN 0595374786, 9780595374786 page 71
  10. ↑ The Noble Legacy: The Story of Gilbert Clifford Noble, Cofounder of the Barnes & Noble and Noble & Noble Book Companies by Betty N. Turner. iUniverse: 2006 ISBN 0595374786, 9780595374786 page 65
  11. ↑ The Noble Legacy: The Story of Gilbert Clifford Noble, Cofounder of the Barnes & Noble and Noble & Noble Book Companies by Betty N. Turner. iUniverse: 2006 ISBN 0595374786, 9780595374786 page 101
  12. ↑ "Barnes & Noble to Move." The Bookseller and Stationer, January 1. 1922 p. 13
  13. ↑ The Noble Legacy: The Story of Gilbert Clifford Noble, Cofounder of the Barnes & Noble and Noble & Noble Book Companies by Betty N. Turner. iUniverse: 2006 ISBN 0595374786, 9780595374786 page 151
  14. ↑ Blair, Cynthia. "1917: First Barnes & Noble Bookstore Opens in Manhattan". Newsday. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
  15. 1 2 The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control by Theodore G. Striphas. Columbia University Press: 2009. 978-0-231-14814-6 p. 62
  16. ↑ The Noble Legacy: The Story of Gilbert Clifford Noble, Cofounder of the Barnes & Noble and Noble & Noble Book Companies by Betty N. Turner. iUniverse: 2006 ISBN 9780595374786 page 153
  17. ↑ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2004). "The Encyclopedia of New York State". Syracuse University Press. p. 1266.
  18. ↑ The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control by Theodore G. Striphas. Columbia University Press: 2009. 978-0-231-14814-6 p. 64
  19. 1 2 Barnes & Noble: Groundbreaking Entrepreneurs by Kayla Morgan. Abdo Publishing: 2000 ISBN 9781604537581 p. 78
  20. 1 2 3 The Late Age of Print: Everyday Book Culture from Consumerism to Control by Theodore G. Striphas. Columbia University Press: 2009. 978-0-231-14814-6 p. 65
  21. ↑ Reluctant Capitalists: Bookselling and the Culture of Consumption by Laura J. Miller. University Of Chicago Press: 2007 p. 47
  22. ↑ Wilkinson, Carol (1986). "Barnes & Noble Books". In Peter Dzwonkoski (ed.). American literary publishing houses, 1900-1980. edited by Peter Dzwonkoski. Dictionary of literary biography. 46. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company. p. 40. ISBN 0-8103-1724-9.
  23. 1 2 "Barnes & Noble History". Barnes & Noble. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
  24. ↑ Record Breakers. Presented by Roy Castle. Co-presented by Norris and Ross McWhirter. BBC 1. Broadcast on Tuesday November 19, 1974.
  25. ↑ Miller, Stephen (2015-10-13). "Bruce Dayton, CEO of Retailer That Became Target, Dies at 97". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
  26. ↑ Robinson, Solveig. The Book in Society: An Introduction to Print Culture. Broadview Press, November 15, 2013. ISBN 1770484310, 9781770484313. p. 260.
  27. 1 2 "BarnesAndNobleInc.com" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  28. ↑ St. John, Warren (July 6, 1999). "Barnes & Noble's Epiphany". Wired. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "Barnes & Noble History". Barnes & Noble Inc. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
  30. ↑ "Barnesandnoble sets IPO at $18 - May 24, 1999". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  31. ↑ "Huge Decline In Book Reading". Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  32. ↑ Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg (October 5, 2004). "Barnes & Noble Pares GameStop". The Wall Street Journal.
  33. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David D. "A Shifting Of Leadership At Bookseller; Barnes & Noble Chief Steps Aside for Brother". Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  34. ↑ "Barnes & Noble CEO Steps Down, BN.com President William Lynch Takes Over". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  35. ↑ "Barnes & Noble names website head William Lynch as CEO". USA Today. March 18, 2010.
  36. ↑ Brown, Abram (July 8, 2013). "Barnes & Noble CEO Lynch Out After Nook Woes Deepen". Forbes. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Barnes & Noble points Michael P. Huseby CEO". Market Watch. January 8, 2014.
  38. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Names Ronald Boire of Sears Canada as C.E.O." The New York Times. July 3, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Completes Spin-Off of Barnes & Noble Education".
  40. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Says CEO Boire 'Not a Good Fit' and Will Step Down".
  41. ↑ Isidore, Chris (2018-07-03). "Barnes & Noble fires CEO for violating company policy". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
  42. ↑ "A lawsuit by a fired Barnes & Noble CEO is a spectacular example of not going quietly". Quartz at Work. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  43. ↑ Leopold, Todd (September 12, 2011). "The death and life of a great American bookstore". CNN. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Amazon Will Be the Fifth Largest Bookstore Chain". Publisher's Weekly. June 1, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  45. ↑ Pasquarelli, Adrianne (January 7, 2014). "Barnes & Noble closes the book on Fifth Ave. store". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  46. 1 2 Franzen, Carl. "Barnes & Noble is splitting into two companies: one for Nooks and one for books".
  47. ↑ Thomas, Lauren (2018-02-13). "Barnes & Noble confirms job cuts, expects $40 million in annual cost savings". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  48. ↑ CNN (2018-09-06). "Barnes & Noble's losses widen; leaders blame lack of foot-traffic in stores". KNXV. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  49. 1 2 Wyatt, Edward. "Huge Book Retailer Expands Its Publishing Role". Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  50. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Library of Essential Reading". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Barnes & Noble: a history". 2011-05-20. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  52. ↑ "Barnes & Noble inc - BKS Quarterly Report (10-Q) Item 1: Financial Statements". Edgar Online. 18 June 2001. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  53. ↑ "Business | Starbucks Co. Books Space In Barnes & Noble Chain | Seattle Times Newspaper". community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  54. ↑ Neilson, Ranjay Gulati, Sarah Huffman, and Gary L. "The Barista Principle — Starbucks and the Rise of Relational Capital". strategy+business. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  55. ↑ Colker, David. "Internet wants to be free at Barnes & Noble", Los Angeles Times, July 29, 2009
  56. ↑ "Cheers? Barnes & Noble Is Getting Into the Bars and Restaurant Business". Fortune. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  57. ↑ "Barnes & Noble continues to expand full-service Kitchen". Nation's Restaurant News. 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  58. 1 2 intern, David Jones, News-Miner. "Barnes & Noble voted best local bookstore". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  59. ↑ "Pick up a page-turner: Book-sellers name their summer reading picks". 8 August 2018.
  60. ↑ "Summer Reading Challenge". Barnes & Noble website. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  61. ↑ Staff, Motley Fool. "Barnes & Noble (BKS) Q4 2018 Earnings Conference Call Transcript". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  62. ↑ "Fun Stuff for Kids Online". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  63. ↑ Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg and Geoffrey A. Fowler (October 20, 2009). "B&N Reader Out Tuesday". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  64. ↑ Ina Fried (October 19, 2009). "Barnes & Noble's 'Nook' said to cost $259". cnet news. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  65. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Cuts Nook Price". CBS News. June 21, 2010.
  66. ↑ "Nook Features". Barnes & Noble.
  67. ↑ David Carnoy (April 23, 2010). "B&N delivers meaty Nook update, teases iPad app". cnet news. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  68. ↑ "Nook Color Features". Barnes &. Noble. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  69. ↑ Ovide, Shira (May 2, 2012). "Microsoft to Invest in Barnes & Noble's Nook". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
  70. ↑ Rosen, Kenneth (November 28, 2012). "Barnes & Noble: That Ebook is Only Yours Until Your Credit Card Expires". Mashable.
  71. ↑ Cushing, Tim (November 27, 2012). "Barnes & Noble Decides That Purchased Ebooks Are Only Yours Until Your Credit Card Expires". Techdirt.
  72. ↑ "B&N to Split Off College Stores, Retain Nook and Retail Stores". The Digital Reader. February 26, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  73. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Partners With Samsung to Make Nook Tablets". FOXBusiness. June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  74. ↑ "Microsoft, Barnes & Noble bring their weird Nook "partnership" to a formal end". Ars Technica. December 4, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  75. ↑ "Samsung and Barnes & Noble introduced the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 NOOK". PC Magazine. September 2015.
  76. ↑ Barnes & Noble is shutting down the Nook App Store on March 15th Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  77. ↑ "Barnes & Noble is spinning off its college store business". Fortune. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  78. ↑ "Barnes & Noble Education shares plunge on earnings miss". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  79. ↑ "Barnes & Noble closes the book on Fifth Avenue Store". Crain's New York.

Further reading

  • Kirkpatrick, David D. (July 19, 1999). "Barnes & Noble's Jekyll and Hyde". New York magazine.
  • Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. (April 18, 2014). "What's Barnes & Noble's Survival Plan? Former CEO Cuts Holding to 20%, but Says, 'The Story Isn't Written Yet'". The Wall Street Journal.
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