Apple III

Apple III
Developer Apple Computer, Inc.
Release date May 1980 (1980-05)
Introductory price 4340 US$ - 7800 US$ (today $12890.29 - $23166.88)[1]
Discontinued April 1984 (1984-04)
Operating system Apple SOS
CPU Synertek 6502A @ 2 MHz
Memory 128 KB RAM, expandable to 512 KB
Predecessor Apple II
Successor Apple III Plus

The Apple III (often styled as apple ///) is a business-oriented personal computer produced and released by Apple Computer in 1980. It was intended as the successor to the Apple II series, but was largely considered a failure in the market.

Development work on the Apple III started in late 1978 under the guidance of Dr. Wendell Sander. It had the internal code name of "Sara", named after Sander's daughter.[2] The machine was first announced and released on May 19, 1980, but due to serious stability issues that required a design overhaul and a recall of existing machines, it was formally reintroduced in the second half of 1981.[3] Development stopped and the Apple III was discontinued on April 24, 1984, and its last successor, the III Plus, was dropped from the Apple product line in September 1985.[4]

The Apple III could be viewed as an enhanced Apple II – then the newest heir to a line of 8-bit machines dating back to 1976. However, the Apple III was not part of the Apple II line, but rather a close cousin. The key features business users wanted in a personal computer were a true typewriter-style upper/lowercase keyboard (contrary to the Apple II, which only supported uppercase letters) and 80-column display. In addition, the machine had to pass U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) radio frequency interference (RFI) qualifications for business equipment. In 1981, International Business Machines (IBM) unveiled the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) – a completely new 16-bit design soon available in a wide range of inexpensive clones. The business market moved rapidly towards the PC DOS/MS-DOS platform, eventually pulling away from the Apple 8-bit computer line.[5]

After numerous stability issues and a recall that included the first 14,000 units from the assembly line, Apple was eventually able to produce a reliable version of the machine. However, damage to the computer's reputation had already been done and it failed to do well commercially as a direct result. In the end, an estimated 65,000–75,000 Apple III computers were sold.[3][4] The Apple III Plus brought this up to approximately 120,000.[4] Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak stated that the primary reason for the Apple III's failure was that the system was designed by Apple's marketing department, unlike Apple's previous engineering-driven projects.[6] The Apple III's failure led to Apple reevaluating their plan to phase out the Apple II, and eventual continuation of development of the older machine. As a result, later Apple II models incorporated some hardware, such as the Apple Scribe Printer, a thermal printer, and software technologies of the Apple III.

Timeline of Apple II family models

See also: Timeline of the Apple II family

Overview

Design

The Apple III was designed to be a business computer and an eventual successor for the Apple II. While the Apple II contributed to the inspirations of several important business products, such as VisiCalc, Multiplan and Apple Writer, the computer's hardware architecture, operating system and developer environment were limited.[7] The Apple III addressed these weaknesses. According to Steve Wozniak, VisiCalc and Disk II had caused the Apple II's popularity, with 90% of sales going to businesses as opposed to the hobbyists that were its original market. Apple management intended to clearly establish market segmentation by designing the Apple III to appeal to the business market, leaving the Apple II to home and education users. Management believed that "once the Apple III was out, the Apple II would stop selling in six months", Wozniak said.[8]

The Apple III is powered by a 1.8 MHz Synertek 6502A or B[9] 8-bit CPU and, like some of the later machines in the Apple II family, uses bank switching techniques to address memory beyond the 6502's traditional 64KB limit, up to 256 K in the IIIs case. Third-party vendors also produced memory upgrade kits that allow the Apple III to reach up to 512 KB. Other Apple III built-in features include an 80-column, 24-line display with upper and lowercase characters, a numeric keypad, dual-speed (pressure-sensitive) cursor control keys, 6-bit (DAC) audio, and a built-in 140 KB 5.25" floppy disk drive. Graphics modes include 560x192 in black and white, and 280x192 with 16 colors or shades of gray. Unlike the Apple II, the Disk III controller is part of the logic board.

The Apple III is the first Apple product to allow the user to choose both a screen font and a keyboard layout: either QWERTY or Dvorak. These choices cannot be changed while programs were running, unlike the Apple IIc, which has a keyboard switch directly above the keyboard, allowing the user to switch on the fly.

Software

An advertisement for access to health information through the Apple III

A major limitation of the Apple II and DOS 3.3 is the way it addresses resources, which makes it highly desirable for peripherals to be installed in standardized locations (slot 5 and 6 reserved for storage devices, slot 2 reserved for serial communication interfaces, etc.) This forces the user to identify a peripheral by its physical location, such as PR#6, CATALOG, D1, and so on.[10] The Apple III introduced an advanced operating system called Apple SOS, pronounced "apple sauce". Its ability to address resources by name instead of a physical location allows the Apple III to be more scalable than the Apple II. Apple SOS also allows the full capacity of a storage device to be used as a single volume, such as the Apple ProFile hard disk drive. Also, Apple SOS supports a hierarchical file system (HFS). Some of the features and code base of Apple SOS were migrated into the Apple II's ProDOS and GS/OS operating systems, as well as Lisa 7/7 and Macintosh system software.

With a starting price between $4,340 to $7,800 US, the Apple III was more expensive than many of the CP/M-based business computers that were available at the time.[1] Few software titles besides VisiCalc were available for the computer;[11] according to a presentation at KansasFest 2012, fewer than 50 Apple III-specific software packages were published, most shipping when the III Plus was released.[12] Because Apple did not view the Apple III as suitable for hobbyists, it did not provide much of the technical software information that accompanied the Apple II.[11] Originally intended as a direct replacement to the Apple II series, it was designed to be backward compatible with Apple II software. However, since Apple did not want to encourage continued development of the II platform, Apple II compatibility existed only in a special "Apple II Mode" which was limited in its capabilities to the emulation of a basic 48 KB Apple II+ configuration. Special chips were intentionally added to prevent access to the III's advanced features such as its larger memory.[8]

Peripherals

The Apple III has four expansion slots, a number that inCider in 1986 called "miserly".[13] Apple II cards are compatible but risk violating government RFI regulations, and require Apple III-specific device drivers; BYTE stated that "Apple provides virtually no information on how to write them". As with software, Apple provided little hardware technical information with the computer[11] but Apple III-specific products became available, such as one that made the computer compatible with the Apple IIe.[13] Several new Apple-produced peripherals were developed for the Apple III. The original Apple III has a built-in real-time clock, which is recognized by Apple SOS. The clock was later removed from the "revised" model, and was instead made available as an add-on.

Along with the built-in floppy drive, the Apple III can also handle up to three additional external Disk III floppy disk drives. The Disk III is only officially compatible with the Apple III. The Apple III Plus requires an adaptor from Apple to use the Disk III with its DB-25 disk port. [14]

With the introduction of the revised Apple III a year after launch, Apple began offering the ProFile external hard disk system.[15] Priced at US$3,499 for 5MB, it also required a peripheral slot for the ProFile controller card.

Revisions

Apple III Plus

Once the logic board design flaws were discovered, a newer logic board design was produced – which includes a lower power requirement, wider traces, and better-designed chip sockets.[15] The $3,495 revised model also includes 256 KiB RAM as a standard configuration.[15] The 14,000 units of the original Apple III sold were returned and replaced with the entirely new revised model.

Apple III Plus

Apple discontinued the III in October 1983 because it violated Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, and the FCC required the company to change the redesigned computer's name.[16][17] It introduced the Apple III Plus in December 1983 at a price of US$2,995. This newer version includes a built-in clock, video interlacing, standardized rear port connectors, 55-watt power supply, 256 KiB RAM as standard, and a redesigned, IIe-like keyboard.[15][17]

Owners of the Apple III could purchase individual III Plus upgrades, like the clock and interlacing feature,[17] and obtain the newer logic board as a service replacement. A keyboard upgrade kit, dubbed "Apple III Plus upgrade kit" was also made available – which included the keyboard, cover, keyboard encoder ROM, and logo replacements. This upgrade had to be installed by an authorized service technician.

Design flaws

According to Wozniak, the Apple III "had 100 percent hardware failures".[8] Former Apple executive Taylor Pohlman stated that[18]

There was way too short a time frame in manufacturing and development. When the decision was made to announce, there were only three Apple IIIs in existence, and they were all wire-wrapped boards.

The case of the Apple III had long since been set in concrete, so they had a certain size logic board to fit the circuits on ... They went to three different outside houses and nobody could get a layout that would fit on the board.

They used the smallest line circuit boards that could be used. They ran about 1,000 of these boards as preproduction units to give to the dealers as demonstration units. They really didn't work ... Apple swapped out the boards. The problem was, at this point there were other problems, things like chips that didn't fit. There were a million problems that you would normally take care of when you do your preproduction and pilot run. Basically, customers were shipped the pilot run.

Steve Jobs insisted on the idea of no fan or air vents, in order to make the computer run quietly. Jobs would later push this same ideology onto almost all Apple models he had control of, from the Apple Lisa and Macintosh 128K to the iMac.[19] To allow the computer to dissipate heat, the base of the Apple III was made of heavy cast aluminum, which supposedly acts as a heat sink. One advantage to the aluminum case was a reduction in RFI (Radio Frequency Interference), a problem which had plagued the Apple II series throughout its history. Unlike the Apple II series, the power supply was mounted – without its own shell – in a compartment separate from the logic board. The decision to use an aluminum shell ultimately led to engineering issues which resulted in the Apple III's reliability problems. The lead time for manufacturing the shells was high, and this had to be done before the motherboard was finalized. Later it was realized that there wasn't enough room on the motherboard for all of the components unless narrow traces were used.

Apple III Plus showing the RFI shield over the floppy drive and the cast aluminum case

Many Apple IIIs were thought to have failed due to their inability to properly dissipate heat. inCider stated in 1986 that "Heat has always been a formidable enemy of the Apple ///",[13] and some users reported that their Apple IIIs became so hot that the chips started dislodging from the board, causing the screen to display garbled data or their disk to come out of the slot "melted". BYTE wrote, "the integrated circuits tended to wander out of their sockets".[11] Apple advised customers to tilt the front of the Apple III six inches above the desk, and then drop it to reseat the chips.[4] Other analyses blame a faulty automatic chip insertion process, not heat.[20]

Case designer Jerry Manock denied the design flaw charges, stating that tests proved that the unit adequately dissipated the internal heat. The primary cause, he claimed, was a major logic board design problem. The logic board used "fineline" technology that was not fully mature at the time, with narrow, closely spaced traces.[21] When chips were "stuffed" into the board and wave-soldered, solder bridges would form between traces that were not supposed to be connected. This caused numerous short circuits, which required hours of costly diagnosis and hand rework to fix. Apple designed a new circuit board, with more layers and normal-width traces. The new logic board was laid out by one designer on a huge drafting board, rather than using the costly CAD-CAM system used for the previous board, and the new design worked.

Earlier Apple III units came with a built-in real time clock. The hardware, however, would fail after prolonged use.[11] Assuming that National Semiconductor would test all parts before shipping them, Apple did not perform this level of testing. Apple was soldering chips directly to boards, and could not easily change out a bad chip if one was found. Eventually, Apple solved this problem by removing the real-time clock from the Apple III's specification rather than shipping the Apple III with the clock pre-installed, and then sold the peripheral as a level 1 technician add-on.[4]

BASIC

Microsoft and Apple each developed their own versions of BASIC for the Apple III. Apple III Microsoft BASIC was designed to run on the CP/M platform available for the Apple III. Apple Business BASIC shipped with the Apple III. Donn Denman ported Applesoft BASIC to SOS and reworked it to take advantage of the extended memory of the Apple III.

Both languages introduced a number of new or improved features over Applesoft BASIC. Both languages replace Applesoft's single-precision floating-point variables using 5-byte storage with the somewhat-reduced-pecision 4-byte variables, while also adding a larger numerical format. Apple III Microsoft BASIC provides double-precision floating-point variables, taking 8 bytes of storage,[22] while Apple Business BASIC offers an extra-long integer type, also taking 8 bytes for storage.[23] Both languages also retain 2-byte integers, and maximum 255-character strings.

Other new features common to both languages include:

  • Incorporation of disk-file commands within the language.
  • Operators for MOD and for integer-division.
  • An optional ELSE clause in IF...THEN statements.
  • HEX$() function for hexadecimal-format output.
  • INSTR function for finding a substring within a string.
  • PRINT USING statement to control format of output. Apple Business BASIC had an option in addition to directly specifying the format with a string expression, of giving the line number where an IMAGE statement gave the formatting expression, similar to a FORMAT statement in FORTRAN.

Some features work differently in each language:

Apple III Microsoft BASIC Apple Business BASIC
integer division operator \ (backslash) DIV
reading the keyboard without waiting INKEY$ function returns a one-character string representing the last key pressed, or the null string if no new key pressed since last reading KBD read-only "reserved variable" returns the ASCII code of the last key pressed; the manual fails to document what is returned if no new key pressed since last reading
reassigning a portion of a string variable MID$() assignment statementSUB$() assignment statement
determining position of text output POS() function to read horizontal screen position, and LPOS() function to read horizontal position on printer HPOS and VPOS assignable "reserved variables" to read or set the horizontal or vertical position for text screen output
accepting hexadecimal-format values "&H"-formatted expressions TEN() function to give numerical value from string representing hexadecimal
result of ASC("")

(null string operand)

 causes an error returns the value −1

Microsoft BASIC additional features

  • INPUT$() function to replace Applesoft's GET command.
  • LINE INPUT statement to input an entire line of text, regardless of punctuation, into a single string variable.
  • LPRINT and LPRINT USING statements to automatically direct output to paper.
  • LSET and RSET statements to left- or right-justify a string expression within a given string variable's character length.
  • OCT$() function for output, and "&"- or "&O"-formatted expressions, for manipulating octal notation.
  • SPACE$() function for generating blank spaces outside of a PRINT statement, and STRING$() function to do likewise with any character.
  • WHILE...WEND statements, for loop structures built on general Boolean conditions without an index variable.
  • Bitwise Boolean (16-bit) operations (AND, OR, NOT), with additional operators XOR, EQV, IMP.
  • Line number specification in the RESTORE command.
  • RESUME options of NEXT (to skip to the statement after that which caused the error) or a specified line number (which replaces the idea of exiting error-handling by GOTO-line, thus avoiding Applesoft II's stack error problem).
  • Multiple parameters in user-defined (DEF FN) functions.
  • A return to the old Applesoft One concept of having multiple USR() functions at different addresses, by establishing ten different USR functions, numbered USR0 to USR9, with separate DEF USRx statements to define the address of each. The argument passed to a USRx function can be of any specific type, including string. The returned value can also be of any type, by default the same type as the argument passed.

There is no support for graphics provided within the language, nor for reading analog controls or buttons; nor is there a means of defining the active window of the text screen.

Business BASIC additional features

Apple Business BASIC eliminates all references to absolute memory addresses. Thus, the POKE command and PEEK() function were not included in the language, and new features replaced the CALL statement and USR() function. Functionality of certain features in Applesoft that had been achieved with various PEEK and POKE locations is now provided by:

  • BUTTON() function to read game-controller buttons
  • WINDOW statement to define the active window of the text screen by its coordinates
  • KBD, HPOS, and VPOS system variables

External binary subroutines and functions are loaded into memory by a single INVOKE disk-command that loads separately-assembled code modules. A PERFORM statement is then used to call an INVOKEd procedure by name, with an argument-list. INVOKEd functions would be referenced in expressions by EXFN. (floating-point) or EXFN%. (integer), with the function name appended, plus the argument-list for the function.

Graphics are supported with an INVOKEd module, with features including displaying text within graphics in various fonts, within four different graphics modes available on the Apple III.

Reception

The Apple III's technical problems made marketing the computer difficult. Ed Smith, who after the APF Imagination Machine became a distributor's representative, described the computer as "a complete disaster". He recalled that he "was responsible for going to every dealership, setting up the Apple III in their showroom, and then explaining to them the functions of the Apple III, which in many cases didn’t really work".[24] Pohlman stated that Apple was only selling 500 units a month by late 1981, mostly as replacements. The company was able to raise monthly sales to 5,000, but the IBM PC's successful launch encouraged software companies to develop for it instead, causing Apple to shift focus to the Lisa and Macintosh.[18] By early 1984, sales were only to existing III owners, Apple itself—its 4500 employees had about 3000-4500 units—and some small businesses.[16][17] Despite formerly devoting the majority of its R&D to the III and so ignoring the II that for a while dealers had difficulty in obtaining the latter,[25] Apple discontinued the Apple III series on April 24, 1984, four months after introducing the III Plus, after selling 65,000-75,000 computers and replacing 14,000 defective units.[26]

Jobs stated that Apple lost "infinite, incalculable amounts" of money on the Apple III.[26] Pohlman claimed that there was a "stigma" at the company associated with having contributed to the computer. Most employees who worked on the III reportedly left Apple.[18]

Legacy

The file system and some design ideas from Apple SOS, the Apple III's operating system, were part of Apple ProDOS and Apple GS/OS, the major operating systems for the Apple II series following the demise of the Apple III, as well as the Apple Lisa, which was the de facto business-oriented successor to the Apple III. The hierarchical file system influenced the evolution of the Macintosh: while the original Macintosh File System (MFS) was a flat file system designed for a floppy disk without subdirectories, subsequent file systems were hierarchical. By comparison, the IBM PC's first file system (again designed for floppy disks) was also flat and later versions (designed for hard disks) were hierarchical.

At the start of the Walt Disney Pictures film TRON, lead character Kevin Flynn (played by Jeff Bridges) is seen hacking into the ENCOM mainframe using an Apple III.[27]

References

  1. 1 2 VAW: Pre-PowerPC Profile Specs Archived February 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company, No Starch Press. ISBN 9781593270100. p41.
  3. 1 2 Apple III computer @ oldcomputers.net
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. pp. 41–43. ISBN 1-59327-010-0.
  5. ↑ The Origin of the IBM PC
  6. ↑ Wozniak, S. G. (2006), iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
  7. ↑ The Apple III Project
  8. 1 2 3 Williams, Gregg; Moore, Rob (January 1985). "The Apple Story / Part 2: More History and the Apple III". BYTE (interview). p. 166. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  9. ↑ Dennis J. Grimes, Brian W. Kelly (1983). Personal Computer Buyers Guide: With Exclusive Product Reference Guide. Ballinger Publishing Company. p. I-5. ISBN 978-0-884-10917-4.
  10. ↑ Beneath Apple DOS, Chapter 6 Using DOS from Assembly Language
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Moore, Robin (September 1982). "The Apple III and Its New Profile". BYTE. p. 92. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  12. ↑ Maginnis, Mike (May 25, 2012). Apple III: A Closer Look. Event occurs at 31:42 – via YouTube.
  13. 1 2 3 Obrien, Bill (September 1986). "And II For All". inCider: 38, 94–95. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Archived - Floppy Disk Drives: Apple III Plus External Drive Adapter". Apple. February 19, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Apple III". Bott.org.
  16. 1 2 Mace, Scott (April 9, 1984). "Apple IIe Sales Surge as IIc is Readied". InfoWorld. pp. 54–55. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Shea, Tom (January 23, 1984). "Apple releases overhauled III as the III Plus". InfoWorld. p. 17. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 Bartimo, Jim (December 10, 1984). "Q&A: Taylor Pohlman". InfoWorld. p. 41. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  19. ↑ First Cool, Now Quiet
  20. ↑ "What Really Killed the Apple III".
  21. ↑ Computer History Museum: Apple Industrial Designers Robert Brunner and Jerry Manock
  22. ↑ Apple III Microsoft BASIC Reference Manual, Microsoft Corporation, 1982
  23. ↑ Apple Business BASIC Reference Manual, Apple Computer, Inc., 1981
  24. ↑ Edwards, Benj (February 22, 2017). "VC&G Anthology Interview: Ed Smith, Black Video Game and Computer Pioneer". Vintage Computing and Games.
  25. ↑ McMullen, Barbara E.; John F. (February 21, 1984). "Apple Charts The Course For IBM". PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  26. 1 2 LEM Staff (October 6, 2013). "Apple III Chaos: Apple's First Failure". Low End Mac. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  27. ↑ "1980: Apple III Business Computer". The picture above is 07:31 into Side 1 of the CED movie TRON, where Kevin Flynn (Jeff Bridges) is using an Apple III at home...
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