Steve Wozniak

Steve Wozniak
Wozniak in 2017
Born Stephen Gary Wozniak[1]:18
(1950-08-11) August 11, 1950
San Jose, California, U.S.
Other names
  • Woz
  • Berkeley Blue [2]
  • Rocky Clark [3]
Education BS in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1987[4][5]
Alma mater
Occupation
Known for
Net worth US$100 million[6]
Spouse(s)
  • Alice Robertson (m. 1976–1980)
  • Candice Clark (m. 1981–1987)
  • Suzanne Mulkern (m. 1990–2004)
    [7]
  • Janet Hill (m. 2008)
Partner(s) Kathy Griffin (2007-2008)
Children 3[8]
Call-sign ex-WA6BND (ex-WV6VLY)
Website www.woz.org

Stephen Gary Wozniak (/ˈwɒzniæk/; born August 11, 1950),[1]:18[9] often referred to by the nickname Woz,[10][11] is an American inventor, electronics engineer, programmer, philanthropist, and technology entrepreneur who co-founded Apple, Inc.. He and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs are widely recognized as pioneers of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.

Wozniak designed and developed the Apple I in 1976, which became the computer that launched Apple when he and Jobs marketed it that same year. He primarily designed the Apple II in 1977, known as one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers,[12] while Jobs oversaw the development of its foam-molded plastic case and early Apple employee Rod Holt developed the switching power supply.[13] He also had major influence until 1981, along with computer scientist Jef Raskin, over the initial development of the original Apple Macintosh, which Jobs then took over following Wozniak's brief departure from the company due to a traumatic airplane accident.[14][5] After stepping away from Apple in 1985 for good, Wozniak founded CL 9 and created the first universal remote, released in 1987. He then pursued several other business and philanthropic ventures throughout his career, focusing largely on tech in K–12 schools.

Wozniak is currently Chief Scientist at the data virtualization company Primary Data, and has remained an employee of Apple over the years in a ceremonial capacity.[5][15]

Early life

Steve Wozniak was born in San Jose, California, the son of Francis Jacob "Jerry" Wozniak (1925–1994) from Michigan[1]:18 and Margaret Louise Wozniak (née Kern) (1923–2014)[16] from Washington (state).[1]:18 He graduated from Homestead High School in 1968.

The name on Wozniak's birth certificate is "Stephan Gary Wozniak", but Steve's mother said that she intended it to be spelled "Stephen", which is what he uses.[1]:18 Wozniak has mentioned his surname being Polish[17] and Ukrainian[18] and spoken of his Polish descent,[19] but stated that he does not know the origin of some other people with the Wozniak surname because he is "no heritage expert".[17]

In the early 1970s, Wozniak was known as "Berkeley Blue" in the phone phreak community, after he made a blue box.[2][20]

Wozniak has credited watching Star Trek and attending Star Trek conventions while in his youth as a source of inspiration for his starting Apple Inc.[21]

Career

Origins of Apple

In 1969, Wozniak returned to the Bay Area after being expelled from University of Colorado Boulder in his first year for sending prank messages on the university's computer system.[22][23] During this time, as a self-taught project, Wozniak designed and built a "Cream Soda" computer with his friend Bill Fernandez.[24] He later re-enrolled at De Anza College and transferred to University of California, Berkeley in 1971. Before focusing his attention on Apple, he was employed at Hewlett-Packard (HP) where he designed calculators.[25] It was during this time that he befriended Steve Jobs.[26]

Wozniak was introduced to Jobs by Fernandez, who attended Homestead High School with Jobs in 1971. Jobs and Wozniak became friends when Jobs worked for the summer at HP, where Wozniak too was employed, working on a mainframe computer.[27] This was recounted by Wozniak in a 2007 interview with ABC News, of how and when he first met Jobs:

"We first met in 1971 during my college years, while he was in high school. A friend said, 'you should meet Steve Jobs because he likes electronics, and he also plays pranks.' So he introduced us."[26]

In 1973, Jobs was working for arcade game company Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[28] He was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 (equivalent to $551 in 2017) for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, by using RAM for the brick representation. Too complex to be fully comprehended at the time, the fact that this prototype also had no scoring or coin mechanisms meant Woz's prototype could not be used. Jobs was paid the full bonus regardless. Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $700 and that Wozniak's share was thus $350 (equivalent to $1,929 in 2017).[29] Wozniak did not learn about the actual $5,000 bonus (equivalent to $27,564 in 2017) until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[30]

On June 29, 1975 Wozniak tested his first working prototype, displaying a few letters and running sample programs. It was the first time in history that a character displayed on a TV screen was generated by a home computer.[1] With the Apple I design, he and Jobs were largely working to impress other members of the Palo Alto-based Homebrew Computer Club, a local group of electronics hobbyists interested in computing. The Club was one of several key centers which established the home hobbyist era, essentially creating the microcomputer industry over the next few decades. Unlike other Homebrew designs, the Apple had an easy-to-achieve video capability that drew a crowd when it was unveiled.[31]

Apple formation and success

Original 1976 Apple 1 Computer in a briefcase. From the Sydney Powerhouse Museum collection

In 1976, Wozniak developed the computer that eventually made him famous. He alone designed the hardware, circuit board designs, and operating system for the Apple I.[31] Wozniak originally offered the design to HP while working there, but was denied by the company on five different occasions.[32] Jobs instead had the idea to sell the Apple I with Wozniak as a fully assembled printed circuit board. Wozniak, at first skeptical, was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandkids they had had their own company. Together they sold some of their possessions (such as Wozniak's HP scientific calculator and Jobs' Volkswagen van), raised $1,300, and assembled the first boards in Jobs' bedroom and later (when there was no space left) in Jobs' garage. Wozniak's apartment in San Jose was filled with monitors, electronic devices, and some computer games Wozniak had developed. The Apple I sold for $666.66. (Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation between the number and the mark of the beast, and "I came up with [it] because I like repeating digits.") Jobs and Wozniak sold their first 50 system boards to Paul Terrell, who was starting a new computer shop, called the Byte Shop, in Mountain View, California.[1]

On April 1, 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed Apple Computer (now called Apple Inc.) along with administrative supervisor Ronald Wayne, whose participation in the new venture was short lived. Wozniak resigned from his job at Hewlett-Packard and became the vice president in charge of research and development at Apple. He and Jobs decided on the name "Apple" shortly after Jobs returned from an apple orchard in Oregon.[33] Wozniak's Apple I was similar to the Altair 8800, the first commercially available microcomputer, except the Apple I had no provision for internal expansion cards. With expansion cards the Altair could attach to a computer terminal and be programmed in BASIC. In contrast, the Apple I was a hobbyist machine. Wozniak's design included a $25 microprocessor (MOS 6502) on a single circuit board with 256 bytes of ROM, 4K or 8K bytes of RAM, and a 40-character by 24-row display controller. Apple's first computer lacked a case, power supply, keyboard, and display, all components the user had to provide.

An Apple II computer with an external modem

After the success of the Apple I, Wozniak designed the Apple II, the first personal computer that had the ability to display color graphics, and BASIC programming language built-in.[1] Inspired by "the technique Atari used to simulate colors on its first arcade games", Wozniak found a way of putting colors into the NTSC system by using a $1 chip,[34] while colors in the PAL system were achieved by "accident" when a dot occurred on a line, and to this day he has no idea how it works.[35] During the design stage, Steve Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two expansion slots, while Wozniak wanted eight[36]. After a heated argument, during which Wozniak had threatened for Jobs to 'go get himself another computer', they decided to go with eight slots. The Apple II became one of the first highly successful mass-produced personal computers in the world.

In 1980, Apple went public to instant and significant financial profitability, making Jobs and Wozniak both millionaires. The Apple II's eventual successor, the Apple III, released the same year, was not nearly as successful as the Apple II. According to Wozniak, the Apple III "had 100 percent hardware failures", and that the primary reason for these failures was that the system was designed by Apple's marketing department, unlike Apple's previous engineering-driven projects.[37]

During the early design and development phase of the Macintosh 128K, Wozniak had heavy influence over the project until 1981. In a 2013 interview, Wozniak said that "Steve [Jobs] really took over the project when I had a plane crash and wasn't there."[14][5]

Airplane crash

On February 7, 1981, the Beechcraft Bonanza A36TC Wozniak was piloting crashed soon after takeoff from the Sky Park Airport in Scotts Valley, California.[38] The plane stalled while climbing, then bounced down the runway, went through two fences, and crashed into an embankment. Wozniak and his three passengers—then-fiancée Candice Clark, her brother Jack Clark, and his girlfriend, Janet Valleau—were injured. Wozniak sustained severe face and head injuries, including losing a tooth, and also suffered for five weeks after the crash from anterograde amnesia, the inability to create new memories. He had no memory of the crash, and did not remember his name in the hospital or the things he did after he was released.[37][39] He would later state that Apple II computer games are what helped him regain his memory.[1] The National Transportation Safety Board investigation report cited premature liftoff and pilot inexperience as probable causes of the crash.[40]

Wozniak did not immediately return to Apple after recovering from the airplane crash, seeing it as a good reason to leave.[37]

US Festivals

Wozniak in 1983

In May 1982 and 1983, Wozniak, with help from professional concert promotor Bill Graham, founded and sponsored two US Festivals to celebrate evolving technologies; they ended up as a technology exposition and a rock festival as a combination of music, computers, television and people. After losing several million dollars on the 1982 festival, he stated that unless the 1983 event turned a profit, he would end his involvement with rock festivals and get back to designing computers.[41] Later that year, Wozniak returned to Apple product development, desiring no more of a role than that of an engineer and a motivational factor for the Apple workforce.[1]

Departure from Apple

Wozniak and Andy Hertzfeld at an Apple Computer Users Group meeting in 1985

In the mid-1980s he designed the Apple Desktop Bus, a proprietary bit-serial peripheral bus introduced on many later Macintosh and NeXT computer models. However, even with the success he helped create at Apple, Wozniak felt that the company was hindering him from being who he wanted to be, and that it was "the bane of his existence".[42] He enjoyed engineering, not management, and said that he missed "the fun of the early days".[15] Although its products provided about 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or employees, a move that frustrated Wozniak.[43] As other engineers joined the growing company, he no longer felt needed there and by early 1985, Wozniak left Apple again, stating that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years". He then sold most of his stock.[43]

Post Apple career

After his career at Apple, Wozniak enrolled at UC Berkeley to complete his degree. Because his name was well known at this point, he enrolled under the name Rocky Raccoon Clark, which is the name listed on his diploma.[44]

One thing Wozniak wanted to do was teach elementary school because of the important role teachers play in students' lives. Eventually, he did teach computer classes to children from the fifth through ninth grades and teachers as well.[42]

Wozniak founded CL 9 in 1985, which developed and brought the first programmable universal remote control to market in 1987.[1]

In 2001, Wozniak founded Wheels of Zeus (WOZ),[45] to create wireless GPS technology to "help everyday people find everyday things much more easily." In 2002, he joined the board of directors of Ripcord Networks, Inc., joining Ellen Hancock, Gil Amelio, Mike Connor, and Wheels of Zeus co-founder Alex Fielding, all Apple alumni, in a new telecommunications venture. Later the same year he joined the board of directors of Danger, Inc., the maker of the Hip Top.

In 2006, Wheels of Zeus was closed, and Wozniak founded Acquicor Technology, a holding company for acquiring technology companies and developing them, with Apple alumni Hancock and Amelio. From 2009 through 2014 he was chief scientist at Fusion-io.[46] In 2014 he became chief scientist at Primary Data, which was founded by some former Fusion-io executives.[47]

Despite leaving Apple as a day-to-day employee in 1985, Wozniak chose to never remove himself from the official employee list, and continues to represent the company at events or in interviews.[15] Today he receives a stipend from Apple for this role, estimated to be $120,000 per year.[1][48][15] He is also an Apple shareholder.[49] He maintained a friendly acquaintance with Steve Jobs until Jobs' death in October 2011.[50] However, in 2006, Wozniak stated that he and Jobs were not as close as they used to be.[51] In a 2013 interview, Wozniak said that the original Macintosh "failed" under Steve Jobs, and that it was not until Jobs left that it became a success. He called the Apple Lisa group the team that had kicked Jobs out, and that Jobs liked to call the Lisa group "idiots for making [the Lisa computer] too expensive". To compete with the Lisa, Jobs and his new team produced a cheaper computer, one that, according to Wozniak, was "weak", "lousy" and "still at a fairly high price". "He made it by cutting the RAM down, by forcing you to swap disks here and there", says Wozniak. He attributed the eventual success of the Macintosh to people like John Sculley "who worked to build a Macintosh market when the Apple II went away".[14]

Silicon Valley Comic Con (SVCC) is an annual pop culture and technology convention at the San Jose McEnery Convention Center in San Jose, California. The convention was co-founded by Wozniak and Rick White with Trip Hunter as CEO; the inaugural event was held March 18–20, 2016.[52]

Patents

Wozniak at Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, Australia, 2012

Wozniak is listed as the sole inventor on the following Apple patents:

  • US Patent No. 4,136,359: "Microcomputer for use with video display"[53]—for which he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
  • US Patent No. 4,210,959: "Controller for magnetic disc, recorder, or the like"[54]
  • US Patent No. 4,217,604: "Apparatus for digitally controlling PAL color display"[55]
  • US Patent No. 4,278,972: "Digitally-controlled color signal generation means for use with display"[56]

Philanthropy

In 1990, Wozniak helped found the Electronic Frontier Foundation, providing some of the organization's initial funding[57][58][59] and serving on its founding Board of Directors.[57] He was the founding sponsor of the Tech Museum, Silicon Valley Ballet and Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose.[5] Also since leaving Apple, Wozniak has provided all the money, as well as a good amount of on-site technical support, for the technology program in his local school district in Los Gatos.[1] Un.U.Son. (Unite Us In Song), an organization Wozniak formed to organize the two US festivals, is now primarily tasked with supporting his educational and philanthropic projects.[1] In 1986, Wozniak lent his name to the Stephen G. Wozniak Achievement Awards (popularly known as "Wozzie Awards"), which he presented to six Bay Area high school and college students for their innovative use of computers in the fields of business, art and music. More recently, Wozniak was the subject of a student-made film production of his friend's (Joe Patane) nonprofit Dream Camp Foundation for high-level need youth titled Camp Woz: The Admirable Lunacy of Philanthropy.

Honors and awards

In 1979, Wozniak was awarded the ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award. In 1985, he received the National Medal of Technology (with Steve Jobs) from US President Ronald Reagan.[1] In December 1989, he received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder.[60] Later he donated funds to create the "Woz Lab" at the University of Colorado at Boulder. In 1998, he was named a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for co-founding Apple Computer and inventing the Apple I personal computer."[61] The city of San Jose named a street "Woz Way" in his honour.

In September 2000, Wozniak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame,[62] and in 2001 he was awarded the 7th Annual Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment.[63] The American Humanist Association awarded him the Isaac Asimov Science Award in 2011.

Wozniak at a conference in October 2017

In December 2005, Wozniak was awarded an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from Kettering University.[64] He also received honorary degrees from North Carolina State University[65] and Nova Southeastern University, and the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology. In May 2011, Wozniak received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from Michigan State University.[66] In June 2012, Wozniak was awarded an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from Santa Clara University.

He was awarded the Global Award of the President of Armenia for Outstanding Contribution to Humanity Through IT in 2011.[67]

On February 17, 2014, in Los Angeles, Wozniak was awarded the 66th Hoover Medal from IEEE President & CEO J. Roberto de Marca. The award is presented to an engineer whose professional achievements and personal endeavors have advanced the well-being of humankind and is administered by a board representing five engineering organizations: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers; the American Society of Civil Engineers; the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers; and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

The New York City Chapter of Young Presidents' Organization presented their 2014 Lifetime Achievement Award to Wozniak on October 16, 2014 at the American Museum of Natural History.

In November 2014, Industry Week added Wozniak to the Manufacturing Hall of Fame.

On June 19, 2015, Wozniak received the Legacy for Children Award from the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose. The Legacy for Children Award honors an individual whose legacy has significantly benefited the learning and lives of children. The purpose of the Award is to focus Silicon Valley's attention on the needs of our children, encouraging us all to take responsibility for their well-being. Candidates are nominated by a committee of notable community members involved in children's education, health care, human and social services, and the arts.[68] The Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose is at 180 Woz Way.

On June 20, 2015, The Cal Alumni Association (UC Berkeley's Alumni Association) presented Wozniak with the 2015 Alumnus of the Year Award. "We are honored to recognize Steve Wozniak with CAA’s most esteemed award," said CAA President Cynthia So Schroeder '91. "His invaluable contributions to education and to UC Berkeley place him among Cal's most accomplished and respected alumni."[69]

In March 2016, High Point University announced that Wozniak will serve as their Innovator in Residence. Wozniak was High Point University’s commencement speaker in 2013. Through this ongoing partnership, Wozniak will connect with High Point University students on a variety of topics and make campus-visits periodically.[70][71]

In March 2017, Wozniak was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 18 in the list of 200 Most Influential Philanthropists and Social Entrepreneurs.[72][73]

Honorary degrees

For his contributions to technology, Wozniak has been awarded a number of Honorary Doctor of Engineering degrees, which include the following:

  • University of Colorado at Boulder: 1989[74]
  • North Carolina State University: 2004[65]
  • Kettering University: 2005[75]
  • Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale: 2005[76]
  • ESPOL University in Ecuador: 2008[77]
  • Michigan State University, in East Lansing 2011[78]
  • Concordia University in Montreal Canada: June 22, 2011[79]
  • State Engineering University of Armenia: November 11, 2011[80]
  • Santa Clara University: June 16, 2012[81]
  • University Camilo José Cela in Madrid, Spain: November 8, 2013[82]

Media

Wozniak has been mentioned, represented or interviewed many times in media, including the following programs:

Documentaries

Feature films

Television

Wozniak during filming of Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List

After seeing her stand-up performance in Saratoga, California, Wozniak began dating comedian Kathy Griffin.[87] Together, they attended the 2007 Emmy Awards,[88] and subsequently made many appearances on the fourth season of her show Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List. Wozniak is on the show as her date for the Producers Guild of America award show. However, on a June 19, 2008 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, Griffin confirmed that they were no longer dating and decided to remain friends.[89]

Wozniak portrays a parody of himself in the first episode of the television series Code Monkeys; he plays the owner of Gameavision before selling it to help fund Apple. He later appears again in the twelfth episode when he is in Las Vegas at the annual Video Game Convention and sees Dave and Jerry. He also appears in a parody of the "Get a Mac" ads featured in the final episode of Code Monkeys second season. Wozniak is also interviewed and featured in the documentary Hackers Wanted and on BBC.

Wozniak competed on Season 8 of Dancing with the Stars in 2009[90][91] where he danced with Karina Smirnoff. Despite Wozniak and Smirnoff receiving 10 combined points from the three judges out of 30, the lowest score of the evening, he remained in the competition. He later posted on a social networking site that he felt that the vote count was not legitimate and suggested that the Dancing with the Stars judges had lied about the vote count to keep him on the show.[92] After being briefed on the method of judging and vote counting, he retracted and apologized for his statements.[93] Despite suffering a pulled hamstring and a fracture in his foot, Wozniak continued to compete,[94] but was eliminated from the competition on March 31, with a score of 12 out of 30 for an Argentine Tango.[95]

On September 30, 2010, he appeared as himself on The Big Bang Theory season 4 episode "The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification". While dining in The Cheesecake Factory where Penny works, he is approached by Sheldon via telepresence on a Texai robot. Leonard tries to explain to Penny who Wozniak is, but she says she already knows him from Dancing with the Stars.

On September 30, 2013, he appeared along with early Apple employees Daniel Kottke and Andy Hertzfeld on the television show John Wants Answers to discuss the movie Jobs.

Artificial superintelligence views

In March 2015, Wozniak stated that while he had originally dismissed the writings of Ray Kurzweil who stated machine intelligence will outpace human intelligence within several decades, Wozniak had come to change his mind: "I agree that the future is scary and very bad for people. If we build these devices to take care of everything for us, eventually they'll think faster than us and they'll get rid of the slow humans to run companies more efficiently." Wozniak stated that he had started to feel a contradictory sense of foreboding about artificial intelligence, while still supporting the advance of technology.[96]

By June 2015, Wozniak changed his mind, stating that a superintelligence takeover would be good for humans: "They're going to be smarter than us and if they're smarter than us then they'll realise they need us... We want to be the family pet and be taken care of all the time... I got this idea a few years ago and so I started feeding my dog filet steak and chicken every night because 'do unto others'".[97][98]

In 2016, Wozniak changed his mind again, stating that he no longer worried about the possibility of superintelligence emerging because he is skeptical that computers will be able to compete with human "intuition": "A computer could figure out a logical endpoint decision, but that’s not the way intelligence works in humans". Wozniak added that if computers do become superintelligent, "they're going to be partners of humans over all other species just forever".[99][100][101]

Personal life

Wozniak and then-girlfriend Kathy Griffin in 2008

Wozniak lives in Los Gatos, California. He applied for Australian citizenship in 2012, and has stated that he would like to live in Melbourne, Australia in the future.[102] Wozniak has been referred to frequently by the nickname "Woz", or "The Woz"; he has also been called "The Wonderful Wizard of Woz" and "The Second Steve" (in regard to his early business partner and longtime friend, Steve Jobs).[103] "WoZ" (short for "Wheels of Zeus") is the name of a company Wozniak founded in 2002.

He is a Freemason, despite not having faith in a supreme being (which is required by Masonic rules except in "Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry). Wozniak describes his impetus for joining the Freemasons as being able to spend more time with his then-wife, Alice Robertson, who belonged to the Order of the Eastern Star, associated with the Masons. Wozniak has said that he quickly rose to a third degree Freemason because, whatever he does, he tries to do well. He was initiated in 1979 at Charity Lodge No. 362 in Campbell, California, now part of Mt. Moriah Lodge No. 292 in Los Gatos.[104]

Wozniak was married to slalom canoe gold-medalist Candice Clark from June 1981 to 1987. They have three children together, the youngest being born after their divorce was finalized.[8] After a high-profile relationship with actress Kathy Griffin, who described him on Tom Green's House Tonight in 2008 as "the biggest techno-nerd in the Universe", Wozniak married Janet Hill, his current spouse.[105]

Wozniak signs a Modbook at 2009 Macworld Expo

On his religious views, Wozniak called himself an "atheist or agnostic".[106][107]

He is a member of a Segway Polo team, the Silicon Valley Aftershocks.

In 2006, he co-authored with Gina Smith his autobiography, iWoz. The book made The New York Times Best Seller list.[5]

Wozniak's favorite video game is Tetris,[108] and he had a high score for Sabotage.[109] In the 1990s he submitted so many high scores for Tetris to Nintendo Power that they would no longer print his scores, so he started sending them in under the alphabetically reversed name "Evets Kainzow".[110]

Wozniak has the condition prosopagnosia, or face-blindness.[111]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wozniak, Steve; Smith, Gina (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
  2. 1 2 Dayal, Geeta (February 1, 2013). "Phreaks and Geeks". Slate. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  3. ↑ Stix, Harriet (May 14, 1986). "A UC Berkeley Degree Is Now the Apple of Steve Wozniak's Eye". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak". MIT. Lemelson Foundation. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "About Steve Wozniak aka 'The Woz'". Woz.org. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  6. ↑ Martin, Emmie (April 21, 2017). "Why Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak doesn't trust money".
  7. ↑ "Wizard of Woz". Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  8. 1 2 "This Week in Apple History – June 7–13: The Woz Marries, Switcher Campaign Starts, IE Ended". The Mac Observer. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Steve Wozniak". biography. biography.com. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  10. ↑ Rebecca Gold (1994). Steve Wozniak: A Wizard Called Woz. Lerner.
  11. ↑ Owen W. Linzmayer (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. No Starch Press. p. 27.
  12. ↑ Reimer, Jeremy (December 14, 2005). "Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  13. ↑ "Nolan Bushnell Appointed to Atari Board — AtariAge Forums — Page 30". Atariage.com. April 29, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 "Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product". Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "I Never Left Apple". Officially Woz. January 3, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  16. ↑ Dowling Family Genealogy
  17. 1 2 Wozniak, Steve. "About your last name". Woz.org. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  18. ↑ "Завжди знав, що маю українське прізвище: співзасновник Apple Возняк відвідав Київ" (video). TSN 19:30. Kiev: 1+1. September 30, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. This is a very special visit for us. I was always aware that my name was Ukrainian. Report in Ukrainian, but part of Wozniak speaking in English can be heard behind the translation.
  19. ↑ Wozniak, Steve (August 17, 2007). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-3930-6686-9. Retrieved December 12, 2017. Being a Polish Wozniak who tells and laughs at Polish jokes... [...] Twelve years later the same Polish-American Congress gave me its Heritage Award, its highest award for acievements by a Polish-American.
  20. ↑ Lapsley, Phil (February 16, 2013). "From "phreaks" to Apple: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak's "eureka!" moment". Salon.com. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  21. ↑ Huffingtonpost interview. Retrieved on April 22, 2017.
  22. ↑ CUIndependent (February 20, 2007). "CU breeds success: A look at famous alumni". cuindependent.com. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  23. ↑ "From the Chancellor - Office of the Chancellor - University of Colorado Boulder". colorado.edu. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Cream soda – The first computer". emberify.com. October 1, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Steve Wozniak Talks About HP". YouTube. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
  26. 1 2 "Three Minutes With Steve Wozniak". ABCNews.go.com. July 20, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
  27. ↑ Young, Jefferey S. (December 1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Lynx Books. ISBN 155802378X.
  28. ↑ "An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke". India Today. September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  29. ↑ "Letters – General Questions Answered". Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2016. , Woz.org
    Wozniak, Steven: "iWoz", a: pp. 147–48, b: p. 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7
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