Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (often abbreviated AChEI) or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical or a drug that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are classified as reversible, irreversible, or quasi-irreversible (also called pseudo-irreversible).

Uses

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:[1]

Side effects

Potential side effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors[9][10]
mild – usually goes away potentially serious

Some major effects of cholinesterase inhibitors:

Administration of reversible cholinoesterase inhibitors is contraindicated with those that have urinary retention due to obstruction.

Titration phase

When used in the central nervous system to alleviate neurological symptoms, such as rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease, all cholinesterase inhibitors require doses to be increased gradually over several weeks, and this is usually referred to as the titration phase. Many other types drug treatments may require a titration or stepping up phase. This strategy is used to build tolerance to adverse events or to reach a desired clinical effect.[12] This also prevents accidental overdose and is therefore recommended when initiating treatment with drugs that are extremely potent and/or toxic (drugs with a low therapeutic index).

Examples

Reversible inhibitor

Compounds which function as reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have therapeutic uses. These include:

Comparison table

Comparison of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Inhibitor Duration Main site of action Clinical use Adverse effects
Edrophonium short (10 min.)[21] neuromuscular junction[21] diagnosis of myasthenia gravis[21]
Neostigmine medium (1–2 hrs.)[21] neuromuscular junction[21] visceral[21]
Physostigmine medium (0.5-5 hrs.)[21] postganglionic parasympathetic[21] treat glaucoma (eye drops)[21]
Pyridostigmine medium (2–3 hrs.)[21] neuromuscular junction[21]
Dyflos long[21] postganglionic parasympathetic[21] historically to treat glaucoma (eye drops)[21] toxic[21]
Echothiophate (irreversible) long[21] postganglionic parasympathetic[21] treat glaucoma (eye drops)[21] systemic effects[21]
Parathion (irreversible) long[21] none[21] toxic[21]

Quasi-irreversible inhibitor

Compounds which function as quasi-irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have use as chemical weapons or pesticides. These include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Colovic, MB; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013). "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology". Current Neuropharmacology. 11 (3): 315–335. doi:10.2174/1570159X11311030006. PMC 3648782. PMID 24179466.
  2. ↑ Yuschak, Thomas (2006). Advanced Lucid Dreaming: The Power of Supplements. Lulu. ISBN 1430305428.
  3. ↑ Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry (11th ed.). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-47-097948-8.
  4. ↑ Singh, J; Kour, K; Jayaram, MB (January 2012). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD007967. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007967.pub2. PMID 22258978. Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Lay summary.
  5. ↑ Choi, KH; Wykes, T; Kurtz, MM (September 2013). "Adjunctive pharmacotherapy for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: meta-analytical investigation of efficacy". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 203 (3): 172–178. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107359. PMC 3759029. PMID 23999481.
  6. ↑ Ribeiz, SR; Bassitt, DP; Arrais, JA; Avila, R; Steffens, DC; Bottino, CM (April 2010). "Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature". CNS Drugs. 24 (4): 303–317. doi:10.2165/11530260-000000000-00000. PMID 20297855.
  7. ↑ Buckley, A. W.; Sassower, K.; Rodriguez, A. J.; Jennison, K.; Wingert, K.; Buckley, J.; Thurm, A.; Sato, S.; Swedo, S. (2011). "An Open Label Trial of Donepezil for Enhancement of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 21 (4): 353–357. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0121. PMC 3157749. PMID 21851192.
  8. ↑ Handen, B. L.; Johnson, C. R.; McAuliffe-Bellin, S.; Murray, P. J.; Hardan, A. Y. (2011). "Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Children and Adolescents with Autism: Neuropsychological Measures". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 21 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0024. PMC 3037196. PMID 21309696.
  9. ↑ Consumer Reports; Drug Effectiveness Review Project (May 2012). "Evaluating Prescription Drugs Used to Treat: Alzheimer's Disease Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price" (PDF). Best Buy Drugs. Consumer Reports: 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013. , which claims Alzheimer's Association guidance as a source
  10. ↑ Inglis, F. (2002). "The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia". International journal of clinical practice. Supplement (127): 45–63. PMID 12139367.
  11. ↑ Barash. Clinical Anesthesia, 7th edition. Pages 552-554.
  12. ↑ Inglis, F (2002). "The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia". International journal of clinical practice. Supplement (127): 45–63. PMID 12139367.
  13. ↑ Karadsheh, N; Kussie, P; Linthicum, DS (1991). "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by caffeine, anabasine, methyl pyrrolidine and their derivatives". Toxicology letters. 55 (3): 335–42. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(91)90015-X. PMID 2003276.
  14. ↑ Vladimir-Knežević, Sanda; Blažeković, Biljana; Kindl, Marija; Vladić, Jelena; Lower-Nedza, Agnieszka D.; Brantner, Adelheid H. (2014-01-09). "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Lamiaceae Family". Molecules. 19 (1): 767–782. doi:10.3390/molecules19010767. Archived from the original on 2015-12-11.
  15. ↑ Miyazawa, Mitsuo; Yamafuji, Chikako (2005-03-09). "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by bicyclic monoterpenoids". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (5): 1765–1768. doi:10.1021/jf040019b. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 15740071.
  16. ↑ Perry, Nicolette S. L.; Houghton, Peter J.; Theobald, Anthony; Jenner, Peter; Perry, Elaine K. (2000-07-01). "In-vitro Inhibition of Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia Essential Oil and Constituent Terpenes". Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 52 (7): 895–902. doi:10.1211/0022357001774598. ISSN 2042-7158. PMID 10933142. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25.
  17. ↑ Bauer, Brent A. Alzheimer's disease Archived 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine.. mayoclinic.com
  18. ↑ Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH; Song, YY; Zhang, L; Chen, HZ (2009). "Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis". Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 116 (4): 457–65. doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0189-x. PMID 19221692.
  19. ↑ Rhee IK, I; Appels N; Hofte B; Karabatak B; Erkelens C; Stark LM; Flippin LA; Verpoorte R (November 2004). "Isolation of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Ungeremine from Nerine bowdenii by Preparative HPLC Coupled On-Line to a Flow Assay System". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 27 (11): 1804–1809. doi:10.1248/bpb.27.1804. PMID 15516727.
  20. ↑ Messerer, R., Dallanoce, C., Matera, C., Wehle, S., Flammini, L., Chirinda, B., . . . Holzgrabe, U. (2017). Novel bipharmacophoric inhibitors of the cholinesterases with affinity to the muscarinic receptors M1 and M2. MedChemComm, 8(6), 1346-1359. doi:10.1039/c7md00149e
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07145-4. Page 156
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