Andrzej Grzegorczyk

Andrzej Grzegorczyk
Grzegorczyk in September 2012
Born	(1922-08-22)22 August 1922 Warszawa
Died	20 March 2014(2014-03-20) (aged 91) Warszawa
Resting place	Cemetery in Pruszków, Poland 52°10′N 20°48′E
Nationality	Polish
Citizenship	Poland
Alma mater	Jagiellonian University University of Warsaw
Known for	Grzegorczyk axiom Grzegorczyk formula Grzegorczyk functional Grzegorczyk hierarchy Grzegorczyk induction Grzegorczyk iterator Grzegorczyk logic (S4Grz) Grzegorczyk logic (CD) Grzegorczyk non-Fregean logic (LD) Grzegorczyk method Grzegorczyk rule Grzegorczyk schema Grzegorczyk semantics
Spouse(s)	Renata Maria Grzegorczykowa (Majewska) (m. 1953)
Children	Agnieszka Grzegorczyk-Przeciszewska Tomasz Grzegorczyk
Awards	Stefan Banach Prize (1957) Knight's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta (1997) dr. h.c. of Blaise Pascal University (2010) dr. h.c. of Jagiellonian University (2013) Officer's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta (2014)
Scientific career
Fields	Logic Ethics Mathematics philosophy Religious study Social issues Education
Institutions	University of Warsaw Polish Academy of Sciences University of Amsterdam
Thesis	On Topological Spaces in Topologies without Points (1950)
Doctoral advisor	Andrzej Mostowski
Other academic advisors	Zygmunt Zawirski Władysław Tatarkiewicz
Doctoral students	Stanisław Waligórski (1964) Stanisław Krajewski (1975) Bohdan Misiun (1992)
Influences	Czesław Białobrzeski Władysław Tatarkiewicz Tadeusz Kotarbiński Jan Łukasiewicz Mieczysław Milbrandt Henryk Hiż (Henry Hiz) Jan Salamucha Michał Walicki Bogdan Suchodolski Zygmunt Zawirski Andrzej Mostowski Helena Rasiowa Roman Sikorski Stanisław Leśniewski Stanisław Jaśkowski Alfred Tarski Kurt Gödel Alonzo Church Arend Heyting Bertrand Russell Mahatma Gandhi Martin Luther King Jr.
Influenced	George Boolos Andrzej Trybulec
Signature
Notes
Family members include: Stanisław Jan Majewski Erazm Majewski Mirosław Paweł Zdziarski Piotr Jan Grzegorczyk Karol Borsuk Magdalena Borsuk-Białynicka Andrzej Białynicki-Birula Iwo Białynicki-Birula Zofia Białynicka-Birula (Wiatr) Marcin Przeciszewski

Andrzej Grzegorczyk ([ˈandʐɛj ɡʐɛˈɡɔrt͡ʂɨk]; 22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.

Historical family background

Andrzej Grzegorczyk's foundational family background has its origins in the intellectual, religious, patriotic, and nationalist traditions at least of the Duchy of Warsaw, the Congress Poland, the Second Polish Republic, and the Polish People's Republic. This historical luggage was foundational for his life and work in the communist Poland, assured him the system safety against tough repressions by the state authorities, which affected many Polish intellectuals and academicians.

He was the only child to the Galician family of well-educated and wealthy parents, his father Piotr Jan Grzegorczyk (1894–1968) was a polonist and historian of Polish literature involved into literary criticism, bibliographic studies, and chronicles of the Polish cultural life. Among many works, in 1967 Piotr authored Index Lexicorum Poloniae which listed almost without selection all Polish both dictionaries and encyclopedias except biographical ones published prior to 1964, in 1964 he published a bibliographic-literary monograph Lew Tołstoj w Polsce (Lev Tolstoy in Poland) which discussed reception of the works by a Russian writer Lev Tolstoy in the Polish literature, and full bibliographic record of the Polish literature for 1925–1931. In 1914, he matriculated at a gymnasium in Lwów, while in the years of the World War I he provided military service at first the Polish Legions (1914–1918) since 1915 and then since 1918 of the Polish Army of the then newly created Second Polish Republic, which he finished in the rank of Captain. In 1921–1925, he studied Polonistics at the University of Warsaw, where he developed in linguistics and literature supervised by a historian of Polish literature Bronisław Ludwik Gubrynowicz, a corresponding member of the then top academy of sciences Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) in Kraków since 1928 and a member of the nationalist-conservative political party National Democracy ("Endecja") who in 1909 co-edited the first critical edition of a Polish Romantic poet Juliusz Słowacki's works and since 1920 was both an active member of the Lwów Scientific Society and the head of the Department of Polish Literature of the University of Warsaw with the position of a full professor, the editor-in-chief of a scientific quarterly Pamiętnik Literacki (Literary Diary) for 1925–1932, and since 1926 the founding editor-in-chief of a scientific-literary monthly Ruch Literacki (Literary Movement) to which he made Piotr the secretary of editorial board until his death in 1933 when Piotr became the next editor-in-chief until 1937 and prepared full bibliography of this journal for 1926–1936. Since 1932 he managed the sections on translations of Polish literature and literary life in Poland, and published articles on the pages, of the Rocznik Literacki (Literary Annual). He was a polyglot with a great passion to the Italian literature, in particular in 1924 he authored a Polish-language popular handbook in the Yiddish language Język Żydowski (Żargon): Samouczek dla Polaków (Jewish Language (Jargon): A Tutorial for Poles) published in Lwów and Warsaw by Książnica Polska (Polish Library) of the Polish Society of University Teachers. During the 1939–1945 Nazi-Soviet occupation of Poland, he stayed in Warsaw where he collaborated with the Polish both underground press and secret publishing houses, prepared the work Polska w poezji angielskiej (Poland in English Poetry) in 1944, while in 1945 he relocated to Kraków where he dedicated to an amateur bibliographic work. In 1960 he restarted publishing with the Ruch Literacki, which after the 20-year absence was restored as a cultural-literary bimonthly, and was appointed an editorial board member therein, while in 1955 he restarted publishing with the Rocznik Literacki for which he was writing an article when he suddenly died in 1968. Piotr had never been and wanted to be a professor, the Polish both interwar and post-war state authorities had never awarded him by either order or medal, but, as the recognition of his many-year dedicated work to the Polish academia, in 1945 he was elected a member of the Historico-Literary Commission of the PAU in Kraków which along with the Jagiellonian University in Kraków restored the interwar Poland's academic press, and, after in 1951 the communist authorities strongly restricted activities of the PAU by purely political reasons due to its members' intellectual and political independence to create manifestly subordinated academy of sciences named the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), he became a member of the Kraków Division of the PAS created in 1957 to replace the PAU's disloyal structures. Among his multiple bibliographies he prepared detailed records, in 1957 of written works by an artist and writer Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy) who was fascinated in the Jewish culture, in 1959 of works by an artist and art historian Stanisław Noakowski who in 1923 got the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, in 1960 of writings by a famous Polish-Jewish philosopher Władysław Tatarkiewicz who was a full member of the PAU and the PAS since 1930 and 1956 respectively and in 1938 got both the Knight's Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour as well as the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta to be awarded by the communist Poland's highest state academic prize 'Golden Badge of the 1st Degree State Award' in 1966, and, moreover, yet in 1949 of books by a Polish modernist poet of Czech-German descent Leopold Henryk Staff, a leader of the Young Poland poetry in 1900–1918 and the spiritual leader of the experimental poetry group Skamander in 1918–1939, who was primarily influenced by the philosophy of a German idealist and existentialist Friedrich Nietzsche and who got the Officer's Cross and the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1923 and 1933 respectively, Doctor Honoris Causa degree of the University of Warsaw in 1939 and the Jagiellonian University in Kraków in 1949, the Gold Cross of Merit in 1946, nomination to the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 by the President of the Polish PEN Club Jan Parandowski, the 'Golden Badge of the 1st Degree State Award' in 1951 and 1955, and the 1st class Order of the Banner of Work in 1953.

Andrzej's mother Zofia Jadwiga née Zdziarska was a Medical Doctor from a purely Polish landed gentry family of the Gozdawa coat of arms originated in a landed estate Zdziar Wielki in the Płock Governorate, the Congress Kingdom of Poland created in the personal union with the Russian Empire under the Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias Alexander I by the 1815 Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland which was never fully respected by the Tsarist autocracy and under the Viceroy of the Congress Poland former General of the Napoleonic army Józef Zajączek gave the autonomy in an independent and sovereign judiciary and separated state-administrative organs such like both Parliament and Army with the national monetary and measure system, as a result of the 1815 Congress of Vienna due to the fall of the First French Empire under the Emperor of the French Napoleon Bonaparte who by the 1807 Treaties of Tilsit and the Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw of 22 July 1807 formed the French client state Duchy of Warsaw as the first Polish statehood on the map of Europe since the three-part 1772–1795 Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the both King of Saxony and Duke of Warsaw Frederick Augustus I of the House of Wettin and since October 1807 the Prime Minister Stanisław Małachowski of the Nałęcz coat-of-arms, who already in December 1807 became the president of the Senate in the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw until 1809 and in 1788–1792 was the Marshal of the Great Sejm famous for adoption of the Constitution of 3 May 1791 blocked by the Russian Empire under the Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias Catherine II the Great at the invitation of the 1792 Targowica Confederation established by the Polish-Lithuanian magnates in Saint Petersburg to form the 1792 Second Partition as a result of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army's defeat in the 1972 Polish–Russian War which forced the last King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław August Poniatowski to join the confederation and abdicate in November 1795 in the aftermath of the 1974 Kościuszko Uprising suppressed by the forces of Empress Catherine II and the King of Prussia Frederick William II to form the base for the 1795 Third Partition along with the last Holy Roman Emperor and the first Emperor of Austria Francis II and I. Zofia's family members belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, although presented generally strongly left-wing political orientation, in particular her paternal grandfather Paweł Zdziarski made military service to the 1863–1864 January Uprising against occupation of the Russian Empire in the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was multiple times repressed by the Tsarist authorities of the Congress Poland, and was liked and respected by the local Polish society. Her mother Zofia Ludwika née Sąchocka of the Zagłoba coat of arms was a school teacher in Płock, her father Bolesław Julian Zdziarski (1863–1931) was born during the January uprising and in 1884 matriculated at the present-day Marshal Stanisław Małachowski High School in Płock, then named the Governorate Gymnasium in Płock, in the period of enhanced Russification of the Polish schools in the aftermath of the fall of the January Uprising. Already in the school years, Bolesław became well known for an active participation in the anti-Russian conspirations among students, after completion of secondary education he joined the Institute of Household and Forestry in Puławy to be expelled with a wolf ticket in May 1887 for participation in the student riots, and was able to complete the final examinations and graduate only in 1889 when his article on too small salaries for Płock Governorate's farmworkers appeared in print and was awarded by a student prize. Under the pseudonym Gozdawa, on the pages of a Polish-language newspapers Prawda: tygodnik polityczny, społeczny i literacki (Truth: political, social, and literary weekly) and the Dziennik Płocki (Płock Daily), he published Polish-language articles dedicated to socio-political problems of Polish villages in the Russian Empire, developed a broad social activity in Mazovia known as a person dedicated to his family and the manager of a small landed estate and household in a village Cieśle near Bodzanów given him by his father. Thanks to Bolesław's efforts, there was created the Society of Mutual Credit which was the first ever such organization in the Congress Poland, he created multiple cooperative dairies, secret Polish schools, volunteer fire departments, and provincial farm exhibitions, and, although in the Saint Petersburg's Tsarist offices he won four conflicts against a Płock Governor Iliodor Aleksandrovich Yanovich who opposed creation of the Polish institutions, he was frequently accused of anti-Tsarist activities and imprisoned, for example in the Alexander Citadel of Warsaw which was built by the order of the Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias Nicholas I implemented by the Prince of Warsaw and Viceroy of the Congress Poland for 1832–1856 Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich to strengthen the repressive control after successful suppression of the 1830–1831 November Uprising also known as the Cadet Revolution, which in January 1831 dethroned the Emperor Nicholas I to openly declare the 1831 Polish-Russian War whose downfall caused the 'eternal incorporation' by intensive Russification and economic-political Russian repressions such like abolishment of the Sejm of Congress Poland in favour of the Second Council of State and marriage of the Army of Congress Poland with the Imperial Russian Army under the 1832 Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland followed by the 1831–1870 Great Emigration of the political and social exiles, and which was the place of imprisonment and execution of the 1863–1864 January Uprising's leading figures including its dictator General Romuald Traugutt who left the Imperial Russian Army in the rank of Lieutenant Colonel for his military merits in the successful Austrian-Russian suppression of the 1848–1849 Hungarian Revolution and the Russian defeat in the 1853–1856 Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire and its British-French-Sardinian alliance. By the long lasting imprisonment, in 1902 Bolesław was forced to sell the landed estate in Cieśle and to stop construction of a small fertilizers factory, he bought the landed estate in a village Zdziar Wielki near Płock, and, after the Second Polish Republic along with Finland and the Baltic states declared independence from the Soviet Russia in 1917–1918 in the aftermath of the Russian Empire's collapse by abdication of Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias Nicholas II forced by the societal opposition of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the results of the World War I, he provided a military service to the 1919–1921 Polish–Soviet War and today his various merits to the locals are recognized by the Bolesław Zdziarski street in the city of Płock.

Furthermore, Bolesław's paternal grandmother Barbara Zdziarska née Tokarska was a sister of a Polish jurist Michał Józef Tokarski who Germanized to Michael von Tokarski already under the Kingdom of Prussia in 1803–1806 studied law at the University of Königsberg in the East Prussia to begin practice of a court hearer in the Płock Regency of the New East Prussia. Soon after creation the Duchy of Warsaw, Tokarski was appointed a judge to the Justice Chamber of the Free Royal City of Płock in 1807 and both an assessor to the Tribunal of I Instance in Płock for the Płock Department by Duke Frederick Augustus I and a judge in the Criminal Justice Court in Toruń for the Płock Department and the Bydgoszcz Department in 1808, to became finally a prosecutor to the Criminal Court in Płock for the Płock Department and the Łomża Department for 1810–1815. Meanwhile, after the Russian Empire officially annexed majority of the Duchy of Warsaw as a result of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, he was appointed a lawyer to the Supreme Instance Court of the Congress Poland in Warsaw for 1815–1827 by the Provisional Government of the Congress Poland under a Russian Major General Vasily Lanskoy who in the aftermath of the Sixth Coalition victory over the First French Empire in the 1813 Battle of Lipsk also known as the Battle of the Nations became the Governor-General of the Duchy of Warsaw, in 1827 became a prosecutor general at the Appellate court of the Congress Poland in Warsaw, in 1833 was promoted to the post of a judge of the Supreme Instance Court of the Congress Poland and got the fourth highest Russian Empire's civil service rank of an Active State Councillor, by the Russian Emperor Nicholas I's appointment at the request of the Viceroy Ivan Paskevich in 1842 became a senator at the Warsaw Departments IX for civil and X for criminal judicature of the Governing Senate of the Russian Empire established by the Tsarist ukase of 1841 and the organic decree of 1842 as the subsequent anti-Polish repression which liquidated both the Supreme Instance Court and the Second Council of State of the Congress Poland, and was decorated the Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Stanislaus of 1st and 2nd class and the Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir of 3rd class with a personal greatest acknowledgements by the Viceroy Paskevich. In particular, in 1824, Tokarski became more famous for defense of a Polish political activist Walerian Łukasiński, an officer of the 4th Regiment of Line Infantry of the Army of the Congress Poland in the rank of Major who created the secret organization Wolnomularstwo Narodowe (National Freemasonry) for 1819–1820 to replace this by the pro-independence secret organization Narodowe Towarzystwo Patriotyczne (National Patriotic Society) in the course of secession of the members from the Grand Duchy of Posen officially annexed in 1815 by the Kingdom of Prussia from the Duchy of Warsaw to revolve against the Prussian forces in the 1846 Wielkopolska Uprising and the 1848 Poznań Uprising during the 1848 Spring of Nations when Tokarski died, whose detention by the Tsarist jurisprudence started in 1822 was updated in 1825 by the judicial sentence of 14-year imprisonment in solitary incarceration illegally prolonged until his death in 1868 at the Oreshek Fortress in Shlisselburg to make him one of the symbolic figures of the Polish struggle for independence in the 19th and 20th centuries against the Russian Empire's state authorities who regarded him as the main ringleader of the 1830–1831 November Uprising. Thanks to his dedication and loyalty to the occupation authorities of Poland, Tokarski owned landed estates and provided the parallel widespread activity in the Polish Freemasonry of the Scottish Rite, already in 1810 got the 3° (Master) along with the positions of both an active member and deputy speaker of the Saint John's German-language Symbolic Lodge Albertine zur Vollkommenheit (Albertine under Excellence) later transformed into a Polish-language Provincial Lodge Albertyna Doskonałości (Albertine of Excellence) in Płock, in 1812 got 4° (Elected Knight) along with the positions of an active member and the 1st warden of German-language works and editor of Polish-language works of this lodge, an active membership of the higher-degree Old-Scottish Lower Capitular Lodge Leopoldine zur Abendsonne (Leopoldine under the Setting Sun) later transformed into a Polish-language lodge Leopoldyna (Leopoldine) in Płock, positions of an active member of the Old-Scottish Directorate and a great archivist of the Provincial Lodge in Płock, in 1816 was appointed a Steward of the Grand National Orient of Poland (WWNP) personally by the 1812–1821 Grand Master was the 1809–1813 both President of the State Council and Prime Minister of the Duchy of Warsaw as well as the 1818–1821 Marshal of the Senate of the Congress Poland Count Stanisław Kostka Potocki known for his anti-clerical treatise Podróż do Ciemnogrodu (Journey to the Bigotry Land) and the project of abolition of religious orders in the Congress Poland which finished his governmental career in 1820, in 1819 got 4° and active membership of the Lower Capitular Lodge Ludzkość (Humanity) in Płock which continued the Leopoldine under the WWNP, an honorary membership of the Grand Capitular Lodge-Mother Szczere Połączenie (Sincere Connection) on the East of Płock, became the plenipotentiary deputy of the Saint John's German-language Symbolic Lodge Dreieck (Triangle) in Płock to the WWNP in Warsaw, got 6° (Knight of East) and an active membership of the WWNP's Saint John's Symbolic Lodge Kazimierz Wielki (Casimir the Great) in Warsaw, in 1820 got 4° and an honorary membership of the Saint John's Symbolic Lodge Doskonałość (Excellence) in Płock which continued the Albertine of Excellence under the WWNP and co-organized the Płock Scientific Society, an honorary membership of the Triangle to which he was a plenipotentiary representative in the WWNP, an active membership of the Humanity and the Sincere Connection, and continued in the Casimir the Great as an active member with 6°, in 1821 became an Old-Scottish master of the Humanity and an honorary member of the Sincere Connection, the Triangle, and the Excellence. In August 1822, the many-year Masonic support to his professional career was suddenly broken as a result of the ukase by Emperor Alexander I, who together with his father Emperor Paul I became famous as the only Russian Emperors with membership in the Russian Freemasonry, which banned all secret organizations and Freemason lodges in the Russian Empire, and, consequently, in particular dissolved the Polish Freemasonry.

Zofia Zdziarska had five siblings: oldest brother Bolesław Jr. was a political activist of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) in Płock and Warszawa, third brother Wiesław was an engineer who emigrated to London, fourth brother Zdzisław was an economist and writer who participated in the 3rd Silesian Uprising, the only sister Janina Brewińska was a Warsaw dentist. Her second brother an Interwar period's communist Mirosław Paweł Zdziarski (1892–1937) was a publicist and activist of the Polish workers' movement. In September 1902, he started secondary education at the Governorate Gymnasium in Płock with Russian teaching language and old police-like restrictions against any symptoms of Polish patriotism, while yet in March 1902 the school experienced the loud student protests against humiliation of their patriotic feelings and his older brother Bolesław Jr. who at this time was also a student therein informed him of the circumstances. In 1905, the school experienced a student strike action, on 6 February the students forcefully broke the resistance of their teachers and the anti-Russification petition was read loudly and given to the headmaster, while the school's students run to other schools in Płock to gain more supporters among students. This demonstration was with active and direct participation of Bolesław Jr. and Mirosław, and, moreover, the future activists of the Polish and international workers' movement such like Julian Leszczyński-Leński who became the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and Władysław Figielski who became the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic in the composition of the Soviet Union. All the students were removed from the school, whereas the brothers Zdziarski not only lost the high scholarship established by Tokarski's widow Józefata née Wyrzykowska to his relatives but also never came back to the Russified school and were placed before the court of peace by the Tsarist police, but the judge declined to make a trial and sent the boys to home. In 1906, Mirosław was accepted to the then newly formed present-day Władysław Jagiełło High School in Płock, which named the Polish Gymnasium of the Polish Educational Society was a non-governmental school with Polish teaching language, lack of restrictions, and good scholarships for the best students, and the headmaster Józef Szczepański who authored handbooks in mathematics. Since 1906 Bolesław Jr. worked with Leszczyński-Leński and Figielski in the Płock branch of the SDKPiL, while Mirosław joined first the Union of Progressive Youth, which grouped the school youth of the Congress Poland and was primarily led by Leszczyński-Leński, and, since the end of 1907 when he was almost 16 years old, also the Płock branch of the PPS–Left known as the Young Faction of the PPS and formed in 1906 at the 9th Party Congress in Vienna, to which he was a member of the local committee in 1908–1910. In 1909, Mirosław was a delegate of the Union of Progressive Youth and participated in its Warsaw Congress, where together with all participants he was detained and arrested for three months by the Tsarist police. In May 1910 he matriculated, and, since certifications of the Polish-language schools were not recognized by the higher education system of the Russian Empire, he came to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and joined the Francis Joseph University in Lvov to study history at the Philosophical Faculty and continued his activity at the foreign section of the PPS–Left. In 1912 he travelled to the Congress Poland to make a secret job for the party and was detained and imprisoned in Piotrków's prison until 1914, when was sentenced to 2 years and 8 months of katorga, life settlement in Siberia, and life revocation of all rights. Soon after the outbreak of the World War I, in September 1914, he forcefully displaced by train into the depths of the Russian Empire to the city of Irkutsk, and was located in the penal colony for political prisoners, while his hometown was annexed by the Royal Prussian Army. He began to earn as a tutor, married his pupil Zenaida Kondrashev, worked for the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, then primarily under a Russian economist Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, and in 1916 the couple relocated to the modern-day Novosibirsk, until 1926 named Novonikolaevsk, where in 1917 during the February Revolution, which started the 1917 Russian Revolution against the Tsarist autocracy, he was elected a delegate to the Workers' council.

In March 1917 the couple came to Moscow, where both worked in the Historical Museum, and Mirosław actively participated in formation of the Moscow branch of the PPS–Left to which he was an executive member from May 1917 to July 1918. After the outbreak of the 1917 October Revolution, the second and final part of the 1917 Russian Revolution, the couple was involved into the organization of the coup d'état instead of a military service, and, since November, Mirosław was the secretary of the government of the Petrograd region of Moscow. After Tsarism was abolished by Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks, he organized and directed the Polish Commissariat in the Moscow region, and continued the work for the Historical Museum where he found abundant documentation on the advanced activities of the Tsarist political police Okhrana in the Congress Poland. After he made hearings of few former Tsarist policemen in Warsaw and Płock, he wrote a booklet on the Tsarist provocations in the Congress Poland, and, on the basis of statistical data, proved that the activities of the many-year paid provocateurs who serviced to the Tsarist police were carefully organized and contributed substantial damages on the body of Polish workers' movement. Soon after in 1918 his work was published in Petrograd by the Commissariat of Polish Affairs of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, the so-called 'three for the Polish affairs' the Director of the Cheka Felix Dzerzhinsky, a Polish aristocrat-turned-communist born Feliks Dzierżyński and nicknamed Iron Felix, along with two Polish communist activists Julian Marchlewski and Feliks Kon ordered him to return the interwar Poland for the party work, while his wife at this time already worked for the office of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), then newly formed to transform the Bolshevist Russia into the Soviet Union to which Poland was planned to be joined as the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic due to the activity of the short living Polish Provisional Revolutionary Committee formed in Białystok in 1920 with the head Julian Marchlewski and a member Feliks Kon. In July 1918, the couple came to Poland, and, after a German soldier detained Mirosław at the railway station in Warsaw, he was imprisoned first in the Warsaw Citadel and then in the Modlin's Internment Camp, to escape from the prison in November 1918 and come to his family in Zdziar Wielki for a shelter. After the Royal Prussian Army was disarmed and on 11 November 1918 the Regency Council of the Congress Poland appointed Józef Piłsudski the Commander-in-chief and the Chief of State of the Second Polish Republic to create the first national government – the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland – under a former member of the Imperial Council (Reichsrat) of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Jędrzej Moraczewski, after visits in Płock and Włocławek to give public political speeches Mirosław came to Warsaw to meet his wife and to work for the Warsaw branch of the PPS–Left for which already on 16 December 1918 he was a delegate in the Warsaw Unifying Congress where the PPS–Left and the SDKPiL married and created the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) with an essential assistance of Dzerzhinsky and Marchlewski. After this Congress finished, he worked as an editorial board member to the KPP's central press organ Sztandar Socjalizmu (The Banner of Socialism) and for the editorial board of its illegal organ Czerwony Sztandar (The Red Banner). Zenaida focused on the KPP's youth organization, while, in the aftermath of Piłsudski's official legalization of trade unions on 8 February 1919, he organized Polish trade unions of whose the pioneering Central Commission of Class Trade Unions (KCKZZ) was formed on 12 July 1919 under Piłsudski's critic and the PPS' member Zygmunt Żuławski, and with Mirosław as the deputy of the KCKZZ's secretary and the PPS' member Antoni Zdanowski and the treasurer of the Executive Department of the KCKZZ until May 1920 when the 1st Congress of the Class Trade Unions in Warsaw transformed KCKZZ into the Central Commission of Trade Unions (ZSZ) and Mirosław became its member. In the aftermath of the 1919–1921 Polish–Soviet War, in 1920 communist activists were massively arrested in Poland, and, among others, Mirosław was detained in June and imprisoned once again in the Warsaw Citadel, where he stayed when the Red Army troops came onto Warsaw. Soon later, he was displaced first to the Wronki Prison and then to the Kraków-Dąb internment camp (1918–1921), from which he escaped in October 1920 to be arrested nine days later in the aftermath of his public political speech presented during the PPS–Left rally in the city of Będzin, the present-day Silesian Voivodeship. In May 1921, he was released from prison and came back to his wife in Warsaw, continued learning at the Warsaw School of Economics, where he started the study yet in October 1919 and completed education in May 1923, and also returned to his favourite work for the trade unions, which he sought as the fight for better living conditions of the working class, to be the secretary of the Professional Faculty of the Central Committee of the KPP. Zenaida stayed in Warsaw, were she studied under a famous Polish actor Aleksander Zelwerowicz at the Drama School of the Warsaw Conservatory, while her husband left Poland for the Soviet Union created on 30 December 1922, where already in September–October 1923 represented the Central Committee of the KPP as a member at the 2nd Party Congress in Moscow, accompanied by Leszczyński-Leński, which accepted the theses promoted by long time in Mirosław's articles.

On 13 May 1925, Mirosław was the chairman of the 1st National Conference of the Young Communist League of Poland as a delegate of the Central Committee of the KPP, and during his public speech therein was arrested along with all participants and placed in the General Police Headquarters on the Jerusalem Avenue in Warsaw to escape at night. In early 1924, he relocated to Lwów where under the pseudonym Józef Celiński was a member of the management of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine (KPZU), particularly in 1925 was a delegate of this party at both the 2nd KPZU Congress and the 4th KPP Congress in Moscow, and authored the propaganda pamphlets under the pseudonym M. Gozdawa. His wife relocated in the vicinity of Zakopane and worked for the Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre in Kalisz, and soon later found a job in the press office of the Soviet Union's Embassy in Warsaw. After the conferences in Moscow, Mirosław returned to Warsaw to visit his brother Bolesław Jr. in hospital and come with wife to a theatre, but, although he attempted to escape, he was detained and placed in the Pawiak investigative prison when the 1926 May Coup d'État occurred under Piłsudski's leadership and abolished the President Stanisław Wojciechowski and the government of the Prime Minister Wincenty Witos for absence of the Polish side in the 1925 Locarno Treaties with the Weimar Republic and the 1926 Treaty of Berlin with the Soviet Union, to make Piłsudski's loyals a Lvov mathematician Kazimierz Bartel the Prime Minister of Poland and a writer Maciej Rataj the Acting President of Poland, before Piłsudski was appointed the Prime Minister in October 1926 while a chemist Ignacy Mościcki became the last President of the Second Polish Republic in June 1926 before the outbreak of the World War II in September 1939 and exile of his government to then neutral Kingdom of Romania where Mościcki was almost immediately interned and forced by France to resign. Under the charges of active involvement into the shooting of a paid provocator of the Polish secret police Defensive Józef Cechnowski by a Polish-Jewish member of the KPZU Izaak Naftali Botwin on 29 July 1925 in the court of Lviv, he was trailed and sentenced for 4 years of imprisonment at a heavy prison, where Bolesław Jr. visited him few times to be instructed how to organize his release with a help of higher state authorities, including former Minister of Religious Denominations and Public Education Antoni Sujkowski, but before these efforts came into effect his escape was organized by the KPP and Zenaida. During the escape Mirosław broke both ankles, and, after few months of a secret medical treatment, with a limited mobility the party comrades secretly transported him and Zenaida to Moscow, he shortly continued the cure at the Crimea, but abandoned the idea of surgical operations and used a walking stick. In Moscow he worked for the Polish-language communist press, among others the Trybuna Radziecka (The Soviet Tribune) for 1927–1930 and Myśl Bolszewicka (The Bolshevist Thought) for 1928–1929, during the 4th KPP Congress in 1927 in Moscow he was elected a deputy member of the Central Committee of the KPP, while during the 5th KPP Congress in August 1930 in the Peterhof Palace near Leningrad he criticized himself in the aftermath of the overwhelming criticism of the majority's views expressed by the Congress' deputies. Furthermore, he worked for the Red International of Labour Unions (Profintern) as an editor of the organization's press, the worker of its General Council, a member of its Executive Committee, and a collaborator of its general secretary Solomon Lozovsky. Also, in 1930–1937, he lectured at the Institute of Economic Sciences in Moscow, where on 10 June 1937 he was arrested after he finished a lecture.

In the course of the 1936–1938 Great Purge executed on the command of the General Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (VKP(b)) Joseph Stalin, the Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union (1937–1938), the largest national operation of the NKVD with around 140,000 arrests and more than 111,000 executions nicknamed the Polish Operation and implemented on the basis of the NKVD Order No. 00485 signed by the then head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) Nikolai Yezhov, took place, and, in particular, Mirosław after a brutal investigation and fabricated trial under the charges of membership in the Polish Military Organisation was executed by a shoot in occipital bone and buried in a Soviet mass grave. Mirosław and Zinaida had a daughter, she probably died during the 1941–1944 Siege of Leningrad in the course of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union 'Operation Barbarossa', while Zinaida came back to the communist Poland where she died in 1957. In 1938, the Executive Committee of the Third International (Comintern), known as the ECCI, in Moscow chaired by a Bulgarian communist Georgi Dimitrov, who extended Leninism to make the most reactionary elements of financial capitalism the dictators of fascism, charged the interwar Poland's communist parties – the KPP, the KPZU, and, moreover, the Communist Party of Western Belorussia (KPZB) – of being lead by 'fascist agents' and disbanded them, almost all the parties' members who at the time stayed in the Soviet Union were repressed, many activists who remained in Poland were repressed in the aftermath of the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland as a part of the 1939–1944 Nazi–Soviet occupation of Poland due to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939 whose primary origins are dated back on 1918 when the Bolshevist Russia lost the Congress Poland in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the 1921 Peace of Riga which ended the 1919–1921 Polish-Soviet War and established the interwar Polish-Soviet borders. In the 1950s the political climate in the Soviet Union changed – Generalissimus Stalin died in March 1953, Lieutenant General Nikita Khrushchev was appointed the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Stalin's closest associate the NKVD chief Marshal of the Soviet Union Lavrentiy Beria along with 20 of 24 his close associates named Beria's gangs were sentenced to execution by firing squad in 1953–1956, the 1956 Khrushchev Thaw started with Khrushchev's 'secret speech' On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences (1956) to a closed session of the 20th Party Congress of the CPSU in February 1956 wherein both the worship of Stalin and his criminal system called Stalinism along with deportations to gulags were officially condemned as a violation of Leninism to initiate de-Stalinization, and, moreover, Stalin's loyal NKVD agent the then chairman of the Central Committee (KC) of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and Prime Minister of Poland Bolesław Bierut suddenly died in Moscow in two weeks after he was a guest to the 20th Congress of the CPSU and was hospitalized in the clinic for the CPSU members. Due to the June 1956 protests in Poznań done against working conditions, living standards, and the 1945–1989 Soviet occupation of Poland, brutally pacified with a help of 10,000 soldiers and 360 tanks by the order by the Minister of Defence and Deputy Prime Minister in Bierut's cabinet (1952–1954) Marshal of Poland and Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky and command of the Polish officers under the Soviet generals, the 1948–1956 Stalinist era in the history of Poland finished by the 1956 Gomułka Thaw started in the aftermath of the 8th Plenum of the KC PZPR which until 1970 gave the post of de facto Polish head of state the First Secretary of the KC PZPR to Władysław Gomułka, a many-year Polish communist political prisoner and a former member of the KPP who in 1941–1942 was a member of Stalin's VKP(b) and in 1942 under the pseudonym Wiesław on Stalin's command co-installed in the occupied Poland the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) to be abolished for opposing the Soviet involvement in the Polish internal affairs, that is the so-called 'rightist-nationalist deviation', in August–September 1948 by Bierut who in December 1948 joined the PPR and the PPS to create the PZPR. Against the vote of Rokossovsky as a member of the KC PZPR and thanks to Bierut's short-time successor Edward Ochab's speech on 6 April 1956, his efforts at the 7th Plenum of the KC PZPR in July 1956, and instigation on 21 October 1956, with the support of the Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz, who in 1935 was the secretary of the Kraków branch of the PPS and in 1942–1944 was imprisoned in the Nazi concentration camps in Auschwitz and Mauthausen to lead the cabinet 1947–1952 and be reduced to the deputy Prime Minister's role in Bierut's cabinet (1952–1954), Gomułka was rehabilitated along with the members of Gomułka's group which was ousted from power in September 1948 and included general Marian Spychalski, both them were arrested in 1951 on Bierut's command by interrogator of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland (MBP) Lieutenant Colonel Józef Światło nicknamed the Butcher whose defection to the United States military mission in the West Berlin in 1953 and further work for the Radio Free Europe were the causes to abolish the MBP in December 1954, who next was appointed the Minister of National Defence to Cyrankiewicz's second cabinet (1957–1961), the Marshal of Poland in 1963, the President of the Front of National Unity in 1968–1971, and the de facto Polish head of state Chairman of the Council of State in 1968–1970 when Cyrankiewicz replaced him on this post for 1970–1972 and Gomułka's political power finished in the aftermath of the March 1968 Polish political crisis, the cause of 'anti-Zionist' Political Propaganda developed as a result of the Soviet bloc's frustration with the outcome of the Arab-Israeli 1967 Six-Day War which was doctrinally interpreted as an Israeli aggression and transformed into the anti-Semitic campaign to force emigration of the majority of Polish Jews with the support even in Gomułka's wife Zofia Gomułkowa who was born in an Orthodox Jewish family and together with her husband was arrested and imprisoned in 1951, his support to the 1960s' persecutions of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland and the Catholic intellectuals, and, moreover, his support to the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia to end the 1968 Prague Spring in August 1968 justified as the Brezhnev Doctrine on 13 November 1968 during the 5th Congress of the PZPR by the then Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, who in 1964 together with Alexei Kosygin led the removal of Khrushchev by his disregard of many high-ranking organizations within the CPSU and the Soviet government and who created the own cult of personality condemned in 1982 along with full legacy of his 'Era of Stagnation' by the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to justify the liberalisation reforms glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reconstruction) which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.

The remarkable internationally renowned figure of the 1968 political emigration among the Polish intellectuals was an orthodox Marxist philosopher Leszek Kołakowski who first in March 1950 participated in the student conspiracy at the University of Warsaw against his teacher Władysław Tatarkiewicz for his 'purely political speeches of the nature clearly hostile to the socialism-creating Poland' which in 1951 deprived him of rights to lecture and conduct classes, in 1957–1968 was the head of the Chair of History of Modern philosophy of the University of Warsaw, as a member of the PZPR worked for the Institute of Academic Staff Education of the KC PZPR under its founding director a Polish-Jewish Marxist theorist Adam Schaff, got full higher education in philosophy at the Lomonosov Moscow State University, a member of the KPP, the PPR and the PZPR, a full member of the PAS, in the 1950s in written glorified Stalin without a critique and in 1950–1952 lectured Marxism-Leninism to among others the last leader of the communist Poland Wojciech Jaruzelski, in 1956–1968 the founding director of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the PAS, since 1969 a member of the Club of Rome, since 1989 the founding director of the Polish Association for The Club of Rome, who by the 1968 anti-Zionist press campaign in Poland was removed from the KC PZPR and lacked influence on teaching philosophy in the communist Poland. Nevertheless, as a result of a strongly repulsive impression on communism in the Soviet Union of the late Stalinism got by his official academic visit to Moscow in 1950, already in 1957 Kołakowski published in Poland a four-part critique of the Soviet dogmas of Marxism, in 1965, together with a famous philosopher and logician Tadeusz Kotarbiński and his former doctoral student a sociologist and ethicist Maria Ossowska who in 1945–1948 was a teacher in ethics to Kołakowski at the University of Łódź to be banned from teaching sociology in 1952–1956 by the Communist Ideology's opposition to 'bourgeois disciplines' and be appointed the head of the Section of History and Theory of Morality at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the PAS for 1952–1962 to get along with Kotarbiński the communist Poland's highest state academic award 'Golden Badge of the 1st Degree State Award' in 1972, wrote an opinion on the concept of news used by the defenders of the anti-communist oppositioners a leader Jacek Kuroń and an academic historian Karol Modzelewski who both were members of the PZPR since respectively 1952 and 1957 to be expulsed in 1964 and charged of propagation of false news in their open letter to the PZPR which criticized the party's political line, in 1966 was deprived of the membership of the PZPR after he gave a critical public lecture at the University of Warsaw on the 10th anniversary of the 1956 Polish October, for participation in the events of the March 1968 Polish political crisis he lost work at the University of Warsaw and was blocked in obtaining any academic post in Poland by depriving him of the rights of lecturing and publishing, was forced into exile where lectured at the McGill University in Montreal and the University of California at Berkeley to finally settle in England for work in 1972–1991 as a senior research fellow to the All Souls College of the University of Oxford, in 1976–1978 by the extensive 'handbook' Main Currents of Marxism became famous for revisionism of Marxism and criticism of Marxism, and ultimately rejected Marxism–Leninism in favour of his humanist interpretation of Marx inspired by the interpretation due to a Hungarian philosopher and one of the founders of the Western Marxism György Lukács, in 1991 was appointed a full member of the PAS. In contrary, Kołakowski's fellow student and the leader the anti-Tatarkiewicz conspiracy Henryk Holland in October 1950 – December 1953 was a doctoral student at the Department of Philosophy of the Institute of Academic Staff Education of the KC PZPR, to become famous for the ideological fight against the Lwów–Warsaw school of thought which in 1952 included a brutal attack against the world view of its founding father Kazimierz Twardowski wherein he named his philosophy as extremely obscurantist, fideist, and priestly, in 1952–1955 was an assistant professor at the Department of History of Philosophy of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Warsaw, and later was an editor to the Polish edition of the collected works by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, since 1953 worked for the ideological section of the PZPR's central press organ Trybuna Ludu (People's Tribune), in April 1956 called the PZPR for rehabilitation of Gomułka and later supported his reforms following the 1956 Polish October, in 1958 completed a doctoral thesis under Adam Schaff to be employed at the Section of Sociology and History of Culture of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the PAS. Similarly to Kołakowski, other politicized academic figure of the communist Poland forced to emigration in 1968 was a sociologist Zygmunt Bauman who was born to a non-observant Polish-Jewish parents from Poznań and who in the Stalinist era was a member of the PPR since 1946 and under the pseudonym Semjon was a political officer in the rank of Major at the Internal Security Corps (KBW) of the Polish People's Army to combat the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Home Army in 1945–1953, while yet in January 1968 abandoned membership of the PZPR by the increasing political pressure due to the purge led by the anti-Semitic leader of the hardliners faction of the PZPR and the Minister of Interior Major General Mieczysław Moczar to loss the chair at the University of Warsaw in the climax of the March 1968 events. As a result of rehabilitation of Gomułka in 1956, Rokossovsky came to Moscow to convince Khrushchev to use military forces against Poland, but, because Gomułka negotiated with the Soviets, the attempt failed and Rokossovsky was forced by Gomułka to leave Poland under the societal pressure due to the subsequent riots. Despite that Bierut along with an NKVD secret agent Marshal of Poland Michał Rola-Żymierski in 1949 gave Rokossovsky the highest military rank of Marshal of Poland and the Polish citizenship for his co-Commandership of the 1st Belorussian Front along with the Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov which by cooperation with the 1st Ukrainian Front commanded by the Soviet Marshal Ivan Konev, who together with Zhukov was instrumental in arrest and military trial of Beria to support Khrushchev, in the 1945 Vistula–Oder Offensive stamped the 1945–1989 Soviet occupation of Poland by the so-called Soviet 'liberation' of Poland from the Nazi Germany, yet in late 1956 the double Marshal and the twice Hero of the Soviet Union returned to his Motherland where his former ranks and honours were totally restored, and, after Zhukov was removed from the post of the Defence Minister of the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the Anti-Party Group affair when he defended Khrushchev against replacement by then Chairman of the Council of Ministers Marshal Nikolai Bulganin, he was appointed the Deputy Minister of Defence for November 1956 – June 1957, until October 1957 the Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Defence, the Commander of the Transcaucasian Military District for October 1957 – January 1958, the Deputy Minister of Defence and the Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Defence for January 1958 – April 1962, and the General Inspector of the Ministry of Defence for April 1962 – August 1968. Meanwhile, yet in 1954 under Bierut, the KC PZPR created the Commission for the Affairs of Rehabilitated Persons, which, however, investigated and processed rehabilitation petitions slowly until June 1956 when the Rehabilitation Commission of the Ministry of Justice of the Polish People's Republic under Zofia Wasilkowska was established along with a special unit for treasons under the Office of the Public Prosecutor General Marian Rybicki, and among the 86 persons rehabilitated in 1956 was just Mirosław Zdziarski.

This basic historical family background was the most fundamental element in the shaping of Andrzej Grzegorczyk's further both intellectual formation and professional academic career. In particular, this heritage laid the foundations of his philosophical system which was a specific apologetics which mixed the Christian doctrine with certain elements of the Communist Ideology, the ecumenic approach towards both the Roman Catholic Church in Poland and the Russian Orthodox Church, the manifestly friendly attitude to the Eastern European countries and their national philosophers, and problems in the social assimilation in the Western European countries which served him at most for short time visits. Furthermore, this historical basis which for sure was known to his parents and adopted by his mind in the course of growing and raising, was strongly confronted against his personal experiences of the World War II, and strengthened by the impact due to his academic teachers and supervisors, both clerical and secular. In the communist Poland, on the one hand Grzegorczyk's academic roots were highly respected by the leading figures of the manifestly politically subordinated Polish Academy of Sciences as well as the related representatives of the Warsaw academia, whereas, on the other hand, the bold contribution to the politically correct history of both Soviet and Polish communism due to the Zdziarski family and the perfect Polish-Russian relations due to Tokarski was the cause for Grzegorczyk's informal political immunity with respect to the communist authorities and services, which was only consolidated by other essential contributions from his wife's family members. Despite that Grzegorczyk's noble origins which were openly unwelcome by the official Marxist doctrine of the bourgeois nationalism professed by the Polish communism, and, moreover, his controversial ideas for philosophy and education along with multiple support to anti-governmental activities among students could not be unnoticed by the academia and the state authorities, he had never been detained, arrested, interned, officially hired or expelled for political reasons, what confirms that the political protective umbrella based merely on his family's historical contribution has been well functioning for him and his family members and relatives in Poland of both communist and post-communist systems.

Educational formation

During the 1939–1944 Nazi–Soviet occupation of Poland in the course of the World War II, Grzegorczyk was a voluntary member of the Home Army, the dominant Polish resistance movement formed in February 1942 by the Union of Armed Struggle and other Polish partisans with allegiance to the Polish Government-in-Exile as the armed wing of the Polish Underground State. As an insurgent of the Warsaw uprising under the pseudonym Bułka, he provided a voluntary military service in the rank of Shooter in the 2nd Platoon of the Company 'Harcerska' of the AK Battalion 'Gustaw' of the 'Róg' Group of the Group 'Północ' of the Home Army. As a result of the explosion of the Nazi heavy remote-control demolition layer Sonderkraftfahrzeug 301 Ausführung C Schwerer Ladungsträger Borgward B IV of the Panzer Abteilung (Funklenk) 302 on 13 August 1944 at the Jan Kiliński street in the Warsaw Old Town, which took life of more than 300 Polish partisans and civilians, he was injured in legs and placed in a field hospital. Several days later he rejoined the division, but by the health condition he did not participate in the further fights and was forced to leave Warsaw on 31 August 1944 as a civilian in the evacuation by the city canals from the Warsaw Old Town to the Warsaw Śródmieście.

He got primary education at a private School of the Roman Catholic Educational Society Future, the same as for other Warsaw Uprising's insurgent a Polish politician Władysław Bartoszewski who under the pseudonym Teofil served to the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Headquarters of the Home Army in the rank of Corporal and in 1940–1941 was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Since 1938, Grzegorczyk had obtained the Polish secondary underground education at the 6th Tadeusz Reytan Lyceum in Warsaw to be matriculated in May 1940 on the day of France's capitulation. In order to be saved from a forced displacement to the Nazi Germany for a forced labour, he started another education at a chemical high school and then, when the Nazi authorities allowed vocational secondary education in the occupied Poland, at a 3-year chemical school localized on the area of the Warsaw University of Technology where in 1942–1944 he was taught by the professors of this university. At the same time, he completed a clandestine higher education at two then secret Polish universities – in physics at the University of Warsaw, where physics was taught by Czesław Białobrzeski and Leonard Sosnowski, and in philosophy at the University of the Western Lands, where among others Władysław Tatarkiewicz had read to the students the parts of himself authored and then being created book O Szczęściu (Analysis of Happiness), whereas history of philosophy was lectured by his protégé a Polish-Jewish philosopher Mieczysław Milbrandt who as an insurgent of the Warsaw uprising under the pseudonym Noemi since August 1944 during the assault on the Sejm in September 1944 lost a leg and died of the heavily injures in a field hospital. At the stage of higher education, Grzegorczyk was especially attracted to logic by a broadcast lecture on stoic logic by a logician and mathematician Jan Łukasiewicz, who served as the Minister of Religious Denominations and Public Education of the Second Polish Republic in the 1919 government of a pianist and composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski, led the development of a Polish curriculum which replaced the Russian–German–Austrian curricula of the Partitioned Poland and focused on the early acquisition of elementary both logic and mathematics, in 1923 was awarded the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Stanisław Wojciechowski, in 1922–1923 and 1931–1932 was a rector of the University of Warsaw, in 1938 was awarded by doctor honoris causa title of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, and in May 1939 was elected a councillor of the Council of the City of Lwów as a representative of the Camp of National Unity based in the Sanation movement.

Practical exercises in mathematical logic were provided by Tadeusz Kotarbiński's student Henryk Hiż, who in the late 1930s was a member of the anti-Sanation Democratic Club, as an insurgent of the Warsaw Uprising in the rank of Second Lieutenant was imprisoned in a Nazi prisoner-of-war camp Oflag II D Gross-Born (Grossborn-Westfalenhof), after liberation by the 4th Infantry Division (Jan Kiliński) of the First Polish Army immigrated to the US, where in 1948 as Henry Thadeus Hiz got a doctoral degree at the Harvard University for a thesis An economical foundation for arithmetic supervised by a famous American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine and worked for the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Logic was also lectured therein by a Roman Catholic priest and Christian philosopher Jan Salamucha who was a student of logicians and philosophers Stanisław Leśniewski and Jan Łukasiewicz, a medical orderly in the 1919–1921 Polish–Soviet War, an organizer of the Cracow Circle for the logico-methodological analysis of the traditional metaphysics and Thomism – especially formalization of Thomas Aquinas' proofs for existence of God – in 1934 along with a Dominican monk and philosopher Józef Maria Bocheński who in 1964–1966 was a rector of the Universität Freiburg in Switzerland, a Thomist philosopher Jan Franciszek Drewnowski, and logician and philosopher Bolesław Sobociński, a member of the National Radical Camp along with Sobociński, a professor and the head of the Chair of Christian philosophy of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków since 1938 after he completed habilitation in 1937 and doctoral degree in 1927 for the thesis on modal sentences in Aristotle's logic, a prisoner of the Nazi concentration camps in Sachsenhausen and Dachau in 1939–1940 as a result of the Nazi operation Sonderaktion Krakau against the Jagiellonian University's professors, a Christian ministry chaplain to the National Armed Forces and the Home Army Sub-district IV of Warsaw Ochota, an awardee of the Cross of Valour and an insurgent of the Warsaw uprising under the pseudonym Jan who was brutally murdered in the aftermath of the fall of the last major resistance point known as the Reduta Wawelska (Wawelska Stronghold) during the August 1944's Warsaw Ochota massacre by the Russian Nazis' collaborationists of the S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. (Russian Liberation National Army) commanded in 1942–1944 by SS-Brigadeführer Bronislav V. Kaminski, a Polish-German Russian nicknamed the Ochota's butcher who served in the Red Army during the 1917–1922 Russian Civil War to be expelled from the CPSU in 1935 and be arrested in 1937 during the Great Purge for both criticism of Stalin's policy of farm collectivisation and work with Germans and Poles. Meanwhile, psychology was taught by a Catholic priest Piotr Julian Chojnacki, historian of philosophy and ethicist who in 1921 got a doctoral degree in philosophy from the Universität Freiburg in Switzerland for the critical thesis on the neo-Kantian Marburg school's approach to both Immanuel Kant's ethics as well as socialist ethics and in 1927 got a docent degree for a psychologic-epistemological study of notions and ideas at the former Faculty of Catholic Theology of the University of Warsaw to become its dean for 1938–1939 along with heading the Chair of Christian Philosophy and a Full Professor in 1947, who in 1952–1955 lectured at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), and since 1954, when both the Faculty of Catholic Theology of the University of Warsaw and the Theological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków were dissolved and transformed into the Academy of Catholic Theology (ATK) which in 1999 was renamed to the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, until retirement in 1964 he was the dean of the Faculty of Christian Philosophy of the ATK and the head of the Chair of Logic, General Methodology of Sciences and Epistemology. Furthermore, fine arts were lectured by a Polish art historian Michał Marian Walicki, who worked at the Department of Polish Architecture of the Warsaw Technical University in 1929–1936 and at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw in 1932–1939 and 1945–1949, was awarded by the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1947 and in 1949 was arrested and imprisoned till 1953 on the grounds of both false accusations and a fabricated evidence.

On the other hand, one of Grzegorczyk's underground teachers was a philosopher of science and culture Bogdan Suchodolski, a professor at the Chair of Pedagogy of the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów since 1938, a professor at the University of Warsaw in 1946–1970 and a member of the PAU since 1946, since 1952 a member and in 1965–1970 a deputy of scientific secretary and in 1969–1980 a member of the presidium of the PAS, in 1953–1973 the chairman of the Committee on Education Studies of the PAS, the head of the Department of History of Science and Technology of the PAS for 1958–1974 and the founding director of the Institute of Pedagogical Sciences at the Faculty of Education of the University of Warsaw for 1958–1968, since 1968 a member of the Front of National Unity (FJN), in 1983 a member of its successor the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth (PRON) created to demonstrate unity and support for the communist Poland's both government and governing party Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) in the aftermath of the 1981–1983 martial law in Poland with a crucial role of a Polish centrist political party Alliance of Democrats and a pro-communist secular Roman Catholic organization PAX Association which in 1949 formed a publishing house Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", in 1985–1989 a member and a Senior Marshal of the communist Poland's Parliament, in 1982–1989 the chairman of the National Council of Culture created by the martial law's main author Wojciech Jaruzelski, during more than four decades of the Polish People's Republic he was awarded by the crucial state decorations such like the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, the Order of the Builders of People's Poland, the Medal of the National Education Commission, and twice the 1st class Order of the Banner of Work.

Similarly to another Polish mathematician Helena Rasiowa whose first unfinished master thesis in philosophy prepared under Jan Łukasiewicz burned with all house during the Warsaw uprising, Grzegorczyk was able to complete his originally underground education only after the World War II finished. Already in 1945 at the Philosophical Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, supervised by a renowned philosopher of physics Zygmunt Michał Zawirski who in 1938–1939 was the Faculty's dean and in 1937 relocated to Kraków after uninterrupted nine years as the head of the Chair of Theory and Methodology of Sciences of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and investigated the problems on the borderline of philosophy and physics, Grzegorczyk finished the first higher study by a magister degree in philosophy with the thesis The Ontology of Properties, wherein with a help of Kotarbiński's reism, also propagated by Henryk Hiż, in the formal version by Stanisław Leśniewski, he successfully presented interpretation of Leśniewski's elementary ontology as a theory of higher logical types. Soon after graduation, he got a postgraduate scholarship targeted to the study logic and the foundations of mathematics at the University of Warsaw, and on 26 May 1950 by examinations in philosophy and chemistry he completed a doctoral degree in mathematics with the thesis On Topological Spaces in Topologies without Points supervised by a famous mathematician Andrzej Stanisław Mostowski, in 1954 awarded by Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and in 1963 elected a real member of the PAS, who after the World War II also supervised Rasiowa's both master and doctoral theses in logic and the foundations of mathematics.

All the aforementioned teachers, both underground and post-war, by their teaching style and general attitude very deeply impacted onto Grzegorczyk's youthful mind. In his later years, the influence was strictly reflected by his various life choices, individual mental features, overall academic career both inside and outside Poland, both style and methods of research and teaching work. What is much more fundamental for his creativity, this impact straightforwardly shaped his personal world view which paradoxically mixed the ideas being in a deep mutual opposition, and resulted in the creation of a borderline philosophical system based on discrimination against the features of a human mind which are either inborn or beyond a personal choice.

Academic career

In 1946–1948, he was an assistant to Władysław Tatarkiewicz, and, since at this time Tatarkiewicz was the editor-in-chief of the first Polish philosophical journal Przegląd Filozoficzny (Philosophical Review), he served also as the secretary of the editorial board. In 1948, he submitted a paper on the semantics of descriptive language to the 10th International Congress of Philosophy in Amsterdam, but, similarly to most Polish philosophers invited by the organizers or submitting papers, he did not get passport and could not participate in this event, although his abstract was included in the proceedings. This fact was the omen of a difficult political time, and at this time logic focused attention of many Polish philosophers, young Grzegorczyk selected the way of majority. Soon after completion of the doctoral degree, he was employed by the Institute of Mathematics of the PAS and after 3 years he completed qualification procedure to a docent position on the basis of a book Some Classes of Recursive Functions, what at this time was an equivalent of the habilitation procedure. In 1950–1968, he worked at a secondary employment for the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of the University of Warsaw, in 1957 he was awarded by the Stefan Banach Prize of the Polish Mathematical Society, in 1961 he was appointed an associate professor of mathematics. In 1963, along with Andrzej Mostowski and Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, he participated in the famous logical conference The Theory of Models at the University of California, Berkeley where he met Alfred Tarski and where his both individual research results and research results co-authored with Mostowski and Ryll-Nardzewski were the subjects of few lectures. When a famous Dutch logician Evert Willem Beth died in 1964, the University of Amsterdam offered him the position of the head of the chair after Beth, he came to Amsterdam for few months and returned to Warsaw because he could not find a mental place for himself in the Netherlands, at this time on the eve of the cultural revolution which made Amsterdam the 'magic centre' of Europe. Also in 1967 he lectured four months at the University of Amsterdam and was appointed a member and an assessor to the Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, while in 1970 he lectured two months at the Sapienza University of Rome. In 1960, he contributed a philosophical essay to the festschrift volume to honor Władysław Tatarkiewicz on the occasion of his 70th birthday anniversary, whereas his father contributed Tatarkiewicz's bibliography to this volume. In the aftermath of the March 1968 Polish political crisis, as a result of a long-lasting confirmed direct involvement into the anti-governmental oppositional actions such like signing every open letter against restriction onto freedoms under communist regime, the inconvenient political circumstances motivated him to leave the University of Warsaw for the Institute of Mathematics of the PAS, where, in the 1960s, he was appointed the head of the Department of Foundations of Mathematics after Andrzej Mostowski left this position and remained the head of the Chair of Foundations of Mathematics at the University of Warsaw. In 1972, he was appointed a Full Professor, in 1973 he organized the pioneering semester in mathematical logic at the Stefan Banach International Mathematical Center of the Institute of Mathematics of the PAS, also known as the Banach Center and formed in January 1972 by the mutual agreement between the PAS and the Bulgarian, Czechoslovak, East German, Hungarian, Romanian, and Soviet national academies of sciences, which started the 1973–1992 cyclic three-to-four-month long lectures and allowed both the logicians and philosophers of the isolated Eastern Bloc to interact with their Western colleagues. In 1974, by mutual agreement he left the Institute of Mathematics of the PAS for the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the PAS to work at the Section of Logic then headed by a model theorist Ryszard Wójcicki who founded the series 'Trends in Logic' and related conferences by the institute's oldest journal Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic, and to become the head of the Section of Ethics since 1982.

On the other hand, he was well known as an active member the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, in 1964 as one of the first Poles he appeared in the French commune Taizé, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy to associate with an ecumenical Christian monastic group known as the Taizé Community, and this visit initiated the systematic contacts of the Polish Catholic intellectuals with this ecumenic group. He was a member of the Warsaw branch of the Club of Catholic Intelligentsia, particularly he was appointed a deputy president in 1972–1973 and a member of the government in 1973–1974 and 1976–1978, formed in 1956 after the Gomułka Thaw to stimulate independent thought and inform Polish Catholics on the Catholic philosophy in the countries outside the Eastern Bloc. Starting the 1970s, he practiced independent ecumenical activities, in particular the dialogue with the Russian Orthodox Church in Poland for which he organized encounters between the Polish Catholic intellectuals the Russian Orthodox intellectuals at his own apartment, which in the late 1970s and the early 1980s was also the location for the lectures of the Flying University organized by the Society of Scientific Courses (TKN). His model of the Catholic-Orthodox ecumenism found a good realization in the collaboration with the Russian Orthodox priest Alexander V. Men of Moscow, an eminent chaplain of independent Russian intellectuals who was murdered in 1990. He was a dedicated supporter of Russia and Ukraine, he felt that the Soviet Union was his second home, he actively collaborated with many Soviet and Russian scholars and claimed that Russians and Poles have a similar expression of the world and many in common by the culture. Among the anti-communist oppositionists in the Polish academia, he was well known as both supporter and propagator of the philosophy of nonviolence, a fight without making use of any kind of violence, and as the spiritual masters he followed the teachings of the leader of Indian nationalism Mahatma Gandhi, the leader in the civil rights movement Martin Luther King who got the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, as well as both Henryk Hiż and his mentor Tadeusz Kotarbiński, who in 1958–1968 was a deputy chairman to the All-Poland Committee of the Front of National Unity of the communist Poland under first Aleksander Zawadzki and then Edward Ochab.

Censorship in the Polish People's Republic strictly blocked public information on Grzegorczyk, and, similarly to other Polish mathematician Stanisław Hartman of the University of Wrocław who got the Stefan Banach Prize in 1953, already in 1977 his name was enlisted for the strengthened control of the censorship. Every attempt of popularization of his name in the mass media (daily press, radio, TV, socio-political magazines) was immediately signalized to the directors of the central office of the state censorship directly controlled by the authorities of the communist party which then governed Poland. The censorship rules made exception solely for the publications in the specialist press, academic journals, and university lecture notes. However, as compared to the aforementioned famous case of Hartman, he had never been involved into a real political activity, such like direct supporting of anti-governmental student protesters, membership in oppositionist organizations, membership in a political party. Hence, he almost completely smoothly came through the communist period of Polish statehood and avoided the various unpleasant circumstances produced by the state authorities and services against their ideological enemies in the Polish academia, which usually included regular persecutions and repressions by sudden often brutal hearings, firing from a university teacher's job, ban on public lectureship, forced political emigration, internment during the period 1981–1983 of the martial law in Poland. Similarly to Hartman, for his oppositionist activity he was "exiled" from his alma mater to the Institute of Mathematics of the PAS. However, he always placed his personal intellectual development on the top priority, and made professional advancements both inside and outside the communist fatherland, particularly in 1979 he was elected a member of the International Institute of Philosophy (IIP) in Paris, France with respect to which he did not hide the critical views.

After the pioneering Revolution of 1989 in Poland, he was celebrated as an intellectual authority of the post-communist Republic of Poland. He was appointed a corresponding member of the PAU in Kraków after its finally successful restoration in 1989, and an active member of the Section of Philosophy of the Scientific Society of the KUL. In 1990, he took an early retirement and enhanced his organizational activity for the Polish philosophical academia as a director of research grant The Hundred Years of the Lwów–Warsaw School, within which there he organized a huge conference in Warsaw and Lvov on the occasion of Kazimierz Twardowski's centenary as the head of a chair at the former Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów, and translation of his book to Ukrainian language. In 1995, he was elected the chairman of the editorial board of the restored weekly Przegląd Filozoficzny. In 1997, under the rationale 'for his outstanding merits to the Polish science' President Aleksander Kwaśniewski awarded him by the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 1999–2003, he was both the first ever honorary member and the chairman of the Committee of Philosophical Sciences of the PAS, the Polish state body responsible for coordination and giving opinions on philosophical activities as well as analysis of philosophical publications and teaching programs in Poland. In 2011–2014, he was a member of the Committee of Ethics in Science of the PAS whose purpose is the diagnosis of ethical consciousness of Polish scientific community and recommendations for its improvements. In 2010, he was awarded by the honorary doctorate of the Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France, whereas in 2013 he was awarded the honorary doctorate of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków . Finally, under the rationale 'for his outstanding achievements in the scientific and didactic work, for his merits to the development of science and the activity for the democratic transformations in Poland' in 2014 President Bronisław Komorowski posthumously decorated him by the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Legacy

Family

In 1953, he married Renata Maria Grzegorczykowa née Majewska who is an internationally renowned Polish philologist and expert in polonist linguistics, since 2001 a professor emeritus at the Section of Grammar, Semantics and Pragmatics of the Institute of Polish language of the Faculty of Polish Studies of the University of Warsaw. In 1964 she got a doctoral degree for a thesis in Polish verbs, in 1974 she completed habilitation with a book in semantic and syntactic functions of Polish adverbs, in 1976–1979 she was a deputy-director and in 1981–1984 was the director of the Institute of Polish Language, she was appointed an associate professor in 1983 and a Full Professor in 1995, and, in 1982–2001, she was the head of the Section of Grammatical Structure of Modern Polish Language. Grzegorczykowa is a full member of the Warsaw Scientific Society, in 2007–2011 she was a member the Phraseology Commission and the Commission of Language Theory, and to which in 2015–2018 has been a collaborator along with the Ethnolinguistic Commission, of the Committee of Linguistics of the PAS. In 1997–1999, she was the head of an international project in comparative lexical semantics at the University of Warsaw in collaboration with specialists from the universities of Prague, Moscow, Kiev, and Stockholm. She contributed to word formation, syntax, and semantics of Polish language, her interests were also related to slavistics, neopragmatism, and philosophy, in her investigations she made use of the methods of structural linguistics, cognitive linguistics and generative grammar. In particular, she investigated the semantic-syntactic interpretation of language and text based on the analysis of predicate-argument structures, the logical structure of Polish sentences such like reference and modality, semantic-pragmatic relationships studied in the context of the theory of speech acts and functions of language and text, linguistic foundations of cognitive science and its role for language mechanisms. By many years until retirement she was a member of the Commission of Grammatical Structure of Slavic languages of the International Committee of Slavists.

Her father, Polish mining engineer and industrialist Leszek Majewski, in 1920–1948 was the director of the Pruszków factory of pencils Majewski St. i S-ka, created by his father a Polish engineer, industrialist, and writer Stanisław Jan Majewski who was a member of the Legislative Sejm (1919–1922) and the 1st Parliament (1922–1927) of the Second Polish Republic as a representative of the Popular National Union, and on 2 May 1924 was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Stanisław Wojciechowski. Stanisław's brother a Polish scientist and novelist Erazm Majewski created the foundations of the Polish academic archeology and in 1919 was appointed the head of the Chair of Prehistoric Archeology of the University of Warsaw. Similarly to Grzegorczyk, during the World War II her older brother Second Lieutenant and Sub-Scoutmaster Jacek Majewski was an insurgent of the Warsaw uprising pseudonymed Sielakowa in the rank of acting Commander of Platoon, since 1942 he served in the Assault Groups of the Gray Ranks which was the underground paramilitary of the Polish Scouting Association, in 1944 he commanded the 1st Platoon Sad of the 2nd Company Rudy of the AK Battalion 'Zośka' of the Diversionary Brigade Broda 53 of the 'Radosław' Group of the Home Army, and was killed on 31 August 1944 at the Bielańska street in Warsaw during the unsuccessful attempt of transfer of the Group Północ soldiers, including young Grzegorczyk, by the city canals from the Warsaw Old Town to the Warsaw Śródmieście, and he was awarded by the Cross of Valour. Since her mother Maria née Borsuk was the only daughter of a Polish physician-surgeon Marian Stanisław Borsuk, an active member of the Warsaw Medical Society who in 1907–1923 was the head of the Surgical Department of the former Wolski Hospital in Warsaw and whose origins were in the Wilno Voivoideship of the Second Polish Republic which is a part of the modern-day Lithuania, the family members include also her younger brother a famous Polish mathematician Karol Borsuk of the University of Warsaw and his only daughter a Polish paleontologist and phylogeneticist Maria Magdalena Borsuk-Białynicka who is a Full Professor at the Roman Kozłowski Institute of Paleobiology of the PAS. Grzegorczyk's other kins are also her husband a Polish algebraic geometer Andrzej Szczepan Białynicki-Birula who pioneered in differential algebra and is both a full member of the PAS and a Full Professor at the University of Warsaw, his older brother a Polish theoretical physicist Iwo Białynicki-Birula who is a full member of the PAS with the positions of a Full Professor at the Center for Theoretical Physics of the PAS and a professor emeritus at the University of Warsaw, and his wife a Polish theoretical physicist Zofia Białynicka-Birula née Wiatr who is a Full Professor at the Institute of Physics of the PAS.

Grzegorczyk had a daughter and a son. His son Tomasz Grzegorczyk, who was born in 1954 and in 2003 authored the French-Polish translation of a classical academic book in pedagogical ethics Le choix d'éduquer: éthique et pédagogie (1991) by a French theorist of education Philippe Meirieu, studied psychology at the University of Warsaw and at this time was an oppositionist student activist and under the pseudonym Grzegorz Tomczyk collaborated with the Workers' Defense Committee (KOR), a major dissident and civil organization which was founded in June–September 1976 by dominantly Jacek Kuroń as a result of Piotr Jaroszewicz's government crackdown on strikes and imprisonment of striking workers under the 1970–1980 First Secretary of the KC PZPR Edward Gierek when the communist Poland had came into a multi-aspect economic crisis, was intellectually inspired by Kołakowski's 1971 essay Tezy o nadziei i beznadziejności (Theses on hope and hopelessness) published in the No. 6 of the Kultura paryska (Paris Culture) who himself in 1977–1980 officially represented the KOR in the United Kingdom and was responsible for its contacts with the Polish emigration of 1968 to give the idea of creation of the Free Trade Unions of the Coast (WZZW) in April 1978 which by the Gdańsk Agreement in August 1980 generated the Independent Self-governing Labour Union Solidarity which finished the Gierek Decade. Grzegorczyk's son-in-law a Roman Catholic journalist and activist Marcin Przeciszewski is a historian of the Roman Catholic Church graduated at the University of Warsaw who also studied at the Institute of Historical geography of the KUL, and who since 1993 has been the editor-in-chief and the president of the Catholic Information Agency (KAI), is a consulor to the Polish Episcopal Conference's Council for Mass Media and the president to the Polish Episcopal Conference's Foundation for Exchange of Religious Information, since 2003 has been a co-organizer of the cross-cultural Gniezno congresses, former member of the program board of the state-funded and government-controlled Polish Television (TVP S.A.). His father a Polish economist and nationalist activist Tadeusz Przeciszewski was an insurgent of the Warsaw Uprising under the pseudonym Michał, he served at the Home Army in the rank of Corporal Officer Cadet, in 1939 was mobilized as a soldier to the World War II and served in Wołyń, in 1940 joined the National Party and co-organized the Interwar period's nationalist Youth of Grand Poland, few months of 1945 was imprisoned in the Soviet NKVD forced labour camp Kashai in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, in 1945 got a magister degree at the Faculty of Law of the KUL, in 1946 graduated at the Warsaw School of Economics and was appointed an assistant at the Department of Political Economics of the Faculty of Law of the University of Warsaw where in 1948 got a doctoral degree for a thesis on J.M. Keynes' economics, in November 1948 – December 1953 was imprisoned for creation of a massive Catholic-nationalist movement after the common trial with his future wife Hanna Iłowiecka-Przeciszewska and Wiesław Chrzanowski who in 1991–1993 was the Marshal of the Sejm of the post-communist Poland, in 1954 co-created the Catholic quarterly Więź (The Tie) along with Tadeusz Mazowiecki who in 1989–1991 was the first Prime Minister and a Catholic activist Janusz Zabłocki who was a member of the PAX Association in 1950–1955 and the Club of Catholic Intelligentsia in 1957–1976, in 1957 was appointed an assistant professor at the Faculty of Political Economics of the University of Warsaw and in 1963 completed habilitation procedure therein, in 1964 for declining to join the communist party was forced to delegation to the Faculty of Economics of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (MCSU) in Lublin as a docent and lectured at the KUL, in 1965–1992 was the founder and head of the Section of Planning and Economic Politics at MCSU, in 1966–1967 stayed at the University of Paris and in 1975 at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, in 1971 was elected the chairman of the Section of Cultural Economics at the Warsaw branch of the Polish Economic Society, in 1973–1979 was a member of the Committee of Work and Social Politics of the PAS, in 1981–1996 was a member of the Committee of Economic Sciences of the PAS, in 1972 was appointed an associate professor and in 1982 was appointed a Full Professor, in 1971–1989 was a member of a centrist political party Alliance of Democrats where attempted to create a Christian-social fraction, in 1990 was elected the chairman of the reactivated Christian Democratic Labour Party, was awarded by the Knight's Cross and the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta as well the Home Army Cross. His wife Hanna Iłowiecka-Przeciszewska was a Catholic and social activist who studied pedagogy at the University of the Western Lands, in 1948–1952 was imprisoned by the communist authorities, since 1956 was a member of the Warsaw branch of the Club of Catholic Intelligentsia and its many-year president, and was awarded by the Gold Cross of Merit.

One of Grzegorczyk's publicly known grandchildren are a Polish physician-internist Franciszek Grzegorczyk who has worked for a few hospitals in Warsaw, including the academic Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases which was earlier the former Wolski Hospital, an economist Jacek Przeciszewski who graduated at the Warsaw School of Economics and is an activist of the Warsaw branch of the Club of Catholic Intelligentsia, and a lawyer Jan Przeciszewski.

Grzegorczyk died of natural causes in Warsaw on 20 March 2014 at the age of 91. His body is buried in the Cemetery of Pruszków.

Famous quotes

"The achievements of Alfred Tarski were the most brilliant result of a favorable cultural entanglement which took place in Poland in the first half of the twentieth century." - from the book Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic (2008) by Anita Burdman Feferman and Solomon Feferman

Selected publications

Gallery

Sources

• Odintsov, Sergei Pavlovich (2018): Larisa Maksimova on Implication, Interpolation, and Definability. Springer International Publishing, Cham
• Golińska-Pilarek, Joanna; Huuskonen, Taneli (2017): Grzegorczyk's non-Fregean logics and their formal properties. In Urbaniak, Rafał; Payette, Gillman (editors) (2017): Applications of Formal Philosophy: The Road Less Travelled. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Chapter 12, pp. 243–263
• Brożek, Anna; Stadler, Friedrich; Woleński, Jan (editors) (2017): The Significance of the Lvov–Warsaw School in the European Culture. Springer International Publishing, Cham
• Majewska, Lucyna (2017): Этическое творчество Анджея Гжегорчика (Andrzej Grzegorczyk's works in ethics). ВЕЧЕ: Журнал русской философии и культуры, Volume 29, pp. 285–295 (Publishing House of Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg)
• Śliwerski, Bogusław (2016): O kluczowej dla pedagogiki twórczości filozofa Andrzeja Grzegorczyka. Blog Pedagog, 4 January 2016
• Niwiński, Damian (2016): Contribution of Warsaw Logicians to Computational Logic. Axioms, Volume 5, Issue 16, 8 pages
• Golińska-Pilarek, Joanna (2016): On the Minimal Non-Fregean Grzegorczyk Logic: To the Memory of Andrzej Grzegorczyk. Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic, Volume 104, Issue 2, pp. 209–234
• Гірний, Олег Ігорович (Hirnyy, Oleg Igorovich) (2016): Анджей Гжегорчик як філософ освіти (Andrzej Grzegorczyk as a Philosopher of Education). Філософія освіти. Philosophy of Education, Issue 1, pp. 242–256
• Visser, Albert (2016): The Second Incompleteness Theorem: Reflections and Rumination. In Horsten, Leon; Welch, Philip (editors) (2016): Gödel's Disjunction: The Scope and Limits of Mathematical Knowledge. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 67–91
• Huuskonen, Taneli (2015): Grzegorczyk’s Logics: Part I. Formalized Mathematics, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp. 177–187
• Huuskonen, Taneli (2015): Polish Notation. Formalized Mathematics, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp. 161–176
• Biłat, Andrzej (2015): Non-Fregean Logics of Analytic Equivalence (II). Bulletin of the Section of Logic, Volume 44, Issue 1–2, pp. 69–79
• Kładoczny, Piotr (2015): The Release and Rehabilitation of Victims of Stalinist Terror in Poland. In McDermott, Kevin; Stibbe, Matthew (editors) (2015): De-Stalinising Eastern Europe: The Rehabilitation of Stalin's Victims after 1953. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 67–86
• Góralski, Andrzej (editor) (2015): Andrzej Grzegorczyk – Człowiek i dzieło. Biblioteka Dialogu. Universitas Rediviva, Warszawa
• Woleński, Jan; Marek, Victor Witold (2015): Logic in Poland after 1945 (until 1975). European Review, Volume 23, pp. 159–197
• Jankowska, Małgorzata (2015): Życie to wyzwanie: Pamięci Profesora Andrzeja Grzegorczyka. Kwartalnik Filozoficzny, Volume 43, Issue 1, pp. 5–13
• Pelc, Jerzy (2015): Od wydawcy: Pożegnanie ze „Studiami Semiotycznymi”. Studia Semiotyczne, Volume 28–29, pp. 5–30
• Krajewski, Stanisław (2015): Andrzej Grzegorczyk (1922–2014). Studia Semiotyczne, Volume 28–29, pp. 63–88
• Krajewski, Stanisław (2014): Andrzej Grzegorczyk (1922–2014). Wiadomości Matematyczne, Volume 50, Issue 1, pp. 171–173
• Jankowska, Małgorzata (2014): Filozoficzne dekalogi – tekst dedykowany pamięci profesora Andrzeja Grzegorczyka (1922–2014). Zeszyty Naukowe Centrum Badań im. Edyty Stein, Numer 12: Wobec Samotności, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań, pp. 251–265
• Trela, Grzegorz (2014): Logika – sprawa ludzka: Wspomnienie o profesorze Andrzeju Grzegorczyku (1922–2014). Argument, Volume 4, Number 2, pp. 491–498
• Maksimova, Larisa Lvovna (2014): The Lyndon property and uniform interpolation over the Grzegorczyk logic. Siberian Mathematical Journal, Volume 55, Number 1, pp. 118–124 (translated from the Russian version)
• Avigad, Jeremy; Brattka, Vasco (2014): Computability and Analysis: The Legacy of Alan Turing. In Downey, Rod (editor) (2014): Turing's Legacy: Developments from Turing's Ideas in Logic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–47
• Duchliński, Piotr (2014): W stronę aporetycznej filozofii klasycznej: Konfrontacja tomizmu egzystencjalnego z wybranymi koncepcjami filozofii współczesnej. Akademia Ignatianum, Wydawnictwo WAM, Kraków
• Murawski, Roman (2014): The Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic in the 1920s and 1930s in Poland. Birkhäuser, Basel
• Urbaniak, Rafał (2014): Leśniewski's Systems of Logic and Foundations of Mathematics. Springer International Publishing, Cham
• Kamiński, Łukasz; Waligóra, Grzegorz (editors) (2014): Kryptonim "Pegaz". Służba Bezpieczeństwa wobec Towarzystwa Kursów Naukowych 1978–1980. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa
• Kamiński, Łukasz; Waligóra, Grzegorz (editors) (2014): Kryptonim ''Wasale'': Służba bezpieczeństwa wobec studenckich komitetów Solidarności 1977–1980. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa
• Feferman, Solomon (2013): About and around Computing over the Reals. In Copeland, Brian Jack; Posy, Carl; Shagrir, Oron (editors) (2013): Computability: Turing, Gödel, Church, and Beyond. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 55–76
• Mints, Grigori; Olkhovikov, Grigory; Urquhart, Alasdair (2013): Failure of Interpolation in Constant Domain Intuitionistic Logic. Journal of Symbolic Logic, Volume 78, Issue 3, pp. 937–950
• Trzęsicki, Kazimierz; Krajewski, Stanisław; Woleński, Jan (editors) (2012): Papers on Logic and Rationality: Festschrift in Honour of Andrzej Grzegorczyk. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, Volume 27, Issue 40. University of Białystok, Białystok
• Mikołajczuk, Agnieszka (2012): O życiu zawodowym i dokonaniach naukowych Profesor Renaty Grzegorczykowej. Etnolingwistyka, Volume 24, pp. 7–10
• Tavana, Nazanin Roshandel; Weihrauch, Klaus (2011): Turing machines on represented sets, a model of computation for analysis. Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp. 1–21
• Resnick, Rebecca Abigail (2011): Finding the best model for continuous computation. Senior Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge
• Woleński, Jan (2011): Jews in Polish Philosophy. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, Volume 29, Number 3, pp. 68–82
• Murawski, Roman (2011): Logos and Mathema: Studies in the Philosophy of Mathematics and History of Logic. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main
• Murawski, Roman (2010): Essays in the Philosophy and History of Logic and Mathematics. Rodopi, Amsterdam
• Čačić, Vedran; Pudlák, Pavel; Restall, Greg; Urquhart, Alasdair; Visser, Albert (2010): Decorated linear order types and the theory of concatenation. In Delon, Françoise; Kohlenbach, Ulrich; Maddy, Penelope; Stephan, Frank (editors) (2010): Logic Colloquium 2007. Lecture Notes in Logic, Volume 35. Association for Symbolic Logic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–13
• Grzegorczyk, Franciszek (2010): Doktor Marian Borsuk — ordynator Oddziału Chirurgicznego Szpitala Wolskiego (1907–1923) (Marian Borsuk MD — head of Surgical Department, Wolski Hospital (1907–1923)). Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska, Volume 78, Issue 4, pp. 306–309
• Maksimova, Larisa Lvovna (2009): Restricted interpolation property in superintuitionistic logics. Algebra i Logika, Volume 48, Number 1, pp. 54–89
• Švejdar, Vítězslav (2009): On Interpretability in the Theory of Concatenation. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, Volume 50, Number 1, pp. 87–95
• Barra, Matthias (2009): Notes on small inductively defined classes and the majorisation relation. Dissertation presented for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PhD), Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, November 2009, supervised by Lars Kristiansen
• Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej; Marek, Victor Witold; Srebrny, Marian (editors) (2008): Andrzej Mostowski and Foundational Studies. IOS Press, Amsterdam
• Krajewski, Stanisław; Marek, Victor Witold; Mirkowska, Grażyna; Salwicki, Andrzej; Woleński, Jan (editors) (2008): Topics in Logic, Philosophy and Foundations of Mathematics and Computer Science: In Recognition of Professor Andrzej Grzegorczyk. Fundamenta Informaticae, Volume 81, Issue 1–3. IOS Press, Amsterdam
• Krajewski, Stanisław (2008): Andrzej Grzegorczyk – logika i religia, samotność i solidarność. Wiadomości Matematyczne, Volume 44, Number 01, pp. 53–59
• Matuszewski, Roman; Zalewska, Anna (editors) (2007): From Insight to Proof: Festschrift in Honour of Andrzej Trybulec. Studies of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric, Volume 10, Issue 23
• Švejdar, Vítězslav (2007): An interpretation of Robinson’s Arithmetic in its Grzegorczyk’s weaker variant. Fundamenta Informaticae, Volume 81, Issue 1–3, pp. 347–354
• Maksimova, Larisa Lvovna (2006): Projective Beth Property in Extensions of Grzegorczyk Logic. Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic, Volume 83, pp. 365–391
• Eisler, Jerzy Krzysztof (2006): Polski rok 1968. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Warszawa
• Jadacki, Jacek Juliusz (2006): The Lvov–Warsaw School and Its Influence on Polish Philosophy of the Second Half of the 20th Century. In Jadacki, Jacek Juliusz and Paśniczek, Jacek (editors): The Lvov–Warsaw School – The New Generation. Rodopi, Amsterdam, pp. 41–83
• Trzęsicki, Kazimierz (2006): Wkład logików polskich w światową informatykę. Filozofia Nauki – kwartalnik, Volume 14, Issue 3, pp. 5–19
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External links

• Andrzej Grzegorczyk profile at Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Andrzej Grzegorczyk's Warsaw Uprising biogram (in Polish)
• Andrzej Grzegorczyk's obituary (in Polish) by Polish Mathematical Society
• Andrzej Grzegorczyk's profile by Calculemus
• 2012 Interview with Andrzej Grzegorczyk (in Polish)
• Andrzej Grzegorczyk's 90th birthday at the Warsaw branch of the Polish Philosophical Society
• Andrzej Grzegorczyk's lecture on 17 May 2011, the University of Opole, Poland
• 2006 Appeal of the Polish Science Representatives ot the Minister of Environment Jan Szyszko in Defense of the Tatra Mountains (in Polish)