Psychologism

Psychologism is a philosophical position, according to which psychology plays a central role in grounding or explaining some other, non-psychological type of fact or law.

Overview

The Oxford English Dictionary defines psychologism as: "The view or doctrine that a theory of psychology or ideas forms the basis of an account of metaphysics, epistemology, or meaning; (sometimes) spec. the explanation or derivation of mathematical or logical laws in terms of psychological facts."[1] Psychologism in epistemology, the idea that its problems "can be solved satisfactorily by the psychological study of the development of mental processes", was argued in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690).[2]

Other forms of psychologism are logical psychologism and mathematical psychologism. Logical psychologism is a position in logic (or the philosophy of logic) according to which logical laws and mathematical laws are grounded in, derived from, explained or exhausted by psychological facts or laws. Psychologism in the philosophy of mathematics is the position that mathematical concepts and/or truths are grounded in, derived from or explained by psychological facts or laws.[3]

The word was coined by Johann Eduard Erdmann as Psychologismus, being translated into English as psychologism.[4][5]

John Stuart Mill was accused by Edmund Husserl of being an advocate of a type of logical psychologism, although this may not have been the case.[6] So were many nineteenth-century German philosophers such as Christoph von Sigwart, Benno Erdmann, Theodor Lipps, Gerardus Heymans, Wilhelm Jerusalem, and Theodor Elsenhans,[7] as well as a number of psychologists, past and present (e.g., Wilhelm Wundt[7] and Gustave Le Bon[8]).

Psychologism was notably criticized by Gottlob Frege in his anti-psychologistic work The Foundations of Arithmetic, and many of his works and essays, including his review of Husserl's Philosophy of Arithmetic.[9] Husserl, in the first volume of his Logical Investigations, called "The Prolegomena of Pure Logic", criticized psychologism thoroughly and sought to distance himself from it. Frege's arguments were largely ignored, while Husserl's were widely discussed.[10]

In "Psychologism and Behaviorism", Ned Block takes psychologism as the position that "whether behavior is intelligent behavior depends on the character of the internal information processing that produces it." This is in contrast to a behavioral view which would state that intelligence can be ascribed to a being solely via observing its behavior. This latter type of behavioral view is strongly associated with the Turing test.[11][12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary.
  2. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Psychologism.
  3. ↑ Gallagher, S., Phenomenology (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 20.
  4. ↑ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Psychologism.
  5. ↑ Kusch, M., Psychologism: The Sociology of Philosophical Knowledge (London & New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 101.
  6. ↑ Skorupski, JM., Mill (Arguments of the Philosophers), Routledge, 2010, pp. 127-128.
  7. 1 2 Psychologism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): "Examples of Psychologistic Reasoning"
  8. ↑ Jerzy Szacki, History of Sociological Thought, Greenwood Press, 1979, p. 252.
  9. ↑ Haddock, G. E. R., A Critical Introduction to the Philosophy of Gottlob Frege (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 110.
  10. ↑ Kusch, Martin (November 7, 2011). "Psychologism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved Nov 19, 2014.
  11. ↑ Block, Ned (1981), "Psychologism and Behaviorism", The Philosophical Review, Duke University Press, 90 (1): 5–43, doi:10.2307/2184371, JSTOR 2184371
  12. ↑ Moor, J. H., ed., The Turing Test: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003).
  • Husserl's Criticism of Psychologism. Link broken, page preserved most recently from October 22, 2009 at Internet Archive: Eprint. From Diwatao, (apparently former) online journal of the philosophy department of San Beda College, Manila, the Philippines.
  • Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "The Turing test". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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