Andhra Muslims

Andhra Muslims
Regions with significant populations
 India •  Pakistan •  Saudi Arabia •  United Arab Emirates •  United States •  United Kingdom
Languages
Urdu • Dakhini • Telugu
Religion
Sunni Islam • Shia Islam
Related ethnic groups
• Hyderabadi Muslims • Indian Muslim • Telugu people • Marathi Muslims • Bhatkal Muslims • Arab Muslim

Andhra Muslims or Telugu Muslims is a name given to the Muslims hailing from Andhra Pradesh, India, collectively part of the larger Dakhini Muslims. Andhra Muslims have a different culture and traditions and speak a distinct dialect of Urdu and Telugu, hereafter hypothetically referred to as Dakhini for educational purposes only.[1] Urdu is second official language in Kadapa, Kurnool, Anantapur, Chittoor and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh, where Andhra Muslims are in significant numbers.

Andhra and Hyderabadi Muslims

While Hyderabad is the capital of the state of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh(1956-2014), the indigenous Muslim culture of the city is vastly different from Andhra Pradesh. Due to its position as the capital of one of the most important Muslim dynasties in India for four centuries, Hyderabad has been a melting pot of foreign cultures and influences. Their mother tongue is Urdu (some Dakhni) and the old Hyderabadi elite is said to have foreign roots.

The Andhra Muslims on the other hand have been little influenced by foreign cultures. Barring a few of the Telangana districts, they almost universally speak a variant of Dakhni i.e. South Dakhni as their mother tongue and many can communicate in Telugu quite well. However most can manage a smattering of standard Urdu, largely because of the dominance of Urdu in Islamic publications in India. In their food habits and other secular practices.

Religion

Most of the Andhra Muslims are Sunni, and follow the Hanafi school of Islamic Jurisprudence. There is also a minor Shia population in various districts, including Hyderabad and Coastal Andhra Pradesh.

Language

South Dakhni is the language spoken by Andhra Muslims. The term South Dakhni is not cognizant to Andhra Muslims as they simply refer to it as Urdu, though different from standard Urdu. South Dakhni is closely related to the more widespread and famous Hyderabadi Urdu and are mutually intelligible. South Dakhni has some loan words from Telugu but its contribution to the latter is quite significant. Though they might not be pronounced the same way as in Urdu or South Dakhni that is spoken locally, such words in Telugu were borrowed from Urdu.

South Dakhni like Hyderabadi Urdu and other Dakhni dialects is different from traditional Urdu in many ways. The plural of a word is formed by suffixing 'an' to the word (a behaviour having its origins in Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh), the letter 'n' is silent. E.g. pottian (girls), choran (thieves), machcharan (mosquitoes), naaman (names), kitaban (books) etc. And, the letter "Qaaf" is pronounced as "Khaa"; 'qabar' (grave) is pronounced as 'khabar' (news) and 'qadam' (foot) is pronounced as 'khadam'.

Some Telugu words or phrases in South Dakhni...

  • Tippalaan meaning Hardhship; originally tippalu
  • Chambu meaning mug, also often used to express Exhaustion
  • Padjaatha ray thoo (used by Guntur and Nellore Muslims) meaning "you will fall down". However, in North Deccani and other parts of Andhra, it is said as "Girjaatha ray thu"

Some Urdu words in Telugu...

  • Maaji - originally Maazi, meaning former
  • Tareekhu - originally Tareekh, meaning date (Arabic origin)
  • Moju - originally Mouj, meaning to have fun
  • Raaji Naama - originally Raazi Naama, meaning resignation (Persian origin)
  • Jamindaar - originally Zamindaar, meaning land lord
  • Jebu - originally Jeb, meaning pocket
  • Kalamu - originally Qalam, meaning pen (Arabic)
  • Khaidi - originally Qaidi, meanining inmate (Arabic)
  • Jawabu - originally Jawab, meaning answer (Arabic)
  • Sawalu - originally Sawal, meaning question (Arabic)
  • Tarafu - originally Taraf, meaning direction or on behalf (Arabic)
  • Meku - originally Mekh, meaning nail (Persian)
  • Kaazhi (Kaali) - originally Khaali, meaning empty (Arabic)
  • Kaifiyatu - Originally Kaifiat, meaning state (status) (Arabic)
  • Mulakatu (Milakat) - Originally Mulaaqaat, meaning Meeting (Arabic)
  • Goodu Phutani - Originally Goood (Jaggaery) phutani (nuts), meaning Hanky Panky (Hindi & Urdu)
  • Munasabu - originally Munsif, meaning judge (Arabic)
  • Roju - originally Roz, meaning day (Persian)
  • Aakhari -originally Aaakhir, meaning last (Arabic)
  • Kurchi - originally Kursi, meaning chair (Arabic)
  • Dastavejulu - originally Dastavaiz, meaning documents (Persian)
  • Darakhastu - originally Darkhwast or Darkhast, meaning request (Persian)
  • Sifarsu - originally Sifarish, meaning recommend (Persian)
  • Kaburu - originally Khabar, meaning news (Arabic)
  • Khitki - originally Khirki, meaning window (Hindi) (Urdu)

Urdu words in Government Administration and Judiciary

  • Dastakatu - Originally Dastakhat, meaning Signature, Handwriting (Arabic)
  • Dasturi - Originally Dastoori, meaning Handwriting, manuscript (Arabic)
  • Khajana - Originally Khazana, meaning Treasure or Treasury (Arabic)
  • Ameena - Originally Ameen, meaning a person who brings summons of the court (Arabic)
  • Hakku - Originally Huq, meaning 'right' (Arabic)
  • Hakeekatu - Originally Haqeeqat, meaning reality, truth (Arabic)

Some salient features of South Dakhni...

  • Kaiku - why instead of Kyon in traditional Urdu E.g. Kaiku gaya un? (Why did he go? )
  • Mujhe - me instead of Mereku in [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] E.g. Mujhe malum nai. (I don't know. )
  • Mujhe - E.g. Mujhe une nai poochya (He did not ask me).
  • Tujhe - you instead of Tereku in Hyderabadi Urdu E.g. Tujhe malum kya? (Do you know? )
  • Un/In - he/she instead of Woh/Yeh in traditional Urdu E.g. Un kidhar gaya? (Where did he go? )
  • Ku - for instead of Ko in traditional Urdu E.g. Iqbal ku khana hona kate. (Iqbal wants food. )
  • Ko - Ke in traditional Urdu E.g. Iqbal ku deko aavo. (Iqbal ko deke aavo in traditional Urdu meaning Give it to Iqbal and come back here. )
  • Po - on instead of Pe or Per in traditional Urdu E.g. Kitab table po hai. ( The book is on the table. )
  • Nakko - an alternate (and informal) negative generally indicating "no thanks" or "do not". Can be (and is often) used in place of mat.
  • Naheen, naa and mat (from traditional Urdu) are still used where nakko is inappropriate for the context or in polite situations. E.g. Khana nakko mujhe. ( I don't want food. )
  • Hau or Ho - for yes, instead of "Haan".
  • Potti - (slang; rather offensive) - Girl
  • Potta - (slang; rather offensive) - Boy
  • Khan - Man E.g. Chalo khan. ( Let's go, man.)
  • Halka - Slow E.g. Zara halka chalo bawa. ( Will you walk a bit slow? )
  • Kate - Essentially meaning "It seems/ So". E.g. Kaiku kate? ( Why so? ); Iqbal ku khana hona kate. (It seems Iqbal wants food.)

History

The spread of Islam in Andhra Pradesh has been the gradual result of centuries of Muslim rule of Moghuls, Qutub Shahis (Golconda Sultanate) and the Asaf Jahis. Consequently, there is no specific time period from which the spread of Islam here may be dated. A useful indicator would be the invasion of Malik Kafur in 1312. Proselytization was carried out by individual Sufi saints and major shrines may be found in Kadapa and Penukonda.

Population

According to the Census of 2001, Andhra Pradesh has a population of approximately 7 million Muslims who form around a little under 9% of the State's population.[2] Out of this around a million and a half live in Hyderabad. Therefore, an approximate figure for Andhra Muslims would be somewhere around 6 million. The sex ratio is around 960 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 933. The literacy rate stands at 68%, again higher than the national average of 64%.

Distribution

Andhra Muslims are found fairly spread over the State. However their greatest concentration is in Kurnool district where they number around 600,000 and form 17% of the district's population. Important populations are also found in Vijayawada, Kadapa, Guntur and Anantapur. Like the Muslims of North India, Andhra Muslims are also concentrated in the cities with much smaller rural populations. Kadapa and Anantapur have around 30% and 25% respectively. North Coastal Andhra has very few Muslims.

In A.P. after bifurcation (2014)

After bifurcation, A.P. has 13 districts. Among these 13 districts, four Rayalaseema Districts (Kurnool, Kadapa, Anantapur and Chittoor Districts) and four Coastal Andhra districts (Nellore, Ongole, Guntur and Krishna Districts) have a considerable Muslim population. East Godavari, West Godavari and Vishakhapatnam Districts have a small Muslim population.

Occupational Structure

Most Andhra Muslims like rest of Andhra population are agriculturists. Many Andhra Muslims are also found in various crafts, some passed on for generations. Significant number are involved in small businesses and what is known as "Kutir Parishrama". Due to lack of higher education among Andhra Muslims their representation among executive level jobs is limited. However many Andhra Muslims have held distinguished posts in the State and the central administration as also in the private sector.

some of Famous Muslims

  Sheep and Goat Scientific Management Trainer.www.youtube.com/user/sheepngoatbreeding

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Language in India". Language in India. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
  2. ↑ "Census GIS HouseHold". Censusindiamaps.net. Archived from the original on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2012-07-16.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.