3HO

3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) is an American cult that started about 1970. It was founded in the West by Harbhajan Singh Khalsa, also called "Yogi Bhajan".[1][2][3][4][5]

Men and women often wear white turbans. The movement is known for including some practices found in certain traditions of Hinduism,[6] such as vegetarianism, meditation and Yoga, particularly Kundalini yoga.[4][5] The Sikhs, including the Sikh leadership, in Amritsar, does not consider 3HO as Sikhs.[2][5] 3HO consider the teachings of Yogi Bhajan as authoritative as the Guru Granth Sahib, which Sikhs consider as heresy. 3HO also believes openness to Yoga and spiritual ideas as a source of strength.[6][7]

Reception

In 1977, journalist James Wilde wrote an article published in Time magazine describing the devotion of supporters and hostility of opponents of 3HO and Yogi Bhajan, its founder.[8]

3HO Sikhs, states Nicola Mooney, have combined "ethic and capitalism" to their spiritual pursuits, with the community creating Yogi Tea and Akal Security brands with a worldwide presence.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-19-106277-3.
  2. 1 2 Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica
  3. ↑ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 8, 358, 515–522. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7.
  4. 1 2 Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-1-4381-0647-2.
  5. 1 2 3 Opinderjit Kaur Takhar (2016). Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–168. ISBN 978-1-351-90010-2.
  6. 1 2 Kamala Elizabeth Nayar (2004). The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism. University of Toronto Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-8020-8631-0.
  7. ↑ Jakobsh, Doris (2008). "3HO/Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere: The Forgotten New Religious Movement?". Religion Compass. Wiley-Blackwell. 2 (3): 385–408. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2008.00068.x.
  8. ↑ "Religion: Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism". Time. 5 September 1977.
  9. ↑ Mooney, Nicola (2012). "READING WEBER AMONG THE SIKHS: ASCETICISM AND CAPITALISM IN THE 3HO/SIKH DHARMA". Sikh Formations. Taylor & Francis. 8 (3): 417–436. doi:10.1080/17448727.2012.745305.

Further reading

  • Elsberg, Constance. Graceful Women: Gender and Identity in an American Sikh Community. University of Tennessee Press, 2006.
  • Laue, Thorsten: Tantra im Westen. Eine religionswissenschaftliche Studie über „Weißes Tantra Yoga“, „Kundalini Yoga“ und „Sikh Dharma“ in Yogi Bhajans „Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization“ (3HO) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der „3H Organisation Deutschland e. V.“, Münster: LIT, 2012, zugl.: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2011, ISBN 978-3-643-11447-1 [in German]
  • Laue, Thorsten: Kundalini Yoga, Yogi Tee und das Wassermannzeitalter. Bibliografische Einblicke in die Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO) des Yogi Bhajan. Tübingen: 2008. Online at "TOBIAS-lib - Zugang zum Dokument - Kundalini Yoga, Yogi Tee und das Wassermannzeitalter: Bibliografische Einblicke in die Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO) des Yogi Bhajan - Laue, Thorsten". Tobias-lib.ub.uni-tuebingen.de. 2008-10-31. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 2011-01-02. [in German]
  • Laue, Thorsten: Kundalini Yoga, Yogi Tee und das Wassermannzeitalter. Religionswissenschaftliche Einblicke in die Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO) des Yogi Bhajan, Münster: LIT, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8258-0140-3 [in German]
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