2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar

2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar
Burnt down houses in northern Rakhine State, September 2017
Date 25 August 2017 (2017-08-25) – present
Location Northern Rakhine State, Myanmar
Type Genocide, ethnic and religious persecution
Theme Military crackdown by Myanmar's army and police on Rohingya Muslims
Cause
  • Historical mistreatment of the Rohingya by the government and Buddhist population
  • Initial attack on border posts in Myanmar by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army on 25 August 2017
Outcome
  • Thousands of Rohingya people killed
  • 700,000+ refugees fled abroad (since 25 August 2017)[1]
  • Destruction of many Rohingya villages
  • Wide-scale human rights violations by the Myanmar security forces and local Buddhist militants
  • Gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence mainly against Rohingya women
Deaths 10,000+[2]
Publication bans Media access in northern Rakhine State heavily restricted by the Myanmar government.

The 2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar began on 25 August of that year when the Myanmar military forces and local Buddhist extremists started attacking the Rohingya people and committing atrocities against them in the country's north-west Rakhine state. The atrocities included attacks on Rohingya people and locations, looting and burning down Rohingya villages, mass killing of Rohingya civilians, gang rapes, and other sexual violence.

Using statistical extrapolations (based on six pooled surveys conducted with a total of 2,434 Rohingya refugee households in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh,) Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) estimated in December 2017 that during the persecution, the military and the local Buddhists killed at least 10,000 Rohingya people.[2][3] At least 392 Rohingya villages in Rakhine state were reported as burned down and destroyed,[1] as well as the looting of many Rohingya houses,[4] and widespread gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against the Rohingya Muslim women and girls.[5][6][7] The military drive also displaced a large number of Rohingya people and made them refugees. According to the United Nations reports, as of September 2018, over 700,000 Rohingya people had fled or had been driven out of Rakhine state who then took shelter in the neighboring Bangladesh as refugees. In December 2017, two Reuters journalists who had been covering the Inn Din massacre event were arrested and imprisoned.

The 2017 persecution against the Rohingya Muslims and non-Muslims has been termed as ethnic cleansing and genocide by various United Nations agencies, International Criminal Court officials, human rights groups, and governments.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] British prime minister Theresa May and United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson called it "ethnic cleansing" while the French President Emanuel Macron described the situation as "genocide".[15][16][17] The United Nations described the persecution as "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing". In late September that year, a seven-member panel of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal found the Myanmar military and the Myanmar authority guilty of the crime of genocide against the Rohingya and the Kachin minority groups.[18][19] The Myanmar leader and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi was again criticized for her silence over the issue and for supporting the military actions.[20] Subsequently, in November 2017, the governments of Bangladesh and Myanmar signed a deal to facilitate the return of Rohingya refugees to their native Rakhine state within two months, drawing a mixed response from international onlookers.[21]

In August 2018, the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, reporting the findings of their investigation into the August–September 2017 events, declared that the Myanmar military—the Tatmadaw, and several of its commanders (including Commander-in-chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing)—should face charges in the International Criminal Court for "crimes against humanity", including acts of "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide," particularly for the August–September 2017 attacks on the Rohingya.[22][23][24][25][26][27] On 24 September, 2018 Jeremy Hunt the British Foreign Secretary held a meeting with some other foreign ministers on the sideline of the United Nations General Assembly to discuss the crisis in Rohingia.[28]

Background

Location of Rakhine State in Myanmar

As early as 2015, the Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic at Yale Law School found "strong evidence that genocide is being committed against Rohingya."[29][30] After eight months of analyzing whether the persecution of the Rohingya in Rakhine State satisfy the criteria for genocide, the study found that Burmese government with the help of extremist Buddhist monks were responsible for ethnic cleansing and genocide against the Rohingya.

The government announced on 25 August 2017 that 71 people (one soldier, one immigration officer, 10 policemen and 59 insurgents) had been killed overnight during coordinated attacks by up to 150 insurgents on 24 police posts and the 552nd Light Infantry Battalion army base in Rakhine State.[31][32][33] The Myanmar Army stated that the attack began at around 1:00 AM, when insurgents armed with bombs, small arms weapons and machetes blew up a bridge. The army further stated that a majority of the attacks occurred around 3:00 AM to 4:00 AM.[34] The ARSA claimed they were taking "defensive actions" in 25 different locations and accused government soldiers of raping and killing civilians. The group also claimed that Rathedaung had been under a blockade for more than two weeks, starving the Rohingya, and that the government forces were preparing to do the same in Maungdaw.[35] According to Yanghee Lee, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights for Myanmar, at least 1,000 people had been killed in the violence since 25 August. She added that the figure is "very likely an underestimate".[36] She also downplayed the chance that Myanmar generals will ever see the inside of the International Criminal Court due to ''powerful international defenders.''[37]

Persecution and crackdown

Soon after the attack on security forces, the Myanmar military responded with “heavy counter-offensive”, and supported by Buddhist militia, started “clearance operations” against the Rohingya people. In the first week, at least 130 Rohingya people were killed.[38] To save lives, the Rohingya people started fleeing Myanmar in large numbers, and tried to take shelter in the neighboring Bangladesh. The Myanmar military often opened fire with mortar shells and machine-guns on the fleeing Rohingya women and children,[39] and dead bodies of many Rohingya people began to be washed ashore from the drowned boats as they attempted to cross the Naf River to enter Bangladesh.[40] By the second week, at least 1000 Rohingya were killed.[41] During the military operations, the Myanmar military burnt down and destroyed hundreds of Rohingya villages, killed thousands of Rohingya civilians, raped and sexually abused Rohingya women, and committed other crimes against humanity.

Massacre and killings

Rohingya refugees entering Bangladesh after being driven out of Myanmar, 2017

In August 2017, A Rohingya armed group brandishing guns and swords potentially massacred up to 99 Hindu women, men, and children and perpetrated unlawful killings and abductions of Hindu villagers.[42]

In December 2017, Médecins Sans Frontières estimated that more than 10,000 Rohingya people were killed by the Myanmar military since the "clearance operations" started on 25 August 2017.[2] Earlier, it was also reported that at least 6,700 to 7,000 Rohingya people including 730 children were killed in the first month alone since the crackdown started.[43][44][45] The majority of them died from gunshot while others were burned to death in their homes. The sources described their killings as "violent deaths".[43][2] There were also reports of mass killings of Rohingyas by the military and Buddhist vigilantes in Chut Pyin village near Rathedaung. Lewa stated that they had received reports of 130 being killed in the village.[38] On September 7, 2017, The Guardian reported a mass killing of Rohingyas at the Tula Toli village, referred as Tula Toli Massacre.[46] According to AP reporting, evidence has been uncovered of likely mass graves which includes time stamped mobile phone metadata indicating an August 27 date.[47]

In February 2018, news agency Reuters uncovered a massacre event that took place in the Rakhine state's Inn Din village on 2 September 2017. It is known as Inn Din massacre. Ten Rohingya men, who were captured from the Rohingya villagers of Inn Din, were massacred by the members of Myanmar army and the Buddhist villagers who formed an "informal militia" to attack the Rohingya villages.[4] The victims were taken from the hundreds of Rohingya villagers who gathered near a beach to seek safety.[48] Reuters was able to identify all the ten victims: five of the men were fishermen, two were shopkeepers, one was an Islamic teacher, and the last two were high school students.

Village burning and looting

Aerial view of a burned Rohingya village in Rakhine state, Myanmar, September 2017

In September 2018, the U.N. Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar released a report stating that at least 392 Rohingya villages in Rakhine state had been razed to the ground since 25 August 2017.[1] Earlier, Human Rights Watch in December 2017 said it had found that 354 Rohingya villages in Rakhine state were burnt down and destroyed by the Myanmar military.[49] These destructions included thousands of structures, mainly homes used by the Rohingya Muslims. Chris Lewa, director of The Arakan Project, has blamed the security forces of burning village after village in a systematic way while also blaming Rohingya arsonists of burning the Buddhist village of Pyu Ma.[38] A video provided to ABC News by a human rights monitor purportedly shows the village burning and in another clip of freshly dug earth mound, allegedly graves of those killed.[50]

Before the Inn Din massacre in early September 2017, members of Myanmar military and the Buddhist villagers of Inn Din looted the Rohingya hamlets in the Inn Din village and then burned down the Rohingya houses.[4] Several Buddhist villagers later confessed to Reuters that they set fire to the Rohingya houses with kerosene, and also took part in the massacre on 2 September. The 33rd Light Infantry Division of Myanmar Army, the 8th Security Police Battalion, and the Buddhist villagers took part in the looting which included Rohingya property, goats, cows, cattle, and motorcycles. Thant Zin Oo, the commander of the 8th Battalion, later sold the cows and the cattle in exchange for money.[4]

Gang rapes and sexual violence

In November 2017, both the UN officials and the Human Rights Watch reported that the Armed Forces of Myanmar were committing widespread gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against the Rohingya Muslim women and girls for the last three months.[5][6][7] Alongside the Armed Forces, the Myanmar Border Guard Police and Buddhist militias of Rakhine were also involved in these atrocities. HRW stated that these gang rapes and sexual violence were committed as part of the military's ethnic cleansing campaign while the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary General on Sexual Violence in Conflict Pramila Patten stated that the Rohingya women and girls were made the "systematic" target of rapes and sexual violence because of their ethnic identity and religion. Other forms of sexual violence included sexual slavery in military captivity, forced public nudity, and humiliation.[51][6] Some women and girls were raped to death while others were found carrying raw wounds and being traumatized after they had arrived in refugee camps in Bangladesh.[6] Human Rights Watch reported of a 15-year-old girl who was ruthlessly dragged on the ground for over 50 feet and then was raped by 10 Myanmar soldiers.[52][5]

Destruction of crime evidence

In February, it was reported that the Myanmar authority was bulldozing and flattening the burnt Rohingya villages and mass graves in order to destroy the evidence of atrocities committed by the Myanmar military.[53][54] These villages had been inhabited by the Rohingya people before they were burnt down by the Myanmar military during the 2017 crackdown. Some intact villages which had been emptied of their Rohingya inhabitants because of the military crackdown were also bulldozed.[55]

Attack on media

Since the 25 August incident, Myanmar has blocked media access and the visits of international bodies to the Rakhine state.[2] Near Rangoon on 12 December 2017, two Reuters journalists who had been covering the refugee story were charged and imprisoned by the police for violating a 1923 colonial law related to secrecy.[56] On 1 February 2018, a Myanmar court denied bail for the two Reuters journalists.[57] Upon this, the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres expressed his concern and called for the release of the two journalists.

Clearance operations

Myanmar security forces member near burnt down houses

According to the Mission report of OHCHR (released on 11 October 2017 by the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights), the Myanmar military in early August 2017 began a "systematic" process of driving hundreds of thousands of Rohingya from Myanmar. The report noted that "prior to the incidents and crackdown of 25 August, a strategy was pursued to:[58][59]

  • Arrest and arbitrarily detain male Rohingyas between the ages of 15–40 years;
  • Arrest and arbitrarily detain Rohingya opinion-makers, leaders and cultural and religious personalities;
  • Initiate acts to deprive Rohingya villagers of access to food, livelihoods and other means of conducting daily activities and life;
  • Commit repeated acts of humiliation and violence prior to, during and after 25 August, to drive out Rohingya villagers en masse through incitement to hatred, violence and killings, including by declaring the Rohingyas as Bengalis and illegal settlers in Myanmar;
  • Instill deep and widespread fear and trauma – physical, emotional and psychological, in the Rohingya victims via acts of brutality, namely killings, disappearances, torture, and rape and other forms of sexual violence.[58][59]

Refugee crisis

Rohingya refugees in refugee camp in Bangladesh, 2017

Since 25 August 2017, a large number of Rohingya people was displaced and became refugees as a result of the military crackdown. According to the United Nations reports, as of January 2018, nearly 690,000 Rohingya people had fled or had been driven out of Rakhine state who then took shelter in the neighboring Bangladesh as refugees.[57][48] Earlier, it was estimated that around 650,000 Rohingya Muslims had fled Myanmar, as of November 2017.[60][61][62][63] In November 2017, the government of Bangladesh signed a pact with their Myanmar counterparts to return the Rohingya refugees to their homes in the Rakhine territory.[21] The deal arose following a diplomatic meeting on the matter between Aung San Suu Kyi and Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali, the foreign minister of Bangladesh.[64] The accord was viewed by international commentators as a conscious effort by the Myanmar leader to address criticism over her lack of action in the conflict.[65] This decision, coming after both the United Nations and Rex Tillerson, US Secretary of State, declared that the actions undertaken by the Burmese army against the Rohingya refugees constituted ethnic cleansing, was met with hesitation and criticism by aid groups.[66] In August 2017, Thailand announced that it was 'preparing to receive' Rohingya refugees fleeing Myanmar.[67] In September 2017, Nepal increased surveillance at its border with India to prevent more Rohingya refugees from entering the country. A small community of Rohingya refugees live in the capital, Kathmandu.[68]

Criticism

The 2017 persecution against the Rohingya people garnered strong criticism from all across the world, and created grave concern about the human rights issues. International communities and human rights officials have described the violence as ethnic cleansing and genocide. Soon after the security forces and Buddhist militia started "clearance operations", the world leaders warned the Myanmar authority to avoid civilian casualties.[38] In late September, a seven-member panel of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal accused Myanmar of conducting genocide against the Rohingya and the Kachin minority groups.[18][19] The verdict came after a five-day trial, held at the law faculty of the University of Malaya, which examined various documentaries, expert views, and the testimony of the victims of atrocities. The tribunal also made 17 recommendations including demilitarization of the Rakhine state and the end of the discriminatory citizenship law.[18][19] The United Nations' human rights chief Zeid bin Ra'ad described the persecution as "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing". Later, on 5 December 2017, he announced that the Rohingya persecution may constitute genocide under international human rights laws.[69] In November, British prime minister Theresa May and United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson described the situation as "ethnic cleansing"[15][16] while the French President Emanuel Macron called it genocide.[17]

After a two-year investigation into the plight of the Rohingya ethnic minority, the human rights group Amnesty International in their report described the restricted situation of the Rohingya people as "an open-air prison" as they are under a "vicious system of institutionalised discrimination and segregation" which is limiting their human rights, their freedom of movement, and their access to food, healthcare, and education.[70][71] In the report, Amnesty International mentions that the Rohingya minority are confined to their villages, to townships, and to shabby camps which are cut off from the rest of Myanmar, and travel between their own villages is seriously restricted. Travel between townships is subject to a complicated process of obtaining permission, and even then those permitted to travel are routinely harassed, physically tortured or arrested. All these "systematic" discrimination and persecution amount to apartheid, the rights group said.[70][71]

As in the 2016 incident of Rohingya persecution, the Myanmar leader and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi was again criticized her silence over the issue and for supporting the military actions.[20] She has been stripped of her 1997 Freedom of Oxford award over "inaction" in handling the raging violence.[72] Others argue that since the military retains significant autonomy and power in the government, she may be powerless to control them. Her inaction, on behalf of the Rohingya, brought a plea for action from fellow Nobel Peace Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai.[20] Numerous people have called for Suu Kyi's Nobel Prize to be revoked. Nobel Peace Prize laureate Desmond Tutu also criticized Suu Kyi's stand to defend the military actions.[73] The Economist criticised Suu Kyi's stance, arguing: "the violence in Rakhine has reached such an unconscionable level that there can be no justifying continued passivity."[74]

Direct sanctions against the Myanmar military and penalties for firms that do business with companies linked to it, as were in place by America and other countries in the past, have been suggested as the best response to the violence.[74] According to The Economist, "The Burmese army is not easy to influence, but economic and diplomatic isolation do seem to have played a part in persuading it to surrender power in the first place."[74]

Reactions

Nations

International protests
Protest rally held in Tehran in support of Muslims in Myanmar
Protesters in Cape Town, South Africa calling for the protection of the Rohingya people.

Holy See

At the Vatican, Sunday, August 26, 2017, Pope Francis referred to "sad news about the persecution of the religious minority of our Rohingya brothers," adding that he was praying that they would receive "full rights".[75] The pope undertook a diplomatic visit to the afflicted area in late November 2017, demanding that the international community "take decisive measures to address this grave crisis."[76]

Indonesia

Protests erupted against the Myanmar embassy in Jakarta, with a petrol bomb being thrown towards it. Indonesian president Joko Widodo sent foreign minister Retno Marsudi for "intensive communications" in September 2017, mentioning that concrete actions are required.[77] Aid in form of tents, basic food and sanitation supplies were dispatched to refugee camps in Bangladesh through four Indonesian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules.[78]

United States

U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, on September 14, 2017, said that Myanmar faces a "defining moment," adding:

"I think it is important that the global community speak out in support of what we all know the expectation is for the treatment of people regardless of their ethnicity... This violence must stop, this persecution must stop."[79][80][81]

China

China's commercial and strategic involvement with the Myanmar government have complicated its role in the 2017 events. As part of its "One Belt, One Road" program of regional expansion, China has made heavy investments in Rakhine state—including development of China's strategically and economically critical first-ever seaport on the Indian Ocean, in the predominantly-Rohingya coastal Rakhine township of Maungdaw—providing a much-shorter route to the sea for land-locked Central and Western China. China also has indicated intentions to "develop" Rakhine state commercially in other ways. With China's engagement in Rakhine state requiring cooperation with the Myanmar military and government, China has used its veto power in the U.N. Security Council to protect them from any forceful U.N. action over the Rohingya issue—and has argued that the "solution" to the Rohingya crisis is, instead, more "development" in Rakhine state.[82][83][84][85][86][87][88]

On 17 November 2017, China announced that it is sending its Foreign Minister Wang Yi to Myanmar and Bangladesh in a bid to shore up Beijing's influence in the region and mediate in the deepening Rohingya refugee crisis .[89]

Supranational bodies

United Nations

With the renewed genocide and exodus in August 2017, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and Jordanian prince Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein said that what Rohingyas were experiencing in Myanmar "seems a textbook example of ethnic cleansing",[90] supported by condemnation from UN experts such as Yanghee Lee.[91] This is further confirmed by UN High Commissioner for Refugees with the stipulated number of refugees in Bangladesh estimated at 700,000.[92] On 4 October 2017, the Myanmar authorities were asked by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) “to immediately stop violence in northern Rakhine State, and to promptly and effectively investigate and vigorously prosecute cases of violence against women and children.”[93]

The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) initiated an investigation into the August 2017 (and subsequent) events, but Myanmar's government expelled the U.N. Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in Myanmar, Yanghee Lee, and refused to allow U.N. investigators unfettered access to the conflict region to investigate. The OHCHR investigating team turned, instead, to other sources—particularly including over 800 Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, satellite imagery, and online (internet-posted) information from within Myanmar.[22][23][24][25][26][27][94]

In late-August 2018—a year from the start of the August 2017 events—the OHCHR published the report of their investigation into the events. They documented extensive killing, gang-rape and injury of Rohingya, particularly by the Myanmar military—the Tatmadaw—and stated that the Tatmadaw and several of its commanders (including Commander-in-chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing) should face charges in the International Criminal Court for "crimes against humanity", including acts of "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide" particularly for its August–September 2017 actions against the Rohingya of Myanmar.[22][23][24][25][26][27]

ASEAN

The ASEAN member states have upheld a principle of non-interference in intra-ASEAN relations. A day before the 30th ASEAN Summit was held on April 26, 2017, Reuters reported on the Myanmar military's operations on the Rohingya in November 2016. Nonetheless, the Rohingya crisis was not on the official agenda in the Summit.[95]

However, leaders of ASEAN countries have begun concerns on the issue. In a meeting with other ASEAN foreign ministers on December 19, 2016, Malaysian Foreign Minister Anifah Aman called for a collective effort to resolve the crisis. In addition, in the 30th ASEAN Summit, Indonesian President Joko Widodo discussed the issue of the Rohingya crisis with Aung San Suu Kyi, the Myanma de facto leader. He was said to stress the importance of stability in Myanmar for the wider regional security.[95]

The ASEAN states' hesitance to comment on the issue may be explained by a concern that the rise of China and its influence in Myanmar could risk ASEAN's interest in the country. Azeem Ibrahim, the author of The Rohingyas: Inside Myanmar's Hidden Genocide, noted, “Myanmar’s interactions with ASEAN are perhaps indicative of its wider approach to international relations.”[96] While ASEAN member states welcome economic opportunities with China's rise, they fear its growing influence. It has been suggested that ASEAN criticism of Myanmar's domestic crisis will lead to closer ties between China and Myanmar.[97]

NGOs

According to Matthew Smith of the NGO Fortify Rights, “We can now say with a high level of confidence that state-led security forces and local armed residents have committed mass killings.” Smith accused the Burmese military of trying to expel all Rohingyas from the country.[98]

Others

Muslim protests were held in various capital cities in Asian countries in late November 2016.[99] Protests were held on September 8, 2017 across Asia in Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Pakistan in solidarity of the Rohingya people.[100] Protests were also held by Rohingya people in Melbourne, Australia in early September 2017.[101] Additional protests were held in the same month in Washington DC in the United States, Cape Town in South Africa,[102] and Jammu and Kashmir in India. A protest was also planned in Hong Kong.[103][104][105]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 James Bennett (14 Dec 2017). "Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus". ABC News.
  3. ↑ https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/sites/usa/files/summary_of_findings_-_msf_mortality_surveys_-_coxs_bazar.pdf
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  7. 1 2 Rick Gladstone (16 November 2017). "Rohingya Were Raped Systematically by Myanmar's Military". The New York Times.
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  10. ↑ . CNN https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/12/asia/myanmar-rohingya-un-violence-genocide-intl/index.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ . Amnesty International https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/un-security-council-end-disgraceful-inaction-on-myanmars-rohingya-crisis/. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  13. ↑ . Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/rohingya-crisis-icc-prosecutor-seeks-power-to-investigate-crimes-against-humanity. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ "Burma: New Satellite Images Confirm Mass Destruction". Human Rights Watch. 17 October 2017.
  15. 1 2 Joe Watts, Caroline Mortimer (13 November 2017). "Downing Street says Burma's treatment of Rohingya Muslims looks like 'ethnic cleansing'". The Independent.
  16. 1 2 Rex W. Tillerson (22 November 2017). "Efforts To Address Burma's Rakhine State Crisis". U.S. State Department.
  17. 1 2 "French President labels attacks on Rohingya minority as 'genocide'". SBS News. 20 September 2017.
  18. 1 2 3 Bernama (22 September 2017). "Permanent Peoples Tribunal finds Myanmar guilty of genocide". New Straits Times.
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  22. 1 2 3 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention: Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, (Advance Unedited Version: English) August 24, 2018, United Nations, Human Rights Council, 39th session, 10–28 September 2018, Agenda item 4, retrieved August 28, 2018
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  25. 1 2 3 "Investigators call for genocide prosecutions over slaughter of Rohingyas," August 27, 2018, CBS News, retrieved August 28, 2018
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  30. ↑ Yale Law School https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/clinic-study-finds-evidence-genocide-myanmar. Retrieved 10 April 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ "Myanmar tensions: Dozens dead in Rakhine militant attack". BBC News. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  32. ↑ Htusan, Esther (25 August 2017). "Myanmar: 71 die in militant attacks on police, border posts". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  33. ↑ Lone, Wa; Slodkowski, Antoni (24 August 2017). "At least 12 dead in Muslim insurgent attacks in northwest Myanmar". Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  34. ↑ "At least 71 dead in Myanmar Rakhine fighting: Govt". The Straits Times. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  35. ↑ "Deadly clashes erupt in Myanmar's restive Rakhine state". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  36. ↑ Rebecca Wright, Ben Westcott (8 September 2017). "At least 270,000 Rohingya flee Myanmar violence in 2 weeks, UN says". CNN. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  37. ↑ "UN Rapporteur Says Little Chance Myanmar Will be Tried at ICC Over Rohingya". The Globe Post. 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2018-07-08.
  38. 1 2 3 4 "Fears mount of Myanmar atrocities as fleeing Rohingya families drown". The Guardian. 1 September 2017.
  39. ↑ "Myanmar troops open fire on civilians fleeing attacks". Al Jazeera. 26 Aug 2017.
  40. ↑ "Rohingya refugees drown as exodus mounts". BBC. 31 August 2017.
  41. ↑ Rebecca Ratcliffe (6 September 2017). "Who are the Rohingya and what is happening in Myanmar?". The Guardian.
  42. ↑ Myanmar: New evidence reveals Rohingya armed group massacred scores in Rakhine State
  43. 1 2 Hannah Beech (14 December 2017). "At Least 6,700 Rohingya Died in Myanmar Crackdown, Aid Group Says". The New York Times.
  44. ↑ "Report: Nearly 7,000 Rohingya Muslims Killed in First Month of Army Crackdown". VOA News. 14 December 2017.
  45. ↑ McPherson, Poppy (2017-12-14). "6,700 Rohingya Muslims killed in one month in Myanmar, MSF says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
  46. ↑ "Myanmar: satellite imagery confirms Rohingya village of Tula Toli razed". The Guardian. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  47. ↑ Al Jaazera News. (1 February 2018). "Evidence of Rohingya mass graves uncovered in Myanmar." Al Jazeera website Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  48. 1 2 "Myanmar: Security forces face 'action' over killings". Al Jazeera News. 12 February 2018.
  49. ↑ "New Rohingya Villages Destroyed in Myanmar". VOA News. 18 December 2017.
  50. ↑ "Villagers slaughtered in Myanmar 'massacre', reports of women and children among more than 100 dead". ABC News. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  51. ↑ Serajul Quadir (12 November 2017). "U.N. official says will raise sexual violence against Rohingya with ICC". Reuters.
  52. ↑ Jamille Bigio and Rachel Vogelstein (3 January 2017). "5 reasons the U.N. Security Council should care about the Burmese military's sexual assaults on the Rohingya". The Washington Post.
  53. ↑ "Rohingya villages destroyed 'to erase evidence'". BBC. 23 February 2018.
  54. ↑ Emanuel Stoakes (19 February 2018). "Myanmar government 'bulldozing Rohingya mass grave to hide evidence'". The Guardian.
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