込む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 込 |
| こ Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Alternative forms
- 混む
- 籠む
Verb
込む (godan conjugation, hiragana こむ, rōmaji komu)
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 込める |
| mediopassive | 込む |
- be crowded
- be complicated
- go into, go in
- put into
- become some state completely
- do thoroughly
- remain in the same state, such as remain sitting or remain silent
Usage notes
Commonly used as a light verb (second verb) in Japanese compound verbs, primarily showing emphasis, sometimes negative or violent, often with a sense of “enter” or “fill”, as in ねじ込む (nejikomu, “screw in, jam in, stuff in”).
Conjugation
Conjugation of "込む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 込ま | こま | koma |
| Continuative (連用形) | 込み | こみ | komi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 込む | こむ | komu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 込む | こむ | komu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 込め | こめ | kome |
| Imperative (命令形) | 込め | こめ | kome |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 込まれる | こまれる | komareru |
| Causative | 込ませる 込ます |
こませる こます |
komaseru komasu |
| Potential | 込める | こめる | komeru |
| Volitional | 込もう | こもう | komō |
| Negative | 込まない | こまない | komanai |
| Negative continuative | 込まず | こまず | komazu |
| Formal | 込みます | こみます | komimasu |
| Perfective | 込んだ | こんだ | konda |
| Conjunctive | 込んで | こんで | konde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 込めば | こめば | komeba |
Classical conjugation of "込む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 込ま | こま | koma |
| Continuative (連用形) | 込み | こみ | komi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 込む | こむ | komu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 込む | こむ | komu |
| Realis (已然形) | 込め | こめ | kome |
| Imperative (命令形) | 込め | こめ | kome |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 込まず | こまず | komazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 込めど | こめど | komedo |
| Causal conjunction | 込めば | こめば | komeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 込まば | こまば | komaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 込みき | こみき | komiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 込みけり | こみけり | komikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 込みつ | こみつ | komitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 込みぬ | こみぬ | kominu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 込めり 込みたり | こめり こみたり | komeri komitari |
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