莙薘

Chinese

	phonetic
trad. (莙薘)	莙	薘
simp. (莙荙)	莙	荙
variant forms	君達／君达軍薘／军荙軍達／军达

Etymology

Attested since the 5^th century CE. The Jingxingji of the 8^th century records that this vegetable was produced in the country of Mo-lu 末禄 (< *Mar-luk), perhaps referring to Merv in modern-day Turkmenistan.

It is an Iranian loan, corresponding to Middle Persian forms of the type of *gundar or *gundur (Laufer, 1967). Compare modern Persian ‎ (čoğondar, “beet”), Turkmen şuğundyr, etc.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jūndá, jùndá

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄣㄉㄚˊ, ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwan¹ daat⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Pinyin: jūndá
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣㄉㄚˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiundar
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕyn⁵⁵ tä³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Pinyin: jùndá
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄚˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiunndar
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕyn⁵¹ tä³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwan¹ daat⁶
  - Yale: gwān daaht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwan¹ daat⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: guen¹ dad⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /kʷɐn⁵⁵ täːt̚²/

Middle Chinese: /kɨun dɑt̚/▼

Rime
Character	莙	薘
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	曷 (63)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	舉云切	唐割切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨun/	/dɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kiun/	/dɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuən/	/dɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kun/	/dat̚/
Li Rong	/kiuən/	/dɑt̚/
Wang Li	/kĭuən/	/dɑt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯uən/	/dʱɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jūn	dá

Noun

莙薘

(～菜) chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)

Derived terms

莙薘菜／莙荙菜 (jūndácài)

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