桑葚

Chinese

		mulberry tree	fruit of mulberry
trad. (桑葚)		桑	葚
simp. ^#(桑葚)		桑	葚
variant forms		桑椹

Etymology

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sāngshèn, sāngrèn

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄤㄕㄣˋ, ㄙㄤㄖㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): song¹ sam⁶
Min Nan (POJ): sng-sīm / song-sǐm / sng-sûi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: sāngshèn
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤㄕㄣˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangshenn
  - IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Pinyin: sāngshènr
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤㄕㄣˋㄦ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangshell
  - IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂəɻ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial)⁺
  - Pinyin: sāngrèn
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤㄖㄣˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangrenn
  - IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Pinyin: sāngrènr
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤㄖㄣˋㄦ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangrell
  - IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐəɻ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: song¹ sam⁶
  - Yale: sōng sahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: song¹ sam⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: song¹ sem⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐm²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng-sīm
  - Tâi-lô: sng-sīm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngsim
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ɕim²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song-sǐm
  - Tâi-lô: song-sǐm
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³ ɕim²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng-sûi
  - Tâi-lô: sng-suî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngsuii
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sui²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ sui²⁴/

Middle Chinese: /sɑŋ ʑiɪm^X/▼

Rime
Character	桑	葚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	船 (27)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	息郎切	食荏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/	/ʑiɪm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/	/ʑim^X/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/	/ʑjem^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/	/ʑim^X/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/	/d͡ʑiəm^X/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/	/d͡ʑĭĕm^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/	/d͡ʑʰi̯əm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng	shèn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ sə-d[ə]mʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ ɦljumʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	桑	葚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng	shèn
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›	‹ zyim^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁaŋ/	/*sə-d[ə]mʔ/
English	mulberry tree	mulberry fruit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	桑	葚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	10980	11298
Phonetic component	桑	甚
Rime group	陽	侵
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	桑	葚
Old Chinese	/*sŋaːŋ/	/*ɦljumʔ/

Noun

桑葚

fruit of the mulberry (an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat yin deficiency)

Synonyms

(Hakka) 桑仔子
(Min Nan) 桑材, 桑莓, 桑子, 鹽桑仔／盐桑仔

See also

補益藥／补益药 (bǔyìyào, “TCM: tonics”)
藥材／药材 (yàocái, “TCM: medicinal materials”)

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