怎

See also: 咋

怎	U+600E, 怎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-600E

← 怍
[U+600D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

怏 →
[U+600F]

Translingual

Han character

怎 (radical 61, 心+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹尸心 (HSP), four-corner 8033₁, composition ⿱乍心)

Derived characters

𠷿

References

KangXi: page 379, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10431
Dae Jaweon: page 708, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2280, character 10
Unihan data for U+600E

Chinese

simp. and trad.		怎

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲) : phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology

First attested in the word 怎生 [10th c.] (Yuan et al., 1996).

Contraction of 作 (MC t͡sɑk̚) + some variant of 物 (MC mɨut̚, “thing; what”), literally “to do what” (Norman, 1988). This is evidenced in forms found in the Tang and Song dynasties (Yuan et al., 1996): 作勿生 (MC t͡sɑk̚ mɨut̚ ʃˠæŋ) [8th c.], 作沒生 (MC t͡sɑk̚ muət̚ ʃˠæŋ) [8th c.], 作摩 (MC t͡sɑk̚ muɑ) [10th c.], 作麼 (MC t͡sɑk̚ muɑ^X) [10th c.].

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zěn (zen³)

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zam², zaam², dim²
Min Dong (BUC): ciōng / cīng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chóaⁿ / chài / cháiⁿ / chá / chóa / chái / chím / chérm

(Teochew, Peng'im): za²
Wu (Wiktionary): tsen (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄣˇ
  - Wade–Giles: tsên³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeen
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sən²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zam², zaam², dim²
  - Yale: jám, jáam, dím
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzam², dzaam², dim²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zem², zam², dim²
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐm³⁵/, /t͡säːm³⁵/, /tiːm³⁵/

Note:

zam2 - literary;
zaam2 - literary (rare);
dim2 - vernacular (most likely unrelated), more commonly written as 點.

Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciōng / cīng
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡suoŋ³³/, /t͡siŋ³³/

Note:

ciōng - vernacular (also written as 蔣);
cīng - literary.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chóaⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tsuánn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zvoar
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡suã⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡suã⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chài
  - Tâi-lô: tsài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zaix
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡saɪ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cháiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tsáinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zvae
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sãɪ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sãɪ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chá
  - Tâi-lô: tsá
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zar
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sa⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sa⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chóa
  - Tâi-lô: tsuá
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zoar
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sua⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sua⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chái
  - Tâi-lô: tsái
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zae
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡saɪ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡saɪ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chím
  - Tâi-lô: tsím
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciem
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕim⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡ɕim⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chérm
  - Tâi-lô: tsérm
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡səm⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

chóaⁿ/chài/cháiⁿ/chá/chóa/chái - vernacular;
chím/chérm - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: za²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsá
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sa⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tsen (T2)
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡səɲ³⁴/

Definitions

怎

how; why
what

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 怎麼 (“how”) [map]
Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		何, 如何
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		怎麼
Mandarin	Beijing	怎麼
	Jinan	怎麼
	Xi'an	咋, 咋樣兒
	Wuhan	麼, 麼樣, 哪樣
	Chengdu	咋, 咋個, 啷個
	Yangzhou	井幹
	Hefei	怎樣, 怎
Cantonese	Guangzhou	點, 點樣
	Hong Kong	點, 點樣
	Taishan	幾何
Gan	Nanchang	啷, 啷樣
Hakka	Meixian	仰般
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	仰般, 仰仔
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	仰仔
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	仰般
	Dongshi (Dabu)	仰脣, 仰
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	仰般, 仰般形
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	仰子
Jin	Taiyuan	咋, 咋底
Min Dong	Fuzhou	怎怎, 怎, 怎其
Min Nan	Xiamen	按怎, 怎影
	Taipei	按怎
	Penang	按怎
	Chaozhou	在生, 乜生, 做呢
Wu	Shanghai	哪能
	Suzhou	捺亨
	Wenzhou	訾那, 訾那能
Xiang	Changsha	何什
Xiang	Shuangfeng	麼家

Compounds

不怎麼樣／不怎么样 (bùzěnmeyàng)
不毬的怎
不知怎的
多怎
怎不
怎價／怎价
怎向
怎地 (zěnde)
怎奈
怎奈向
怎好

怎得
怎敢
怎樣／怎样 (zěnyàng)
怎樣着／怎样着
怎生 (zěnshēng)
怎生向
怎當／怎当
怎當得／怎当得
怎的
怎知 (zěnzhī)
怎見得／怎见得

怎許／怎许
怎說／怎说
怎麼／怎么 (zěnme)
怎麼得了／怎么得了
怎麼搞的／怎么搞的
怎麼會／怎么会
怎麼樣／怎么样 (zěnmeyàng)
怎麼著／怎麼着／怎么着 (zěnmezhe)
怎麼辦／怎么办 (zěnmebàn)
按怎 (àn-chóaⁿ)

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01333
“怎”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

怎

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): しん (shin); そ (so); そう (sō)
Kun: いかで (ikade)

Vietnamese

Han character

怎 (chẩm, chẩn, tẩn, trẫm)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

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