含む

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
含
ふく
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Verb

含む (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana ふくむ, rōmaji fukumu)

Japanese verb pair
active 含 (ふく)める
mediopassive 含 (ふく)む
  1. include, contain
  2. imply
Conjugation
Conjugation of "含む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 含ま ふくま fukuma
Continuative (連用形) 含み ふくみ fukumi
Terminal (終止形) 含む ふくむ fukumu
Attributive (連体形) 含む ふくむ fukumu
Hypothetical (仮定形) 含め ふくめ fukume
Imperative (命令形) 含め ふくめ fukume
Key constructions
Passive 含まれる ふくまれる fukumareru
Causative 含ませる
含ます		 ふくませる
ふくます		 fukumaseru
fukumasu
Potential 含める ふくめる fukumeru
Volitional 含もう ふくもう fukumō
Negative 含まない ふくまない fukumanai
Negative continuative 含まず ふくまず fukumazu
Formal 含みます ふくみます fukumimasu
Perfective 含んだ ふくんだ fukunda
Conjunctive 含んで ふくんで fukunde
Hypothetical conditional 含めば ふくめば fukumeba
Classical conjugation of "含む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 含まふくまfukuma
Continuative (連用形) 含みふくみfukumi
Terminal (終止形) 含むふくむfukumu
Attributive (連体形) 含むふくむfukumu
Realis (已然形) 含めふくめfukume
Imperative (命令形) 含めふくめfukume
Key constructions
Negative 含まずふくまずfukumazu
Contrasting conjunction 含めどふくめどfukumedo
Causal conjunction 含めばふくめばfukumeba
Conditional conjunction 含まばふくまばfukumaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 含みきふくみきfukumiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 含みけりふくみけりfukumikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 含みつふくみつfukumitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 含みぬふくみぬfukuminu
Perfect-continuative tense 含めり
含みたり		ふくめり
ふくみたり		fukumeri
fukumitari

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
含
くく
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative forms
  • 銜む

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

含む (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana くくむ, rōmaji kukumu)

  1. Synonym of 含 (ふく)む (fukumu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "含む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 含ま くくま kukuma
Continuative (連用形) 含み くくみ kukumi
Terminal (終止形) 含む くくむ kukumu
Attributive (連体形) 含む くくむ kukumu
Hypothetical (仮定形) 含め くくめ kukume
Imperative (命令形) 含め くくめ kukume
Key constructions
Passive 含まれる くくまれる kukumareru
Causative 含ませる
含ます		 くくませる
くくます		 kukumaseru
kukumasu
Potential 含める くくめる kukumeru
Volitional 含もう くくもう kukumō
Negative 含まない くくまない kukumanai
Negative continuative 含まず くくまず kukumazu
Formal 含みます くくみます kukumimasu
Perfective 含んだ くくんだ kukunda
Conjunctive 含んで くくんで kukunde
Hypothetical conditional 含めば くくめば kukumeba
Classical conjugation of "含む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 含まくくまkukuma
Continuative (連用形) 含みくくみkukumi
Terminal (終止形) 含むくくむkukumu
Attributive (連体形) 含むくくむkukumu
Realis (已然形) 含めくくめkukume
Imperative (命令形) 含めくくめkukume
Key constructions
Negative 含まずくくまずkukumazu
Contrasting conjunction 含めどくくめどkukumedo
Causal conjunction 含めばくくめばkukumeba
Conditional conjunction 含まばくくまばkukumaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 含みきくくみきkukumiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 含みけりくくみけりkukumikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 含みつくくみつkukumitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 含みぬくくみぬkukuminu
Perfect-continuative tense 含めり
含みたり		くくめり
くくみたり		kukumeri
kukumitari

References
  1. 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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