Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-tva

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From a-extension of supine *-tъ (u-stem).[1] Or from Proto-Indo-European *-tweh₂.[2]

Cognate with Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà. Compare Latin lītus, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 (frijaþwa).

Suffix

*-tva f

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.
Synonyms: *-ьje, *-ьba, *-ъ

*pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)

*klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)

*orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)

*modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)

*sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)

*žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)
Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.
Synonym: *-dlo

*briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Declension

Declension of *-tva (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*-tva	*-tvě	*-tvy
Accusative	*-tvǫ	*-tvě	*-tvy
Genitive	*-tvy	*-tvu	*-tvъ
Locative	*-tvě	*-tvu	-tvasъ, -tvaxъ^*
Dative	*-tvě	*-tvama	*-tvamъ
Instrumental	-tvojǫ, -tvǫ^**	*-tvama	*-tvami
Vocative	*-tvo	*-tvě	*-tvy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

*-tьba (under influence of *-ьba)
*-tvь, *-tvo

Derived terms

► <a href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_words_suffixed_with_*-tva' title='Category:Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-tva'>Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-tva</a>

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)
  - Belarusian: -тва (-tva)
  - Russian: -тва (-tva)
  - Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: -тва (-tva)
  
  Glagolitic: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)
- Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)
- Macedonian: -тва (-tva)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: -тва
  
  Latin: -tva
- Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:
- Czech: -tva
- Polish: -twa
- Slovak: -tva
- Slovincian: -tvă
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: -twa
  - Lower Sorbian: -twa

References

Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gonitva”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 07, Moscow: Nauka, page 23
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bìtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 32: “*bʰiH-tu-eh₂”

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[1] Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gonitva”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 07, Moscow: Nauka, page 23

[2] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bìtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 32: “*bʰiH-tu-eh₂”