< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰen-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷʰen- (imperfective) [1][2][3]

  1. to strike, slay, kill

Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*g%CA%B7%CA%B0en-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *gʷʰen-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *gʷʰen-</a>
  • *gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • *gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
    • Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti
      • Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəšké-/)[11]
    • Tocharian: *käsk-[12]
  • *gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)
    • Celtic: [Term?]
      • Old Irish: geguin
    • Hellenic: [Term?]
      • Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)
    • Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š
      • Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ
        • Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)
      • Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š
        • Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵‎ (jaγnuuah)
  • *gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)
    • Balto-Slavic: *gonéitei[13]
  • *gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)
    • Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon
    • Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat
      • Iranian: *ǰágnat
        • Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈‎ (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝‎ (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)
  • *gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)
  • *gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)
    • Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)
    • Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰón-o-s[15]
    • Hellenic: *kʷʰónos
    • Indo-Iranian: *gʰanás
      • Indo-Aryan: *gʰanás
        • Sanskrit: घन (ghaná, “destroyer, murderer; slaying, murder”)
    • ⇒ *gʷʰón-ō
      • Germanic: *banô, *banō (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *gʷʰón-yeh₂
      • Germanic: *banjō (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷʰón-is ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és[16]
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “gu̯hen-(ə)-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 491-493
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gu̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219
  3. Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225
  4. Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “gjúaj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: Investigations into the Albanian Inherited Lexicon] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7) (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 191-192
  5. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ǰinǰ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 559
  6. Derksen, Rick (2015), “genėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 170-171
  7. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žę̀ti II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 561
  8. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 536-537
  9. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 218
  10. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-fendō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 210-211: “-fendō was derived either by suffixation of PIE *-d(ʰ)-, or the whole paradigm was derived from an original pr.ipv. sg. *fende < *gʷʰn̥dʰi ‘strike!’ (thus LIV).”
  11. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kue(n)-zi / kun- / kuu̯a(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 561-562
  12. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “käsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 189
  13. Derksen, Rick (2015), “ganyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 164
  14. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gonìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 177
  15. Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, page 106
  16. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “gan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 198
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