川
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
川 (radical 47, 巛+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 中中中 (LLL), four-corner 22000, composition ⿰丿〢)
Derived characters
Descendants
- つ (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
- ツ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)
References
- KangXi: page 323, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8673
- Dae Jaweon: page 624, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 32, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5DDD
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
川 |
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Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 川 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Characters in the same phonetic series (川) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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Old Chinese | |
川 | *kʰjon |
釧 | *kʰjons |
巛 | *kʰuːn |
巡 | *sɢljun |
馴 | *sɢljun |
紃 | *sɢljun, *ɢljun |
甽 | *kljuns, *kʷeːnʔ |
順 | *ɢljuns |
訓 | *qʰuns |
Etymology
The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):
- Karlgren (1957) notes that the Middle Chinese form is irregular based on evidence from Shijing rimes.
- Based on velar contacts in the same phonetic series, e.g. 巛, 甽 and 訓, Baxter (1992) and Schuessler (2007) reconstruct the word with a velar initial (Handel, 1998; Sagart, 1999), which undergoes irregular palatalization in the development to Middle Chinese (Baxter, 1992).
- Based on other characters in the same phonetic series, e.g. 順 and 馴, Sagart (1999), and later, Baxter and Sagart (2014), reconstructs 川 with a lateral initial and suggests that only a *t- prefix would account for the Middle Chinese initial /t͡ɕʰ/.
Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda.
STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ *m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.
Pronunciation
Definitions
川
Compounds
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
- 川上 (kawakami, “upstream”)
- 川下 (kawashimo, “downstream”)
- 川岸 (kawagishi, “river bank”)
- 川口 (kawaguchi, “mouth of river”)
- 川崎 (Kawasaki, “Kawasaki”)
- 川瀬 (kawase, “rapids”)
- 川蝉 (kawasemi, “kingfisher”)
- 川端 (kawabata, “riverbank”)
- 川縁 (kawabuchi), 川縁 (kawaberi, “riverside”)
Etymology
From Old Japanese kapa[1] from Proto-Japonic *kapa[2]
Synonyms
- 河川 (kasen)
Alternative forms
Suffix
川 (hiragana かわ, rōmaji -kawa, historical hiragana かは)
- the ... river, used in named of rivers or streams
川 (hiragana がわ, rōmaji -gawa, historical hiragana がは)
- the ... river
References
- Old Japanese kapa in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese
- Stewart A. Curry. (2004) Small linguistics: phonological history and lexical loans in Nakijin dialect Okinawan. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/11526
- 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
Korean
Vietnamese
Han character
川 (xuyên)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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