Women's Protection Units

YPJ fighter in 2014

YPJ fighter on the back of a technical

YPJ sniper during the battle for Raqqa

YPJ fighters dressed as civilians

Women have been involved in Syrian Kurdish Resistance fighting since as early as 2011, when the mixed-sex YXG was founded, later to be renamed YPG in 2012.[14]</ref> The YPJ was founded as a strictly women's organization on April 3, 2013[14] with the first battalion formed in Jindires.[15] All female fighters who were previously part of the YPG mixed units automatically became members of the YPJ. Initially, there was just one YPJ battalion in each of the three cantons of Rojava, but battalions were quickly established in every neighborhood, expanding the organization.[14]

As of late 2014, the YPJ had over 7,000 volunteer fighters between the ages of 18 and 40. By November 2016, the number of Arab and Kurdish YPJ fighters had reportedly risen to 20,000. As of August 2017, the group was reported to have 24,000 members.[16]

In the Syrian civil war, the YPJ and the YPG have fought against various groups in northern Syria, including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and was involved in the Siege of Kobanî beginning in March 2014, with various Kurdish media agencies reporting that "YPJ troops have become vital in the battle".[17] In the Siege of Kobanî, prior to receiving the support of Western powers, the YPJ was forced to hold off ISIL attacks using only "vintage Russian Kalashnikovs bought on the black market, handmade grenades, and tanks they put together out of construction vehicles and pick-up trucks."[13] It was not until October 2014 that the United States began coordinating air strikes with the YPJ-YPG fighters on the ground.[13]

Additionally, the YPG, YPJ and the PKK were involved in an August 2014 military operation at Mount Sinjar, where up to as many as 10,000 Yazidis were rescued from genocide at the hands of ISIL.[18][13][19] ISIL had taken control of most areas around Mount Sinjar after pushing out the Peshmerga.[20] Because ISIL views the Yazidis as "a community of devil worshipers,"[21] those formerly inhabiting the town of Sinjar were forced to flee into the mountains. This left many Yazidis, including children and the elderly, without food, shelter, or resources.[21] Those still in the town were either massacred by ISIL or forced into sexual slavery.[22]

Along with the help of US air strikes, the attacking force was able to create a 30 kilometres (19 mi) safe zone for the Yazidi refugees to escape ISIL capture. The refugees were then moved into Northern Syria, with most later departing for safer areas of Iraqi Kurdistan.[23][24]

YPJ continues to fight alongside YPG as part of the multi-ethnic Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).[13] The YPJ was involved in battles such as the SDF offensive against the major IS strongholds in Tabqa and Raqqa, serving as the main proxy[25] force (along with the YPG) for the United States.[26] During Operation Olive Branch, the Turkish offensive against Afrin Canton, YPJ units were again heavily involved in the fighting.[27] Guerrilla warfare tactics were among the tactics used against Turkey and their Syrian rebel allies.

During the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army fighters trampled and mutilated the body of what appeared to be a YPJ fighter they killed in the countryside near Kobanî.[28]

A photo of Abdullah Öcalan

The YPJ is politically aligned to the PYD, which bases its libertarian socialist philosophy on the writings of Abdullah Öcalan,[29] the leading ideologue in the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), who is imprisoned by Turkey. Central to YPJ ideology is the PYD feminist ideological concept of "Jineology".[30]

Dating back to the early 1990s, Öcalan had been advocating that a ‘basic responsibility’ of the Kurdish movement was to liberate women. He stated that gender equality and women's liberation is necessary for Kurdish liberation. The PKK established its first all-female units of guerrillas in 1995, stating that in order to “break down gender roles solidified by centuries, women had to be on their own.”[30] The YPJ adheres to the same strand of feminist ideology. Having joined the YPJ, women must spend at least a month practicing military tactics and studying the political theories of Öcalan, including Jineology. In any communal decision, regarding the YPJ/YPG or otherwise, it is required that no less than 40% of women participate.[31]

YPJ fighter wearing badge featuring Abdullah Öcalan

A mural in support of the YPJ in Bologna, Italy

The group has been praised by feminists for confronting traditional gender expectations and redefining the role of women in conflict in the region.[32][32] They play a role in changing the Islamic thinking and societal traditions by taking arms. These women say they are changing their community and society by doing so.[33] The YPJ has attracted international attention as an example of significant achievement for women in a region in which women are systematically disadvantaged.[34][35][36][37][38][39]

Another all-female force in northern Syria is the Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces, which was formed as an Assyrian all-female brigade of the Syriac Military Council, seemingly inspired by the example of the YPG. The Al-Bab Military Council, Kurdish Front and Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa have also established their own female units.[40][41]

On March 16, 2018, Anna Campbell became the first British woman to die while fighting as a part of the YPJ. Campbell had left her home in Lewes, East Sussex to go to Rojava and join the YPJ. She was killed in the city of Afrin during a YPJ confrontation with Turkish military forces.[42] Since her enlistment, a number of other British women, such as Rûken Renas, have also signed up to fight with the YPJ.[43]

Hanna Bohman is another YPJ fighter hailing from the western hemisphere, in her case Canada. After nearly dying in a motorcycle incident, Bohman decided to leave her home in Vancouver, Canada to join the YPJ in February 2014.[44]

Additionally, Arab and Yazidi women that the YPJ liberated from ISIS have also begun fighting against their former oppressors.[45] The YPJ has set up institutions where these women are trained both militarily, as well as in fields such as feminist history and philosophy.[46] The Yazidi population has since created its own self defense force, the Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ).[47]

The YPJ relies on local communities for supplies and food.[32] The YPJ (along with the YPG) received 27 bundles totaling 24 tons of small arms and ammunition as well as 10 tons of medical supplies from the United States and the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraqi Kurdistan during the Siege of Kobanî.[48]

In 2020, United Nations reported YPG/YPJ as the largest faction in the Syrian civil war by the number recruited child soldiers, with 283 child soldiers followed by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham with 245 child soldiers.[49]

• Kurdish women
• The Medal for the Martyrs
• Kurdistan
• Rojava conflict
• Sinjar Resistance Units
• Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)
• Kimmie Taylor
• Anna Campbell

• Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2018) [1st pub. 2017]. Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria. Translated by Obaida Hitto. Istanbul: Omran for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 2018-07-01.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)