Viceroy of Zhili

The Viceroy of Zhili, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of Zhili and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Zhili was an important post because the province of Zhili, which literally means "directly ruled", was the area surrounding the imperial capital, Beijing. The administrative centre was in Tianjin even though the provincial capital was in Baoding. The Viceroy's duties as well as responsibilities have never been defined entirely. Generally speaking, the Viceroy oversaw the military and civil affairs of Zhili, Shandong and Henan provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili was also highly influential in imperial court politics.

Map of viceroys in Qing Dynasty of China
Viceroy of Zhili
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese直隸總督
Simplified Chinese直隶总督
Governor-General of Zhili and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs and Food Production, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs
(full title)
Traditional Chinese總督直隸等處地方,提督軍務、糧餉、管理河道兼巡撫事
Simplified Chinese总督直隶等处地方,提督军务、粮饷、管理河道兼巡抚事
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡷᡳᠯᡳ
ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ
ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
Romanizationjyli uheri kadalara amban

History

The office was first created on 30 September 1649 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, but was later abolished on 1 June 1658. On 23 November 1661, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the office was recreated, however abolished again later on 28 July 1669. After the Yongzheng Emperor restored it on 14 December 1724, the office had remained in place until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

From 1870 onwards, the Viceroy of Zhili concurrently held the position of "Beiyang Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣); cf. "Nanyang Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣) held by the Viceroy of Liangjiang.

47 people had held the position from 1649 to 1912. Among them, the more notable ones included Li Wei, Tang Zhiyu, Fang Guancheng, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Ronglu and Yuan Shikai. Li Hongzhang, in particular, held the office for about 25 years in total during the height of his political career.

List of Viceroys of Zhili

#NamePortraitStart of termEnd of termNotes
Viceroy of Zhili, Shandong and Henan
(1649–1658)
1Zhang Cunren
張存仁
30 September 1649November 1651Died in office
2Ma Guanghui
馬光輝
29 November 16518 April 1654Left office due to illness
3Li Zuyin
李祖蔭
16 April 16544 February 1657Reassigned to serve as Viceroy of Huguang
4Zhang Xuanxi
張懸錫
24 February 16571 June 1658Demoted and dismissed from office on 29 June 1658
Viceroy of Zhili
(1661–1665)
5Miao Cheng
苗澄
23 November 16614 July 1665Dismissed from office
Viceroy of Zhili, Shandong and Henan
(1665–1669)
6Zhu Changzuo
朱昌祚
13 July 16658 January 1667Dismissed from office
7Bai Bingzhen
白秉貞
27 January 166730 September 1669Dismissed from office on 28 July 1669
Viceroy of Zhili
(1724–1912)
8Li Weijun
李維鈞
14 December 172426 September 1725Dismissed from office
Cai Ting
蔡珽
26 September 1725Stand-in as the Secretary of Defence
9Li Fu
李紱
1 October 172516 January 1727Reassigned to serve as Right Vice Secretary of Works
Yi Zhaoxiong
宜兆熊
16 January 172723 June 1728Stand-in as the Viceroy of Huguang
Liu Shishu
劉師恕
16 January 17278 March 1729Stand-in as the Right Vice Secretary of Rites
He Shiji
何世璂
23 June 17284 March 1729Stand-in as the Right Vice Secretary of Personnel
Yang Kun
楊鯤
24 February 17291 July 1729Stand-in as the Governor-General of Zhili
Tang Zhiyu
唐執玉
1 July 172927 October 1731Stand-in as the Left Censor-in-Chief
Liu Yuyi
劉於義
27 October 17312 September 1732Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
Li Wei
李衛
2 September 1732September 1732Acting Viceroy of Zhili
10Li Wei
李衛
September 173229 November 1738Retired due to illness
Tang Zhiyu
唐執玉
19 February 1733April 1733Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
Sun Jiagan
孫嘉淦
29 November 17386 December 1738Stand-in as the Secretary of Personnel
11Sun Jiagan
孫嘉淦
6 December 173826 September 1741Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Huguang
12Gao Bin
高斌
26 September 174119 June 1745Promoted to Secretary of Personnel
Liu Yuyi
劉於義
28 February 1745Stand-in as the Secretary of Personnel
13Nasutu
那蘇圖
19 June 174518 August 1749Died in office
Chen Dashou
陳大受
1749Stand-in as the Secretary of Personnel and Assisting Grand Secretary
14Fang Guancheng
方觀承
18 August 174925 September 1768Retired due to illness
Omida
鄂彌達
30 October 1755Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
Yang Tingzhang
楊廷璋
25 September 176827 September 1768Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
15Yang Tingzhang
楊廷璋
27 September 176826 November 1771Reassigned to serve as the Secretary of Justice
16Zhou Yuanli
周元理
26 November 177127 April 1779Dismissed from office
Ying Lian
英廉
27 April 177929 April 1779Stand-in as the Secretary of Revenue
17Yang Jingsu
楊景素
29 April 177927 January 1780Died in office
18Yuan Shoutong
袁守侗
27 January 178013 January 1782Left office for filial mourning
Zhou Yuanli
周元理
27 January 1780Acting Viceroy of Zhili
Ying Lian
英廉
13 January 1782Stand-in as the Grand Secretary
19Zheng Dajin
鄭大進
13 January 178225 November 1782Died in office
20Yuan Shoutong
袁守侗
25 November 178216 June 1783Died in office
Liu Yong
劉墉
16 June 1783Stand-in as the Secretary of Works
21Liu E
劉峨
16 June 178310 April 1790Demoted to serve as Left Vice Secretary of Defence
22Liang Kentang
梁肯堂
10 April 179020 February 1798Promoted to Secretary of Justice
23Hu Jitang
胡季堂
20 February 179824 November 1800Left office due to illness
Yan Jian
顏檢
24 November 1800Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
24Jiang Sheng
姜晟
5 December 180019 July 1801Dismissed from office and arrested
Xiong Mei
熊枚
19 July 1801Stand-in as the Left Vice Secretary of Justice
25Chen Dawen
陳大文
20 July 18013 May 1802Left office due to illness
Xiong Mei
熊枚
3 May 1802Stand-in as the Left Censor-in-Chief
Yan Jian
顏檢
9 May 1802Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Henan
26Yan Jian
顏檢
27 September 18024 July 1805Demoted to a zhushi (主事)
Xiong Mei
熊枚
4 July 1805Stand-in as the Secretary of Works
27Wu Xiongguang
吳熊光
4 July 180512 December 1805Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Liangguang
Qiu Xingjian
裘行簡
6 November 1805Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
Qiu Xingjian
裘行簡
12 December 1805Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili and acting Vice Secretary of Defence
Qin Cheng'en
秦承恩
8 November 1806Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
Wen Chenghui
溫承惠
23 November 1806Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Fujian
28Wen Chenghui
溫承惠
16 October 18075 November 1813Dismissed from office
Zhang Xu
章煦
10 October 1813Stand-in as the Secretary of Works
Zuo Wenning
左文寧
9 December 1813Stand-in as the Left Vice Secretary of Personnel
29Na Yancheng
那彥成
5 November 181324 July 1816Dismissed from office
30Fang Shouchou
方受疇
24 July 181629 January 1822Left office due to illness
Changling
長齡
29 January 182218 February 1822Stand-in as the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
Tu Zhishen
屠之申
18 February 1822Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
Songyun
松筠
18 January 1822Stand-in as the Secretary of Personnel
31Yan Jian
顏檢
29 January 182215 May 1823Reassigned to serve as Vice Secretary of Storage (倉場侍郎)
32Jiang Youxian
蔣攸銛
15 May 18237 December 1825Reassigned to serve in the Imperial Cabinet
33Na Yancheng
那彥成
7 December 182525 March 1831Dismissed from office
Mingshan
明山
22 December 182726 December 1827Stand-in as the Secretary of Justice
Tu Zhishen
屠之申
26 December 182718 May 1829Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
Songyun
松筠
21 May 1829Stand-in as the Secretary of Rites
Wang Ding
王鼎
25 March 1831Stand-in as the Secretary of Revenue
34Qishan
琦善
25 March 183114 April 1837Left office for filial mourning
Mujangga
穆彰阿
14 April 1837Stand-in as the Grand Secretary
Qishan
琦善
25 July 183728 September 1840Reassigned
Nergingge
訥爾經額
28 September 184026 February 1841Stand-in as the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
34Nergingge
訥爾經額
26 February 18416 October 1853Dismissed from office
35Guiliang
桂良
6 October 185321 January 1857Promoted to Grand Secretary of the Eastern Cabinet (東閣大學士)
Tan Tingxiang
譚廷襄
21 January 185726 April 1858Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Shaanxi
36Tan Tingxiang
譚廷襄
26 April 185826 July 1858Dismissed
Ruilin
瑞麟
26 July 1858Stand-in as the Secretary of Rites
37Qingqi
慶祺
26 July 185825 March 1859Died in office
Wenyu
文煜
25 March 1859Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
38Hengfu
恒福
25 March 185926 February 1861Left office due to illness
Wenyu
文煜
26 February 186114 February 1863Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Shandong
Chonghou
崇厚
14 February 186320 April 1863Stand-in as the Left Vice Secretary of Defence
39Liu Changyou
劉長佑
14 February 186329 November 1867Dismissed from office
Guanwen
官文
29 November 18676 September 1868Stand-in as the Grand Secretary of Wenhua Hall (文華殿大學士)
40Zeng Guofan
曾國藩
6 September 186829 August 1870Reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Liangjiang
41Li Hongzhang
李鴻章
29 August 187026 April 1882Left office for filial mourning
Zhang Shusheng
張樹聲
19 April 188213 July 1883Stand-in as the Viceroy of Liangguang
Li Hongzhang
李鴻章
13 July 188323 September 1884Acting Viceroy of Zhili
42Li Hongzhang
李鴻章
23 September 188428 August 1895Reassigned to the Imperial Cabinet
Wang Wenshao
王文韶
13 February 189528 August 1895Stand-in as the Viceroy of Yun-Gui
43Wang Wenshao
王文韶
28 August 189523 June 1898Promoted to Secretary of Revenue
Ronglu
榮祿
15 June 189823 June 1898Stand-in as the Grand Secretary
44Ronglu
榮祿
23 June 189825 September 1898Recalled to the capital
Yuan Shikai
袁世凱
25 September 1898Stand-in as an acting Vice Secretary
45Yulu
裕祿
28 September 189827 July 1900Died in office
Tingyong
廷雍
9 August 1900Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
46Li Hongzhang
李鴻章
8 July 19007 November 1901Died in office
Zhou Fu
周馥
7 November 1901Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
Yuan Shikai
袁世凱
7 November 19019 June 1902Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Shandong
47Yuan Shikai
袁世凱
9 June 19024 September 1907Promoted to Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Wu Chongxi
吳重熹
18 October 1902Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
Yang Shixiang
楊士驤
5 September 190723 July 1908Stand-in as the Provincial Governor of Shandong
48Yang Shixiang
楊士驤
23 July 190828 June 1909Died in office
Natong
那桐
28 June 1909Stand-in as the Grand Secretary and Assisting Minister of Foreign Affairs
49Duanfang
端方
28 June 190923 January 1910Dismissed from office
Cui Yong'an
崔永安
23 January 1910Stand-in as the Lieutenant-Governor of Zhili
50Chen Kuilong
陳夔龍
23 January 19103 February 1912Left office due to illness
Zhang Zhenfang
張鎮芳
3 February 1912Acting Viceroy of Zhili

References

    • Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
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