Vapour pressure of water

The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. At higher pressures water would condense. The water vapour pressure is the partial pressure of water vapour in any gas mixture in equilibrium with solid or liquid water. As for other substances, water vapour pressure is a function of temperature and can be determined with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation.

Vapour pressure of water (0–100 °C)[1]
T, °C	T, °F	P, kPa	P, torr	P, atm
0	32	0.6113	4.5851	0.0060
5	41	0.8726	6.5450	0.0086
10	50	1.2281	9.2115	0.0121
15	59	1.7056	12.7931	0.0168
20	68	2.3388	17.5424	0.0231
25	77	3.1690	23.7695	0.0313
30	86	4.2455	31.8439	0.0419
35	95	5.6267	42.2037	0.0555
40	104	7.3814	55.3651	0.0728
45	113	9.5898	71.9294	0.0946
50	122	12.3440	92.5876	0.1218
55	131	15.7520	118.1497	0.1555
60	140	19.9320	149.5023	0.1967
65	149	25.0220	187.6804	0.2469
70	158	31.1760	233.8392	0.3077
75	167	38.5630	289.2463	0.3806
80	176	47.3730	355.3267	0.4675
85	185	57.8150	433.6482	0.5706
90	194	70.1170	525.9208	0.6920
95	203	84.5290	634.0196	0.8342
100	212	101.3200	759.9625	1.0000

Approximation formulas

There are many published approximations for calculating saturated vapour pressure over water and over ice. Some of these are (in approximate order of increasing accuracy):

$P=\exp \left(20.386-{\frac {5132}{T}}\right),\ \ \ \ (Eq.1)$

where

P

is the vapour pressure in mmHg and

T

is the temperature in kelvins.

The Antoine equation

\log _{10}P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}},

where the temperature

T

is in degrees Celsius (°C) and the vapour pressure

P

is in mmHg. The constants are given as

$A$	$B$	$C$	$T min$ , °C	$T max$ , °C
8.07131	1730.63	233.426	1	99
8.14019	1810.94	244.485	100	374

The August-Roche-Magnus (or Magnus-Tetens or Magnus) equation, as described in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996).[2] Equation 25 in [2] provides the coefficients used here. See also discussion of Clausius-Clapeyron approximations used in meteorology and climatology.

P=0.61094\exp \left({\frac {17.625T}{T+243.04}}\right),

where temperature $T$ is in °C and vapour pressure $P$ is in kilopascals (kPa)

The Tetens equation

P=0.61078\exp \left({\frac {17.27T}{T+237.3}}\right),

where temperature $T$ is in °C and $P$ is in kPa

The Buck equation.

P=0.61121\exp \left(\left(18.678-{\frac {T}{234.5}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{257.14+T}}\right)\right),

where $T$ is in °C and $P$ is in kPa.

The Goff-Gratch (1946) equation.[3]

Accuracy of different formulations

Here is a comparison of the accuracies of these different explicit formulations, showing saturation vapour pressures for liquid water in kPa, calculated at six temperatures with their percentage error from the table values of Lide (2005):

$T$ (°C)	$P$ (Lide Table)	$P$ (Eq 1)	$P$ (Antoine)	$P$ (Magnus)	$P$ (Tetens)	$P$ (Buck)	$P$ (Goff-Gratch)
0	0.6113	0.6593 (+7.85%)	0.6056 (-0.93%)	0.6109 (-0.06%)	0.6108 (-0.09%)	0.6112 (-0.01%)	0.6089 (-0.40%)
20	2.3388	2.3755 (+1.57%)	2.3296 (-0.39%)	2.3334 (-0.23%)	2.3382 (+0.05%)	2.3383 (-0.02%)	2.3355 (-0.14%)
35	5.6267	5.5696 (-1.01%)	5.6090 (-0.31%)	5.6176 (-0.16%)	5.6225 (+0.04%)	5.6268 (+0.00%)	5.6221 (-0.08%)
50	12.344	12.065 (-2.26%)	12.306 (-0.31%)	12.361 (+0.13%)	12.336 (+0.08%)	12.349 (+0.04%)	12.338 (-0.05%)
75	38.563	37.738 (-2.14%)	38.463 (-0.26%)	39.000 (+1.13%)	38.646 (+0.40%)	38.595 (+0.08%)	38.555 (-0.02%)
100	101.32	101.31 (-0.01%)	101.34 (+0.02%)	104.077 (+2.72%)	102.21 (+1.10%)	101.31 (-0.01%)	101.32 (0.00%)

A more detailed discussion of accuracy and considerations of the inaccuracy in temperature measurements is presented in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996). The analysis here shows the simple unattributed formula and the Antoine equation are reasonably accurate at 100 °C, but quite poor for lower temperatures above freezing. Tetens is much more accurate over the range from 0 to 50 °C and very competitive at 75 °C, but Antoine's is superior at 75 °C and above. The unattributed formula must have zero error at around 26 °C, but is of very poor accuracy outside a very narrow range. Tetens' equations are generally much more accurate and arguably simpler for use at everyday temperatures (e.g., in meteorology). As expected, Buck's equation for $T$ > 0 °C is significantly more accurate than Tetens, and its superiority increases markedly above 50 °C, though it is more complicated to use. The Buck equation is even superior to the more complex Goff-Gratch equation over the range needed for practical meteorology.

Numerical approximations

For serious computation, Lowe (1977)[4] developed two pairs of equations for temperatures above and below freezing, with different levels of accuracy. They are all very accurate (compared to Clausius-Clapeyron and the Goff-Gratch) but use nested polynomials for very efficient computation. However, there are more recent reviews of possibly superior formulations, notably Wexler (1976, 1977),[5][6] reported by Flatau et al. (1992).[7]

Graphical pressure dependency on temperature

Vapour pressure diagrams of water; data taken from Dortmund Data Bank. Graphics shows triple point, critical point and boiling point of water.

References

Lide, David R., ed. (2004). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, (85th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Alduchov, O.A.; Eskridge, R.E. (1996). "Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapor pressure". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 35 (4): 601–9. Bibcode:1996JApMe..35..601A. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0601:IMFAOS>2.0.CO;2.
Goff, J.A., and Gratch, S. 1946. Low-pressure properties of water from −160 to 212 °F. In Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, pp 95–122, presented at the 52nd annual meeting of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, 1946.
Lowe, P.R. (1977). "An approximating polynomial for the computation of saturation vapor pressure". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 16 (1): 100–4. Bibcode:1977JApMe..16..100L. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0100:AAPFTC>2.0.CO;2.
Wexler, A. (1976). "Vapor pressure formulation for water in range 0 to 100°C. A revision". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A. 80A (5–6): 775–785. doi:10.6028/jres.080a.071.
Wexler, A. (1977). "Vapor pressure formulation for ice". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A. 81A (1): 5–20. doi:10.6028/jres.081a.003.
Flatau, P.J.; Walko, R.L.; Cotton, W.R. (1992). "Polynomial fits to saturation vapor pressure". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 31 (12): 1507–13. Bibcode:1992JApMe..31.1507F. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1507:PFTSVP>2.0.CO;2.

External links

Vömel, Holger (2016). "Saturation vapor pressure formulations". Boulder CO: Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on June 23, 2017.
"Vapor Pressure Calculator". National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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[1] Lide, David R., ed. (2004). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, (85th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

[hswref-2] Alduchov, O.A.; Eskridge, R.E. (1996). "Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapor pressure". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 35 (4): 601–9. Bibcode:1996JApMe..35..601A. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0601:IMFAOS>2.0.CO;2.

[3] Goff, J.A., and Gratch, S. 1946. Low-pressure properties of water from −160 to 212 °F. In Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, pp 95–122, presented at the 52nd annual meeting of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, 1946.

[Lowe1977-4] Lowe, P.R. (1977). "An approximating polynomial for the computation of saturation vapor pressure". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 16 (1): 100–4. Bibcode:1977JApMe..16..100L. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0100:AAPFTC>2.0.CO;2.

[Wexler1976-5] Wexler, A. (1976). "Vapor pressure formulation for water in range 0 to 100°C. A revision". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A. 80A (5–6): 775–785. doi:10.6028/jres.080a.071.

[Wexler1977-6] Wexler, A. (1977). "Vapor pressure formulation for ice". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A. 81A (1): 5–20. doi:10.6028/jres.081a.003.

[Flatau1992-7] Flatau, P.J.; Walko, R.L.; Cotton, W.R. (1992). "Polynomial fits to saturation vapor pressure". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 31 (12): 1507–13. Bibcode:1992JApMe..31.1507F. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1507:PFTSVP>2.0.CO;2.

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