Tabernaemontana divaricata

Tabernaemontana divaricata commonly called pinwheel flower,[1] crape jasmine, East India rosebay and Nero's crown[2] is an evergreen shrub native to India and now cultivated throughout South East Asia and the warmer regions of continental Asia. In zones where it is not hardy it is grown as a house/glasshouse plant for its attractive flowers and foliage. The stem exudes a milky latex when broken, whence the name milk flower.

Tabernaemontana divaricata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Tabernaemontana
Species:
T. divaricata
Binomial name
Tabernaemontana divaricata
R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

The plant contains several alkaloids and, like many other plants in the family Apocynaceae, is toxic[3] and medicinal. Since, it contains lot of iboga alkaloid it may prove to be psychoactive and treat addiction.

Synonyms
  • Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf
  • Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill
  • Ervatamia flabelliformis Tsiang
  • Ervatamia recurva (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Lace
  • Ervatamia siamensis (Warb. ex Pit.) Kerr
  • Jasminum zeylanicum Burm.f.
  • Kopsia cochinchinensis Kuntze
  • Nerium coronarium Jacq.
  • Nerium divaricatum L.
  • Nyctanthes acuminata Burm.f.
  • Reichardia grandiflora Dennst.
  • Reichardia jasminoides Dennst.
  • Taberna discolor (Sw.) Miers
  • Tabernaemontana citrifolia Lunan
  • Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd.
  • Tabernaemontana discolor Sw.
  • Tabernaemontana flabelliformis (Tsiang) P.T.Li
  • Tabernaemontana gratissima Lindl.
  • Tabernaemontana indica Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. [Illegitimate]
  • Tabernaemontana lurida Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
  • Tabernaemontana recurva Roxb. ex Lindl.
  • Tabernaemontana siamensis Warb. ex Pit.
  • Testudipes recurva (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Markgr.
  • Vinca alba Noronha[4]
a variety of crape jasmine at Udumalpet, Tamil Nadu

Description

The plant generally grows to a height of 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) and is dichotomously branched. The large shiny leaves are deep green and about 6 inches (15 cm) in length and 2 inches (5.1 cm) in width. The waxy blossoms are found in small clusters on the stem tips. The (single) flowers have the characteristic 'pinwheel' shape also seen in other genera in the family Apocynaceae such as Vinca and Nerium. Both single and double-flowered forms are cultivated, the flowers of both forms being white. The plant blooms in spring but flowers appear sporadically all year. The flowers of the single form are unscented but the double-flowered form has a pleasing fragrance.[5]

The roots have a bitter taste.

The leaves of this plant are eaten by the caterpillars of the oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii).

  • Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Flore Pleno'
  • Crape jasmine bunch
  • Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Pinwheel'
  • Tabernaemontana divarcata yet to blossom
  • Caterpillar of Oleander hawk-moth feeding on pinwheel flower plant

Uses

Modern medicine

T. divertica possesses anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorogenic and cholinergic(through AChe inhibition) effects. [6] It may be helpful for myasthenia gravis and Alzheimer's disease. [7][8] 3′-R/S-Hydroxyvoacamine is very potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Tabernaemontana divaricata.[9] It's a Central Nervous System depressant and Peripheral Nervous System depressant and caused dose-dependent decrease in motor activity, righting reflex and ataxia. [10] Its methanolic extract prevented seizures from electric shock and pentylene tetrazol induced convulsions. [11]It also has anti ulcerogenic activity[12] Its hepatoprotective and significantly decreased levels of uric acid, bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ALP in serum and increased the levels of enzymes in liver in rats given hepatotoxic drug. Thus, it can be used in treatment of hepatic necrosis [13] The anti-addictive alkaloids Coronaridine, Ibogamine, Voacangine are found in this plant so it may treat addiction. [14]

Traditional medicine

The plant is used in ayurvedic medicine and the traditional medicine of South East Asia, the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and Ambon Island. Its useful in Kapha, biliousness, and diseases of the blood. It acts as aphrodisiac and tonic and it is also a purgative. The milky juice is very useful in many eye infections, especially red eye and rubbed in head to cure eye pain. It kills intestinal worms, and its root when chewed relieves tooth ache.[15]

Chemical constituents

Alkaloids are present in all the vegetative parts of this shrub.[16]The plant has been reported to contain a variety of alkaloids, including, in the bark of the stem and root, approximately 66 alkaloids however more are being found.The alkaloid is listed below:[17]

Leaf: 11-Methoxy-N-methyldihydropericyclivine, 19-Epivoacangine, 19-Epivoacristine, 5-Hydroxyvoaphylline, 5-oxo-11-hydroxy voaphylline, Conofoline, Conophyllidine, Conophylline, Conophyllinine, Coronaridine, Dregamine, Ervaticine, Ervatinine, Hyderabadine, Isovoacangine, Isovoacristine, Lahoricine, Lochnericine, Mehranine, N1-Methylvoaphylline, N-methylvoafinine, Pachysiphine, Taberhanine, Tabernaemontanine, Voacamine, voacangine, Voafinidine,Voafinine, Voaharine, Voalenine, Voaphylline, Vobasine.

Flower:11-Methoxy-N-methyldihydropericyclivine, 19-Epivoacangine, Isovoacangine, Isovoacristine.

Stem:19,20-Dihydroervahanine A, 3S-Cyanocoronaridine, 3S-Cyanoisovoacangine, Conodusarine, Conolidine, Conolobine A, Conolobine B, Dregamine, Voacamine, Vobasine and 3'-R/S-hydroxyvoacamine.

Bark:3S-Cyanocoronaridine, 3S-Cyanoisovoacangine, Conodusarine, Conolidine, Conolobine A, Conolobine B, Dregamine, Voacamine, Vobasine.

Cell Culture:12-Hydroxyakuammicine, Apparicine, Catharanthine, O-Acetylvallesamine, Pericyclivine, Perivine, Stemmadenine, Tubotaiwine, Vallesamine,Voaphylline hydroxyindolenine.

Root:11-Methoxy-N-methyldihydropericyclivine, 19,20 Dihydrotabernamine, 19-Epivoacangine, Conodurine, Dregamine, Isovoacangine, Isovoacristine, Tabernaelegantine A, Voacamine, Vobasine.

Root Bark:19-Hydroxycoronaridine, 3-Oxocoronaridine, 5-Hydroxy-6-oxocoronaridine,5-Oxocoronaridine, 6-Oxocoronaridine, Coronaridine hydroxyindolenine, Heyneanine.

Whole Plant:19-Heyneanine hydroxyindolenine, 3-Oxovoacangine, Ibogamine, Voacangine hydroxyindolenine, Voacristine, Voacristine hydroxyindolenine.

These are other alkaloid found in this plant. Taberdivarine-G, Coronarine, Hydroxyindolenine, Tabernaemontanine, Pseudovobparicine.[18] Also, a alkaloid known as (3R/3S)-3-ethoxyvoacangine was found in stem bark extract of Malayan Tabernaemontana divarticata[19] [20] Three new alkaloids named as 3α-hydroxymethyl-ibogamine (1), 3α-acetatemethoxyl-ibogamine (2), 16α-hydroxyl-ibogamine (3) were isolated from the branches and leaves of T. divaricata. [21] Also, conoflorine, tubotaiwine and vinervine are synthesized by T. Divartica [22]When fed loganin and tryptamine, strictosidine, vallesamine, O-acetylvallesamine and voaphylline were found in cell culture.[23]

Similaryly, its rich in non-alkaloid too. Non alkaloidal constituents include Anthranilate synthase, Isopentenyl diphosphate, isomerase, Prenyl transferase, Squalene synthetase, Qualene 2,3–oxide, cycloartenol cyclase, Tryptophan decarboxylase, Strictosidine synthase, Strictosidine glucosidase, Isopentenyl, pyrophosphate isomerase, Squalene synthase, sopentenyl diphosphate, isomerase, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Glutathione reductase and Phenolic peroxidase.[24]

Toxicity

The plant extract is safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight.[25]

References
  1. "Tabernaemontana divaricata". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  2. Medicinal Plants of India and Pakistan, Dastur J.F., pub.1962 by D.P. Taraporevala Sons and Co. Private Ltd., Mumbai, 4th Indian reprint 1977
  3. MacDonald, Elvin "The World Book of House Plants" Popular Books
  4. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  5. The Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening ed. Chittenden,Fred J. 2nd ed. by Synge,Patrick M. Volume IV : Pt-Zy, p.2074 (as T. coronaria). Pub. Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1965. Reprinted 1984. ISBN 0-19-869106-8
  6. medind.nic.in/iby/t08/i4/ibyt08i4p317.pdf
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18577786/
  8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6772186_Tabernaemontana_divaricata_extract_inhibits_neuronal_acetylcholinesterase_activity_in_rats
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23375813/
  10. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ethnobotany+%26+ethnopharmacology+of+Tabernaemontana+divaricata.-a0181406119
  11. <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammed_Safwan_Ali_Khan/publication/270506818_Anti-Seizure_Activity_of_Tabernaemontana_Divaricata_L_RBr_Flower_Methanolic_Extract_Against_Maximal_Electroshock_and_Pentylene_Tetrazole_Induced_Convulsions_in_Experimental_Animals/links/54abdb6d0cf25c4c472fb252.pdf>
  12. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/185476/abs/
  13. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/240243/
  14. https ://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31095891/
  15. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/240243/
  16. Perry, Lily M. (1980). Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16076-6.
  17. http://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.6_Issue.8_Aug2019/IJRR0067.pdf
  18. http://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.6_Issue.8_Aug2019/IJRR0067.pdf
  19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6608499_Biologically_Active_Ibogan_and_Vallesamine_Derivatives_fromTabernaemontana_divaricata
  20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13659-018-0166-x
  21. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13659-018-0166-x
  22. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00270178
  23. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1012452313625
  24. http://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.6_Issue.8_Aug2019/IJRR0067.pdf
  25. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2014/240243/
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