Tabernaemontana

Tabernaemontana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution, found in Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America, and a wide assortment of oceanic islands.[1][2] These plants are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite, 3–25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant genera commonly called "milkwood". The flowers are fragrant, white, 1–5 cm in diameter.

Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Flore Pleno'
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Rauvolfioideae
Tribe: Tabernaemontaneae
Subtribe: Tabernaemontaninae
Genus: Tabernaemontana
Plum. ex L. 1753
Synonyms[1]
  • Anacampta Miers
  • Anartia Miers
  • Bonafousia A.DC.
  • Camerunia (Pichon) Boiteau
  • Capuronetta Markgr.
  • Clerkia Neck.
  • Codonemma Miers
  • Conopharyngia G.Don
  • Domkeocarpa Markgr.
  • Ervatamia (A.DC.) Stapf
  • Gabunia K.Schum.
  • Hazunta Pichon
  • Leptopharyngia (Stapf) Boiteau
  • Merizadenia Miers
  • Muntafara Pichon
  • Ochronerium Baill.
  • Odontostigma A.Rich.
  • Oistanthera Markgr.
  • Pagiantha Markgr.
  • Pandaca Noronha ex Thouars
  • Pandacastrum Pichon
  • Peschiera A.DC
  • Phrissocarpus Miers
  • Protogabunia Boiteau
  • Pterotaberna Stapf
  • Quadricasaea Woodson
  • Reichardia Dennst. 1818, illegitimate homonym, not Roth 1787 nor Roth 1800 nor Roth 1821
  • Rejoua Gaudich.
  • Sarcopharyngia (Stapf) Boiteau
  • Stemmadenia Benth.
  • Stenosolen (Müll.Arg.) Markgr.
  • Taberna Miers
  • Testudipes Markgr.
  • Woytkowskia Woodson

The cultivar T. divaricata cv. 'Plena', with doubled-petaled flowers, is a popular houseplant.

Some members of the genus Tabernaemontana are used as additives to some versions of the psychedelic drink ayahuasca;[3] the genus is known to contain ibogaine (e.g. in bëcchëte, T. undulata) conolidine[4] and voacangine (namely in T. africana). T. sananho preparations are used in native medicine to treat eye injuries and as an anxiolytic, and T. heterophylla is used to treat dementia in the elderly.[5] Conolidine may be developed as a new class of pain killer.[6] Caterpillars of the oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii) have been found to feed on the pinwheelflower (T. divaricata).

The genus commemorates the "father of German botany" Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus.

Species[1]
  1. Tabernaemontana abbreviata - Costa Rica
  2. Tabernaemontana africana - tropical Africa
  3. Tabernaemontana alba - Central America, Mexico, Florida, Cuba, Colombia
  4. Tabernaemontana alfaroi - Costa Rica, Panama
  5. Tabernaemontana allenii - Panama
  6. Tabernaemontana alternifolia - S India
  7. Tabernaemontana amplifolia - Colombia, Ecuador
  8. Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia - S Mexico, Central America, Cuba, Haiti, NW South America
  9. Tabernaemontana angulata - NE Brazil
  10. Tabernaemontana antheonycta - Borneo
  11. Tabernaemontana apoda - Cuba
  12. Tabernaemontana arborea - S Mexico, C America, Colombia
  13. Tabernaemontana attenuata - Trinidad, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana
  14. Tabernaemontana aurantiaca - Maluku, Papuasia, Vanuatu, Micronesia
  15. Tabernaemontana bouquetii - Congo, Gabon
  16. Tabernaemontana bovina - S China, N Indochina
  17. Tabernaemontana brachyantha - C Africa
  18. Tabernaemontana brasiliensis - Brazil (Pará)
  19. Tabernaemontana bufalina - S China, Indochina, W Malaysia
  20. Tabernaemontana calcarea - Madagascar
  21. Tabernaemontana capuronii - Madagascar
  22. Tabernaemontana catharinensis - S South America
  23. Tabernaemontana cerea - Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname
  24. Tabernaemontana cerifera - New Caledonia
  25. Tabernaemontana chocoensis - Colombia
  26. Tabernaemontana ciliata - N Madagascar
  27. Tabernaemontana citrifolia - West Indies
  28. Tabernaemontana coffeoides - Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar
  29. Tabernaemontana columbiensis - SE Central America, NW South America
  30. Tabernaemontana contorta - Cameroon
  31. Tabernaemontana cordata - Philippines (Mindanao)
  32. Tabernaemontana coriacea - W Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
  33. Tabernaemontana corymbosa - S China, SE Asia
  34. Tabernaemontana crassa - W + C Africa
  35. Tabernaemontana crassifolia - N Madagascar
  36. Tabernaemontana cumata - Brazil ( Amazonas)
  37. Tabernaemontana cuspidata - NW South America
  38. Tabernaemontana cymosa - N South America
  39. Tabernaemontana debrayi - N Madagascar
  40. Tabernaemontana dichotoma - Sri Lanka, W Malaysia
  41. Tabernaemontana disticha - N South America
  42. Tabernaemontana divaricata - S China, Himalayas, N Indochina
  43. Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii - Mexico, Central America
  44. Tabernaemontana eglandulosa - Benin to Angola
  45. Tabernaemontana elegans - Somalia to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
  46. Tabernaemontana eubracteata - S Mexico, NE Central America
  47. Tabernaemontana eusepala - NE Madagascar
  48. Tabernaemontana eusepaloides - NE Madagascar
  49. Tabernaemontana flavicans - NW South America
  50. Tabernaemontana gamblei - S India
  51. Tabernaemontana glabra - Mexico, Central America, NW South America
  52. Tabernaemontana glandulosa - Guinea to Republic of the Congo
  53. Tabernaemontana grandiflora - SE Central America, N South America
  54. Tabernaemontana hallei - Gabon, Cameroon
  55. Tabernaemontana hannae - Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica
  56. Tabernaemontana heterophylla - SE Central America, N + C South America
  57. Tabernaemontana humblotii - Madagascar
  58. Tabernaemontana hystrix - Brazil
  59. Tabernaemontana inconspicua - Cameroon to Angola
  60. Tabernaemontana laeta - Brazil
  61. Tabernaemontana lagenaria - Fr Guinea, N Brazil, Peru
  62. Tabernaemontana laurifolia - Cayman Is., Jamaica
  63. Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana - Colombia
  64. Tabernaemontana letestui - Republic of the Congo, Gabon
  65. Tabernaemontana linkii - N + W South America
  66. Tabernaemontana litoralis - S Mexico, C America, Colombia
  67. Tabernaemontana longipes - SE C America, NW S America
  68. Tabernaemontana lorifera - N Brazil, Guyana, Suriname
  69. Tabernaemontana macrocalyx - N South America
  70. Tabernaemontana macrocarpa - Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra
  71. Tabernaemontana markgrafiana - Panama, NW South America
  72. Tabernaemontana maxima - NW South America
  73. Tabernaemontana mocquerysii - Madagascar
  74. Tabernaemontana muricata - Brazil (Amazonas)
  75. Tabernaemontana oaxacana - Mexico (Oaxaca)
  76. Tabernaemontana ochroleuca - Jamaica
  77. Tabernaemontana odoratissima - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania
  78. Tabernaemontana oppositifolia - Puerto Rico
  79. Tabernaemontana ovalifolia - Jamaica
  80. Tabernaemontana pachysiphon - tropical C + E + S Africa
  81. Tabernaemontana palustris - NW South America
  82. Tabernaemontana panamensis - Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
  83. Tabernaemontana pandacaqui - S China, SE Asia, N Australia, Papuasia, Micronesia, French Polynesia
  84. Tabernaemontana pauciflora - SE Asia
  85. Tabernaemontana pauli - Costa Rica
  86. Tabernaemontana peduncularis - Indochina, W Malaysia
  87. Tabernaemontana penduliflora - Nigeria to Democratic Republic of the Congo
  88. Tabernaemontana persicariifolia - Mauritius, Réunion
  89. Tabernaemontana peschiera - N Brazil, Suriname, Fr Guinea
  90. Tabernaemontana phymata - N Madagascar
  91. Tabernaemontana polyneura - W Malaysia
  92. Tabernaemontana psorocarpa - W Africa
  93. Tabernaemontana remota - Indonesia (Sulawesi, Rossel Island)
  94. Tabernaemontana retusa - Madagascar
  95. Tabernaemontana robinsonii - Colombia, Central America
  96. Tabernaemontana rostrata - Bangladesh to Philippines
  97. Tabernaemontana rupicola - N South America
  98. Tabernaemontana salomonensis - Solomon Islands
  99. Tabernaemontana salzmannii - E Brazil
  100. Tabernaemontana sambiranensis - N Madagascar
  101. Tabernaemontana sananho - N South America
  102. Tabernaemontana sessilifolia - Madagascar
  103. Tabernaemontana simulans - Panama, Costa Rica
  104. Tabernaemontana siphilitica - N South America.
  105. Tabernaemontana solanifolia - Brazil
  106. Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa - Java to Maluku
  107. Tabernaemontana stapfiana - Burundi to Zimbabwe
  108. Tabernaemontana stellata - Madagascar
  109. Tabernaemontana stenoptera - Mexico (Colima)
  110. Tabernaemontana stenosiphon - São Tomé and Príncipe
  111. Tabernaemontana ternifolia - Philippines (Palawan)
  112. Tabernaemontana thurstonii - Fiji
  113. Tabernaemontana tomentosa - Mexico
  114. Tabernaemontana undulata - Costa Rica to Fr Guiana + Bolivia
  115. Tabernaemontana vanheurckii - NW South America
  116. Tabernaemontana ventricosa - Nigeria to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
  117. Tabernaemontana venusta - Mexico (Oaxaca)
  118. Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii - Jamaica

See also

References
  1. "WCSP (2013). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  2. Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 152 狗牙花属 gou ya hua shu Tabernaemontana Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 210. 1753.
  3. Ott (1995)
  4. Kam T.S., Pang H.S., Choo Y.M., Komiyama K. ,"Biologically active ibogan and vallesamine derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata."Chemistry & biodiversity 2004 1:4 (646-656)
  5. Rodrigues & Carlini (2006)
  6. "Scientists create new type of painkiller". 23 May 2011.
  • Ott, Jonathan (1995): In: Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangaean Entheogens.
  • Rodrigues, Eliana & Carlini, E.A. (2006): Plants with possible psychoactive effects used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277-282. PDF fulltext
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