Politics of South Africa

South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, wherein the President of South Africa, elected by parliament, is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the Council of Provinces and the National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Government is three-tiered, with representatives elected at the national, provincial and local levels.

Following the 1994 elections, South Africa was governed under an interim constitution. This constitution required the Constituent Assembly (CA) to draft and approve a permanent constitution by 9 May 1996.

The Government of National Unity (GNU) established under the interim constitution ostensibly remained in effect until the 1999 national elections. The parties originally comprising the GNU – the African National Congress (ANC), the National Party (NP), and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) – shared executive power. On 30 June 1996, the NP withdrew from the GNU to become part of the opposition.

Under the Constitution, the President is both head of state and head of government.

General elections take place every 5 years. The first fully multi-racial democratic election was held in 1994, the second in 1999, the third in 2004, the fourth in 2009, and the most recent in 2014. Until 2008, elected officials were allowed to change political party, while retaining their seats, during set windows which occurred twice each electoral term, due to controversial floor crossing legislative amendments made in 2002. The last two floor crossing windows occurred in 2005 and in 2007.

After the 2009 elections, the ANC lost its two-thirds majority in the national legislature which had allowed it to unilaterally alter the constitution.

The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP) are in a formal alliance with the ruling ANC (the so-called Tripartite Alliance), and thus do not stand separately for election.

Party			Votes	%	+/−	Seats	+/−
list		African National Congress	11,436,921	62.15	3.75	249	15
list		Democratic Alliance	4,091,584	22.23	[lower-alpha 1] 4.62	89	[lower-alpha 1] 18
list		Economic Freedom Fighters	1,169,259	6.35	New	25	New
list		Inkatha Freedom Party	441,854	2.40	2.15	10	8
list		National Freedom Party	288,742	1.57	New	6	New
list		United Democratic Movement	184,636	1.00	0.16	4	0
list		Freedom Front Plus	165,715	0.90	0.07	4	0
list		Congress of the People	123,235	0.67	6.75	3	27
list		African Christian Democratic Party	104,039	0.57	0.24	3	0
list		African Independent Congress	97,642	0.53	New	3	New
list		Agang SA	52,350	0.28	New	2	New
list		Pan Africanist Congress	37,784	0.21	0.07	1	0
list		African People's Convention	30,676	0.17	0.04	1	0
list		Al Jama-ah	25,976	0.14	0.01	0	0
list		Minority Front	22,589	0.12	0.12	0	1
list		United Christian Democratic Party	21,744	0.12	0.26	0	2
list		Azanian People's Organisation	20,421	0.11	0.11	0	1
list		Bushbuckridge Residents Association	15,271	0.08	New	0	New
list		Independent Civic Organisation	14,472	0.08	New	0	New
list		Patriotic Alliance	13,263	0.07	New	0	New
list		Workers and Socialist Party	8,331	0.05	New	0	New
list		Ubuntu Party	8,234	0.04	New	0	New
list		Kingdom Governance Movement	6,408	0.03	New	0	New
list		Front National	5,138	0.03	New	0	New
list		Keep It Straight and Simple Party	4,294	0.02	0.01	0	0
list		Pan Africanist Movement	3,815	0.02	0.01	0	0
list		First Nation Liberation Alliance	3,297	0.02	New	0	New
list		United Congress	3,136	0.02	New	0	New
list		Peoples Alliance	1,671	0.01	New	0	New
Total			18,402,497	100.00		400
Valid votes			18,402,497	98.65
Spoilt votes			251,960	1.35
Total votes cast			18,654,457	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			25,381,293	73.48
Source: IEC

Notes:

The constitution's bill of rights provides extensive guarantees, including equality before the law and prohibitions against discrimination; the right to life, privacy, property, and freedom and security of the person; prohibition against slavery and forced labour; and freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and association. The legal rights of criminal suspects also are enumerated. It also includes wide guarantees of access of food, water, education, health care, and social security. The constitution provides for an independent and impartial judiciary, and, in practice, these provisions are respected.

Citizens' entitlements to a safe environment, housing, education, and health care are included in the bill of rights, and are known as secondary constitutional rights. In 2003 the constitutional secondary rights were used by the HIV/AIDS activist group the Treatment Action Campaign as a means of forcing the government to change its health policy.

Violent crime, including violence against women and children, and organised criminal activity are at high levels and are a grave concern. Partly as a result, vigilante action and mob justice sometimes occur.

Some members of the police are accused of applying excessive force and abusing suspects in custody; as a result, the number of deaths in police custody remains a problem. In April 1997, the government established an Independent Complaints Directorate to investigate deaths in police custody and deaths resulting from police action.

Some discrimination against women continues, and discrimination against those living with HIV/AIDS is becoming serious.

There has been growing political intolerance and repression.[4]

Many leaders of former bantustans or homelands have had a role in South African politics since their abolition.

Mangosuthu Buthelezi was chief minister of his Kwa-Zulu homeland from 1976 until 1994. In post-apartheid South Africa he has served as President of the Inkatha Freedom Party. He was a Minister in President Mandela's cabinet. He also served as acting President of South Africa when President Nelson Mandela was overseas.

Bantubonke Holomisa, who was a general in the homeland of Transkei from 1987, has served as the president of the United Democratic Movement since 1997. Today he is a Member of Parliament.

General Constand Viljoen was a former chief of the South African Defence Force, who, as a leader of the Afrikaner Volksfront, sent 1500 of his militiamen to prop up the government of Lucas Mangope and to contest the termination of Bophuthatswana as a homeland in 1994. He co-founded the Freedom Front in 1994. He retired from being a Member of Parliament before his death in 2020.

Lucas Mangope, former[5] chief of the Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane tribe of the Tswana, ex-president of the former bantustan of Bophuthatswana, was the leader of the United Christian Democratic Party.

• Habib, Adam (2013). South Africa's suspended revolution - Hopes and prospects. Wits University Press. ISBN 978-1-86814-608-6.
• Plaut, Martin; Holden, Paul (2012). Who Rules South Africa?. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1849544085.
• Thuynsma, Heather (Ed.) (2017). Political Parties in South Africa - Do They Undermine or Underpin Democracy?. Africa Institute of South Africa. ISBN 978-0-7983-0514-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

• Dynamics in the slow reform legislations
• Institute for Democracy