Abahlali baseMjondolo

Abahlali baseMjondolo (AbM, Zulu pronunciation: [aɓaˈɬali ɓasɛm̩dʒɔˈndɔːlo], in English: "the people of the shacks")[1] is a shack dwellers' movement in South Africa which campaigns both against evictions and for public housing. The movement grew out of a road blockade organised from the Kennedy Road shack settlement in the city of Durban in early 2005 and expanded to the cities of Pietermaritzburg and Cape Town. It is the largest shack dwellers' organisation in South Africa, campaigning to improve the living conditions of poor people and to democratise society from below. As of 2010, it had 25,000 members.

Abahlali baseMjondolo
Abahlali baseMjondolo Logo
NicknameAbM
Pronunciation
  • Zulu pronunciation: [aɓaˈɬali ɓasɛm̩dʒɔˈndɔːlo]
Formation2005
Founded atKennedy Road, Durban
PurposeHousing activism
Location
  • Durban
  • Cape Town
Key people
Shamita Naidoo, Mnikelo Ndabankulu, Zodwa Nsibande, Mzonke Poni, S'bu Zikode
Websiteabahlali.org

Abahlali baseMjondolo has held demonstrations, created dual power institutions, engaged in direct action such as land occupations, self-organised water and electricity connections and used the courts tactically. It defeated the KwaZulu-Natal Slums Act of 2007 and protested against the effects of the 2010 FIFA World Cup such as evictions and xenophobic attacks. AbM has historically refused party politics, and has boycotted elections in the past under the banner of No Land! No House! No Vote!.[2][3] It has a history of conflict with both the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance. Despite this stance, it announced its tactical support for the Democratic Alliance in the 2014 elections.[4][5] By 2019, the group would only endorse the Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party.

According to president S'bu Zikode the group aspires to an "ethics of living communism," as it campaigns on land and housing issues. A key slogan of the group is 'Don't Talk About Us, Talk To Us'. AbM has received support from church leaders and participates in the Poor People's Alliance, a network of radical grassroots movements in South Africa. It has also made solidarity links with other groups worldwide. At the same time, the group has faced sustained, and at times violent, repression which has included assassinations. Two people were murdered in the 2009 attack on Kennedy Road, whilst Nkululeko Gwala, an organiser in Cato Crest, Durban, was killed in 2013. Nqobile Nzuza was shot dead at the Marikana land occupation in Durban in 2013. In 2020, despite a moratorium on evictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, evictions continued in Durban and several people were shot with live ammunition.

History
Abahlali Assembly, Foreman Road Settlement

In 2001, the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, which governs the city of Durban and surrounding places including Pinetown, embarked on a 'slum clearance program.' This meant the steady demolition of shack settlements and a refusal to provide basic services (for example electricity and sanitation) to existing settlements on the grounds that all shack settlements were now temporary. Following these demolitions some shack dwellers were simply left homeless and others were subjected to unlawful forced evictions then moved to the rural periphery of the city.[6][7]

Abahlali baseMjondolo (AbM) formed out of a series of housing protests in 2005. Firstly, 750 people from the Kennedy Road shack settlement in Durban blockaded the N2 freeway for four hours with a burning barricade. There were 14 arrests.[8][9] The group's original work from 2005 onwards was primarily committed to opposing demolitions and forced removals and to struggling for good land and quality housing in the cities.[10] In most instances, this involved a demand for shack settlements to be upgraded or for new houses to be built close to where the existing settlements were. However, the movement has also argued that basic services such as water, electricity and toilets should be immediately provided to shack settlements while land and housing are negotiated. The movement has also engaged in mass actions providing access to water and electricity.[11][12] AbM quickly had a considerable degree of success in stopping evictions and forced removals, winning the right for new shacks to be built and gaining access to basic services.[13] However, for three years it was not able to secure access to decent urban land for new housing.[7]

The United Nations expressed serious concerns in early 2008 about the treatment of shack dwellers in Durban.[14] In late 2008, the AbM President S'bu Zikode[15] announced a deal with the eThekwini Municipality which would see services being provided to 14 settlements and tenure security and formal housing to three.[16] The municipality confirmed this deal in February 2009.[17] AbM has been involved in considerable conflict with the eThekwini Municipality and has undertaken numerous protests and legal actions.[6] Its members have been beaten and its leaders arrested by the South African Police Service in Sydenham, Durban.[18] AbM has often made claims of severe police harassment, including torture.[19] On a number of occasions, these claims have been supported by church leaders[20] and human rights organisations.[21] AbM has successfully sued the police for unlawful assaults on its members.[22] In October 2009, it won a court case on appeal which declared the KZN Slums Act unconstitutional.[10][23][24][25]

There was acute conflict between AbM and the Cape Town City Council in 2009.[26] This centred on the Macassar Village Land Occupation. There was similar conflict in 2013 around the Marikana Land Occupation.[27] There was also concern about the possibility of evictions linked to the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[28][29]

Academic work on Abahlali baseMjondolo stresses that it is non-professionalised (i.e. its leaders are nonsalaried), independent of NGO control, autonomous from political organisations and party politics[30][31] and democratic.[32][33][34][35][36] Sarah Cooper-Knock describes the movement as "neurotically democratic, impressively diverse and steadfastly self-critical".[37] Ercument Celik writes that "I experienced how democratically the movement ran its meetings."[38] According to The Times, the movement "has shaken the political landscape of South Africa."[39] Academic Peter Vale writes that Abahlali baseMjondolo is "along with the Treatment Action Campaign the most effective grouping in South African civil society."[40] Khadija Patel has written that the movement "is at the forefront of a new wave of mass political mobilisation".[41]

AbM has, along with the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, refused to work with the NGO-run 'Social Movements Indaba' (SMI), and some of the NGOs involved with the SMI.[42] The movement has been particularly critical of the Centre for Civil Society at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and refuses to work with the Centre.[43][44]

From its beginnings in Durban, Abahlali baseMjondolo has expanded to the cities of Pietermaritzburg[45] and Cape Town.[46][47][48] It is the largest shack dweller's organisation in South Africa[49][29][50] and campaigns to improve the living conditions of poor people[51] and to democratise society from below.[52] AbM makes considerable use of cellphones to organise, generates its own media where possible[47] and has made use of films too.[53] The award-winning[54] documentary feature film Dear Mandela tells the story of three young activists in Abahlali baseMjondolo.[55][56]

Membership and structures

Abahlali baseMjondolo claimed in 2010 to have around 25,000 active supporters in 64 different shack settlements of which just over 10,000 were paid up card carrying members.[57] It has a youth league and a women's league.[58]

AbM also runs formal education courses and issues certificates. The University of Abahlali baseMjondolo teaches through song and discussions, and archives the knowledge production process.[59] It also hosts regular seminars.[60]

Campaigns

Since 2005, the movement has carried out a series of large scale marches,[38][61] created numerous dual power institutions,[62] engaged in direct action such as land occupations,[63] self organised water and electricity connections and made tactical use of the courts.[64][65][66][67] The movement has often made anti-capitalist statements,[68] has called for "a living communism",[69][70] and has demanded the expropriation of private land for public housing.[71]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa, AbM called a halt to all its planned events, including the annual UnFreedom Day rally.[72] It also warned that most precautions against the virus assumed that people had access to sanitation and running water, a situation that was not the case for many of its members living in shacks.[73] Ronald Lamola, Minister of Justice and Correctional Services, introduced a moratorium on evictions during lockdown (which began 27 March 2020) yet the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality carried out evictions in Durban affecting around 900 people. Three of the settlements were Azania, eKhenana and Ekuphumeleleni, all affiliated with AbM. Azania was squatted on 26 February 2019 and it was completely evicted, affecting around 300 people, two of whom were shot with live ammunition.[74]

Land and housing

Abahlali baseMjondolo campaigns for well-situated urban land for public housing[75] and has occupied unused government land.[76][77] A primary demand of the movement has been for decent, public housing and much of its work takes the form of opposing evictions.[78] The movement has often used the phrase 'The Right to the City'[79] to insist that the location of housing is critically important and demands that shack settlements are upgraded where they are and that people are not relocated to out of town developments.[80][81] The movement rejects technocratic approaches to the housing crisis and stresses the need for dignity to be central to the resolution of the housing crisis.[82] It is opposed to shack dwellers being moved into 'transit camps'.[66] The movement opposes all evictions and forced removals and has campaigned vigorously on this score via public protest and, also, legal action.[83][84]

Land occupations organised by Abahlali baseMjondolo include Macassar Village (2009), Marikana (Cape Town) (2013) and Marikana (Durban) (2013). AbM activists set up the eKhanana Land Occupation in 2018, in Cato Crest, Durban. The Anti-Land-Invasion Unit demolished and burnt 50 shacks, but the occupation continued.[85] In 2019 the occupiers won the right to remain on the land.[86]

Service delivery

Abahlali baseMjondolo has also campaigned for the provision of basic services to shack settlements.[83][87] In South Africa, there are an average of "ten shack fires a day with someone dying in a shack fire every other day".[88] AbM has campaigned on this issue demanding, amongst other things, the electrification of shacks.[89] It has also connected thousands of people to electricity.[88] The movement campaigns for equal access to school education for poor children.[90] AbM has organised a number of mutual aid projects: crèches, kitchens and vegetable gardens.[91]

Fighting the KZN Slums Act
AbM protest the KZN Slums Act outside court in Johannesburg

The KwaZulu-Natal Elimination and Prevention of Re-emergence of Slums Act was introduced in 2007 by the Provincial Government of KwaZulu-Natal. It gave landowners and municipalities increased powers to evict tenants and squatters. AbM went to court in an attempt to have the act declared unconstitutional, but lost the case.[92] On 14 May 2009, it took the case on appeal to the Constitutional Court.[93] The judgment was handed down on 14 October 2009 and the movement won the case with costs.[94]

Xenophobia and police brutality

AbM took a strong stand against the xenophobic attacks that swept the country in May 2008.[31] There were attacks in townships against migrants from Mozambique and Zimbabwe, resulting in over fifty deaths.[95] AbM Released a statement in Afrikaans, English, isiZulu, German and Portuguese which declared "a person cannot be illegal [...] don’t turn your suffering neighbours into enemies."[96] Sociologist Michael Neocosmos saw this as the "most important statement on the xenophobic violence" and praised the fact that it was shack-dweller group addressing the issue.[97]

There were no attacks in any Abahlali settlements.[38][98][99] The movement was also able to stop an in-progress attack in the (non-Abahlali affiliated) Kenville settlement and to offer shelter to some people displaced in the attacks.[100][101]

The movement has organised numerous actions against police racism and brutality[102] and has often demanded fair access to policing services for shack dwellers.[17]

2010 FIFA World Cup
See also: 2010 FIFA World Cup event effects

The 2010 FIFA World Cup was hosted by South Africa. In the leadup to the event, with 450,000 people expected to visit, there were concerns that the interests of the poor were being ignored as roads were rebuilt and new stadiums built.[103] Thousands of people were evicted and in October 2009, armed men attacked a shanty town in Durban, killing two people and demolishing thirty homes.[104]

We are supposed to be happy and excited to be hosting this major event but evictions are already taking place on a large scale. The government is focusing on the international visitors rather than poor communities. The role of the poor is seemingly to work hard in hotels, soccer stadiums and other facilities for the world's benefit, but then be kicked out of the cities and not share in the profits.

— S'bu Zikode, The Guardian[105]

A security plan costing 1.3 billion rand (£98 million) involved sites being protected by 41,000 police officers equipped with water cannons, drones and helicopters.[105] Whilst the cup cost an estimated £4 billion in total to put on, 43% of South African adults remained unemployed.[106] The Western Cape branch of AbM threatened to build shacks outside of the Cape Town stadium to draw attention to their situation.[107][108] However, they were not able to make good on this threat.[109]

Philosophy

Abahlali baseMjondolo describes itself as "a homemade politics that everyone can understand and find a home in"[110] and stresses that it moves from the lived experience of the poor to create a politics that is both intellectual and actional.[111] A slogan of the group is 'Don't Talk About Us, Talk To Us'.[112] Its key demand is that the social value of urban land should take priority over its commercial value[113] and it campaigns for the public expropriation of large privately owned landholdings.[38] The key organising strategy is to try "to recreate Commons" from below by trying to create a series of linked communes.[114]

Its philosophy has been sketched out in a number of articles and interviews. The key ideas are those of a politics of the poor, a living politics and a people's politics.[115] A politics of the poor is understood to mean a politics that is conducted by the poor and for the poor in a manner that enables the poor to be active participants in the struggles conducted in their name. Practically, it means that such a politics must be conducted where poor people live or in places that they can easily access, at the times when they are free, in the languages that they speak. It does not mean that middle-class people and organisations are excluded but that they are expected to come to these spaces and to undertake their politics there in a dialogical and democratic manner. There are two key aspects to the idea of a living politics. The first is that it is understood as a politics that begins not from external theory but from the experience of the people that shape it. It is argued that political education usually operates to create new elites who mediate relationships of patronage upwards and who impose ideas on others and to exclude ordinary people from thinking politically. This politics is not anti-theory – it just asserts the need to begin from lived experience and to move on from there rather than to begin from theory (usually imported from the Global North) and to impose theory on the lived experience of suffering and resistance in the shacks. The second key aspect, of a living politics, is that political thinking is always undertaken democratically and in common. People's politics is opposed to party politics or politicians' politics (as well as to top down undemocratic forms of NGO politics) and it is argued that the former is a popular democratic project undertaken without financial reward and with an explicit refusal of representative roles and personal power while the latter is a top down, professionalised representative project driven by personal power.[116][117][118][119]

While the movement is clear that its key immediate goals are 'land and housing' it is equally clear that it sees its politics as going beyond this.[120] S'bu Zikode has commented that: "We have seen in certain cases in South Africa where governments have handed out houses simply to silence the poor. This is not acceptable to us. Abahalali’s struggle is beyond housing. We fight for respect and dignity. If houses are given to silence the poor then those houses are not acceptable to us."[121]

'Abahlalism' has on occasion been described as anarchist or autonomist in practice.[122][123] This is primarily because its praxis correlates closely with central tenets of anarchism, including decentralisation, opposition to imposed hierarchy, direct democracy and recognition of the connection between means and ends.[124] However, the movement has never described itself as either anarchist or autonomist. Zikode has said that the movement aspires to "an ethics of living communism".[120]

Elections

Abahlali baseMjondolo, together with similar grassroots movements in Johannesburg and Cape Town, has traditionally taken a critical stance towards state elections in South Africa.[125] It boycotted the local government elections in 2006,[126] the national government elections in 2009 and the 2011 local government elections[127][128] under the banner of No Land! No House! No Vote!. It has a history of conflict with both the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance.[129][130] Academic work contends that in this way the movement has protected its autonomy from political parties and NGOs.[38][31] The Mail & Guardian reported that "Nearly 75% of South Africans aged 20–29 did not vote in the 2011 [local government] elections" and that "South Africans in that age group were more likely to have taken part in violent street protests against the local ANC than to have voted for the ruling party".[131]

The government and academics speak about the poor all the time, but so few want to speak to the poor...It becomes clear that our job is just to vote and then watch the rich speak about us as we get poorer

— S'bu Zikode[106]

Abahlali baseMjondolo's Deputy President, Lindela Figlan, has argued that "voting someone into government just gives them power to oppress and exploit us."[132] Despite this sentiment, at the AbM "Unfreedom Day" rally held in Kwa-Mashu on 27 April 2014, the movement's President Sbu Zikode announced that they "would abandon their No Land, No House, No Vote campaign and cast a "strategic vote" in the May 7 elections".[133] A few days later Zikode signed a pact with the centrist Democratic Alliance (DA), stating that "We encourage our comrades and our membership to vote for the Democratic Alliance so that we can get rid of corruption".[4] Zikode clarified that "Abahlali are not joining DA or any political party. We will remain independent from all kinds of mainstream political parties. But this time around it's a tactical partnership where the aim is to really get rid of the party that has become a threat to the society".[5] The DA welcomed Abahali's endorsement, stating that this had come after two years of engagement.[134]

The group announced in 2019 that the only political party which had its support was the Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party (SRWP). A spokesperson said "We still maintain that we are a movement that fights for people’s rights and dignity. SRWP is the only party which speaks the same language as us, and although our vote is for them, we remain an independent civic organisation".[135]

Repression
AbM protest in Durban

In the early days of Abahlali baseMjondolo, individuals in the ruling party often accused it of being criminals manipulated by a malevolent white man, a third force, or a foreign intelligence agency.[38][36][136] The movement, like others in South Africa,[137][138] has suffered sustained illegal harassment from the state.[139] This has resulted in more than 200 arrests of Abahlali members in the first last three years of its existence and repeated police brutality in people's homes, in the streets and in detention.[140] On a number of occasions, the police used live ammunition,[138] armoured vehicles and helicopters in their attacks on unarmed shack dwellers.[141] In 2006 the local city manager, Mike Sutcliffe, unlawfully implemented a complete ban on Abahlali's right to march[142][143] which was eventually overturned in court.[138][144][145][146] Abahlali have been violently prevented from accepting invitations to appear on television[147][148] and radio debates by the local police.[149] The Freedom of Expression Institute has issued a number of statements in strong support of Abahlali's right to speak out and to organise protests.[150][151] The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions[152] and a group of prominent church leaders[153][154] have also issued public statements against police violence, as has Bishop Rubin Philip in his individual capacity,[155] and in support of the right of the movement to publicly express dissent.[156] In March 2008, The Mercury newspaper reported that both Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International were investigating human rights abuses against shack dwellers by the city government.[157]

A youth meeting was attacked in the Kennedy Road settlement on 26 September 2009. A mob of 40 people entered the settlement wielding guns and knives and attacked an Abahlali baseMjondolo youth meeting.[158][159] Two people were killed in the resulting conflict.[107] The Mail & Guardian newspaper described the attack on Kennedy Road as a "hatchet job."[160] On 18 July 2011, the case against the 12 accused members of AbM collapsed.[161][162] The Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa issued a statement saying that the "charges were based on evidence which now appears almost certainly to have been manufactured" and that the Magistrate had described the state witnesses as ""belligerent", "unreliable" and "dishonest".[163] Amnesty International noted that the court had found that "police had directed some witnesses to point out members of Abahlali-linked organisations at the identification parade".[164]

IRIN, the newsletter of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, reported in April 2010 that "The rise of an organised poor people's movement [Abahlali baseMjondolo] in South Africa's most populous province, KwaZulu-Natal, is being met with increasing hostility by the ruling African National Congress (ANC) government"[165] and in April 2013 the movement successfully sued the Minister of Police for violence against three of its members.[166]

On 26 June 2013, local AbM leader Nkululeko Gwala was assassinated in the Cato Crest shack settlement in Durban. He had led protests over the distribution of public housing and was shot 12 times. [167][168] Hours before the murder, an ANC politician had said he was a trouble-maker.[169] Another local activist had been previously shot dead in March.[167][170] Nqobile Nzuza was shot dead by police at the Durban Marikana land occupation in September 2013, at the age of 17. After five years, Phumlani Ndlovu (a Cato Manor police officer) was jailed for 10 years.[171] Another Abahlali baseMjondolo member was killed on 29 September 2014. Thuli Ndlovu, the movement chairperson for KwaNdengezi was assassinated in her home after disputes with a local councillor over housing allocation.[172] [173] AbM accused the councillor of having a hand in the assassination.[174] On 27 February 2015, the local councillor, Mduduzi Ngcobo, was arrested on suspicion of being behind the murder.[175] Ngcobo and Velile Lutsheko (another ANC councillor) were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder. Mlungisi Ndlovu, the gunman they had hired, was handed a sentence of 12 years in jail.[176]

After a call was made for eThekwini Mayor Zandile Gumede to step down to face charges of racketeering and fraud, the Durban offices of AbM were burgled in May 2019. No money was taken but two computer hard drives were stolen. When Zikode said he was concerned by the timing of the burglary, the mayor's representative replied: "This is an old, repeated, fabricated allegation by Abahlali … they must approach relevant security agencies if they have evidence instead of the media".[177]

Despite a moratorium on evictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the eKhenana shanty town in Cato Crest, Durban, was attacked by the local anti-land invasion unit and private security companies. AbM went to court and the evictions were declared illegal, in response the commander of the anti-land invasion team went to the settlement and shot a squatter in the hip. He was charged with attempted murder but not suspended from his post.[74]

Church support

Abahlali baseMjondolo has received strong support from some key church leaders such as Bishop of Natal, Rubin Phillip.[178] In a speech at the AbM UnFreedom Day event on 27 April 2008 Phillip said:

The courage, dignity and gentle determination of Abahlali baseMjodolo has been a light that has shone ever more brightly over the last three years. You have faced fires, sickness, evictions, arrest, beatings, slander, and still you stand bravely for what is true. Your principle that everyone matters, that every life is precious, is very simple but it is also utterly profound. Many of us who hold dear the most noble traditions of our country take hope from your courage and your dignity.[179]

The Italian theologian Brother Filippo Mondini has attempted to develop a theology based on the political thought and practices developed in Abahlali baseMjondolo.[180]

The Poor People's Alliance

In September 2008, Abahlali baseMjondolo, the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, the Landless People's Movement and the Rural Network (Abahlali baseplasini) formed The Poor People's Alliance. The Anti-Eviction Campaign's chairman said "We are calling it the Poor People’s Alliance so our people can identify with it".[181][182] The coalition has repeatedly clashed with the ANC.[183] The Poor People's Alliance refuses electoral politics under the slogan "No Land! No House! No Vote!".[184][185] Abahlali baseMjondolo has also organised in solidarity with the Unemployed Peoples' Movement.[186]

International solidarity

Worldwide, Abahlali baseMjondolo has solidarity links with many other groups, such as Sendika in Istanbul[187] and the Combined Harare Residents' Association in Harare[188]. In the US, it is connected to Domestic Workers United, The Poverty Initiative, Picture the Homeless and the Movement for Justice in el Barrio in New York.[189][190][191][192] It is also supported by the Media Mobilizing Project in Philadelphia[193] and Take Back the Land in Miami[194]

There is an AbM Solidarity Group in England[195] and the movement has links with the London Coalition Against Poverty[196] and War on Want.[197] In Italy, AbM is connected to Clandestino and the Comboni Missionaries.[198]

Criticisms

According to eThekwini City Manager Dr. Michael Sutcliffe, the essence of the tensions between Abahlali baseMjondolo and the City lie in the fact that the movement "rejects the authority of the city." When the Durban High Court ruled that his attempts to ban marches by AbM were unlawful he stated that: "We will be asking serious questions of the court because we cannot allow anarchy having anyone marching at any time and any place."[199] According to Lennox Mabaso, spokesperson for the Provincial Department of Housing, the movement is "under the sway of an agent provocateur" who is "engaged in clandestine operations" and who has been "assigned to provoke unrest".[200] City Officials continue to argue that the movement is a Third Force seeking to undermine the ruling African National Congress for nefarious purposes.[201]

In December 2006, Abahlali members and members of the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign,[202] disrupted a meeting of the Social Movements Indaba at the University of KwaZulu Natal and staged a protest.[62] Some academics and NGO activists, all of whom have clear links to a local NGO, the Centre for Civil Society, claimed that this was criminal behaviour[203] and somehow illegitimate in that, according to these people, it was in response to the dismissal of four Abahlali linked academics from the Centre. However the WC-AEC issued a statement vigorously rejecting these claims[202] while the Mail and Guardian newspaper reported a very different account of why Abahlali protested the meeting.[204] A masters thesis by Matt Birkinshaw explained that the protest happened because "Abahlali felt that there was a lack of genuine democracy and participation due to NGO co-optation" in the SMI.[62] Online video footage of the protest shot by Antonios Vradis indicates that the demonstration was peaceful and rational and that the movements had a clear critique of the NGO co-option of the SMI.[205]

In October 2010, Abahlali baseMjondolo of the Western Cape called for a month of direct action.[206][207] Mzonke Poni, the chairperson of the Cape Town structure at the time, publicly endorsed road blockades as a legitimate tactic during this strike.[208] The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and the South African Communist Party, the latter a major ally of the ruling ANC, issued strong statements condemning the campaign and labelling it 'violent'[209] and, 'anarchist' and reactionary'.[210] AbM responded by saying that their support for road blockades was not violent and that "We have never called for violence. Violence is harm to human beings. Blockading a road is not violence."[211] They also said that the SACP's attack was really due to the movement's insistence on organising autonomously from the African National Congress.[212] After the strike by AbM Western Cape, there were some protests in TR section of Khayelitsha in which vehicles were damaged. AbM WC ascribed these protests to the ANC Youth League[213] as did Helen Zille and the Youth League itself.[214] According to Leadership Magazine "The ANC Youth League in the province has hijacked the peaceful service-delivery protests organised by the social movement Abahlali baseMjondolo in Khayelitsha in a violent, destructive and desperate attempt to mobilise support for the ANC against the province's Democratic Alliance provincial and municipal governments."[215]

List of notable Abahlali baseMjondolo activists
NameLocationInformationReference
Lindela FiglanDurbanHousing activist, made speaking tour of United Kingdom[1]
Nkululeko GwalaDurbanCato Crest housing activist, assassinated in 2013[167]
Louisa MothaDurbanLocal co-ordinator[112]
Shamita NaidooDurbanLocal chairperson[216]
Mnikelo NdabankuluDurbanDurban spokesperson (until 2014)[217]
Zodwa NsibandeDurbanGeneral Secretary of youth league[218]
Nqobile NzuzaMarikana Land Occupation, DurbanAssassinated in 2013 at anti-eviction protest[171]
Raj PatelUnited States, South Africa, ZimbabweWebsite manager[219]
Mzonke PoniWestern CapeFormer chairperson[220]
S'bu ZikodeDurbanPresident of AbM[221]
Philani ZunguDurbanDeputy president 2006–2007[222]

See also

References
  1. Figlan, Lindela. "South Africa's 'insidious' housing problems happening in Britain". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  2. "Abahlali baseMjondolo: 'A homemade politics'". LibCom. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  3. 'Shack dwellers honour their leader' Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine by SABC News, 16 December 2009
  4. DA signs pact with KZN landless people Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine SAPA, The Daily News, 2 May 2014
  5. Abahlali throws support behind DA Thrishni Subramoney and SAPA, East Coast Radio, 2 May 2014
  6. "South Africa". Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE). Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  7. "COHRE report to the United Nations (pdf)" (PDF). Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE). 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  8. Article in the Sunday Tribune newspaper by Fred Kockott describing the road blockade Archived 19 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. Pithouse, Richard (February 2006). "Struggle is a School". Monthly Review. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006.
  10. Cabannes, Yves (13 June 2010). "How people face evictions". UCL. The Bartlett Development Planning Unit. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  11. "A big devil in the shacks: The politics of fire". History Matters. 16 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) A-Short-History-of-Abahlali-baseMjondolo
  13. Durban breaks new ground in participatory democracy, Imraan Buccus Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Thoughtleader.co.za. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  14. "United Nations Statement on Housing Rights Violations in South Africa". Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  15. South Africa's new apartheid? Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Riz Khan, Al Jazeera, 23 November 2010
  16. Speech by S'bu Zikode Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Africafiles.org (14 December 2008). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  17. The Work of violence:a timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road Archived 17 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kerry Chance School of Development Studies Research Report, 83, July 2010.]
  18. Niren Tolsi, 'I was punched, beaten' Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Mail & Guardian', 16 September 2007
  19. Abahlali_3. "Abahlali baseMjondolo & the Police – Abahlali baseMjondolo". abahlali.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  20. Abahlali baseMjondolo (2007). "Police Violence in Sydenham, 28 September 2007: A Testimony by Church Leaders". abahlali.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  21. Relevant Letter and Full Report Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  22. SA police caught dead to right Archived 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, by Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian,26 April 2013
  23. Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine 'Shack dwellers' victory bus' by Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 2009
  24. Landmark judgment for the poor Archived 21 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 18 October 2009]. Mg.co.za (18 October 2009). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  25. Ruling in Abahlali case lays solid foundation to build on Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Marie Huchzermeyer, Business Day, 4 November 2009
  26. Collection of articles on the Macassar Village Land Occupation Archived 20 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  27. 'Marikana' UnFreedom Day land occupation ends in violent Workers’ Day eviction Archived 3 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, by Jared Sacks, The Daily Maverick, 2 May 2013
  28. "Shack Dwellers Fight Demolition in S. Africa Court". OneWorld.net. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011.
  29. Steele, Jonathan (2009). "Why 2010 Could Be An Own Goal for the Rainbow Nation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  30. examining the refusal of electoral politics in Abahlali Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Raj Patel
  31. Analysing Political Subjectivities: Naming the Post-Development State in Africa Today by Michael Neocosmos, Journal of Asian & African Studies, pp.534–553, Vol. 45, No. 5, October 2010
  32. Patel, Raj (2008). "A Short Course in Politics at the University of Abahlali baseMjondolo". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 43: 95–112. doi:10.1177/0021909607085587. S2CID 145211004.
  33. Gibson, Nigel C. (2008). "Upright and free: Fanon in South Africa, from Biko to the shackdwellers' movement (Abahlali baseMjondolo)". Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture. 14 (6): 683–715. doi:10.1080/13504630802462802. S2CID 55905865.
  34. Nigel Gibson. "Zabalaza, Unfinished Struggles against Apartheid: The Shackdwellers' Movement in Durban". Socialism & Democracy. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  35. Settlement Informality: The importance of understanding change, formality and land and the informal economy, Marie Huchzermeyer, 2008
  36. Nigel C. Gibson, Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2011: London, Palgrave Macmillan)
  37. Symbol of hope silenced, Sarah Cooper-Knock, Daily News, 13 November 2009
  38. Celik, Ercüment (2010). Street traders: A bridge between trade unions and social movements in contemporary South Africa (1. Aufl ed.). Nomos. ISBN 978-3-8329-5721-6.
  39. Clayton, Jonathan (25 February 2006). "Stench of shanties puts ANC on wrong side of new divide". The Times. p. 46. Gale IF0502965359.
  40. Peter Vale – Insight into history of SA an imperative 2010/04/09 Daily Dispatch. Dispatch.co.za Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  41. Shack dwellers take the fight to eThekwini – and the ANC takes note Archived 20 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Khadija Patel, The Daily Maverick, 16 September 2013
  42. "Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign – Working against Forced Removals". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008. AEC statement on the SMI
  43. Zikode, S'bu. "Land & Housing". www.metamute.org. Mute. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  44. Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Supporting Abahlali baseMjondolo
  45. 'ANC to shift to the Left after South Africa's presidential election' Archived 26 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Telegraph, London
  46. Article in the Sowetan newspaper on the launch of the Cape Town branch of Abahlali baseMjondolo
  47. Social Movement Media in Post-Apartheid South Africa, by Wendy Willems,Encyclopaedia of Social Movement Media (Ed. John D. H. Downing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 2011)
  48. Cape Town Administration Violates the Rights of the Poor Archived 29 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Carmen Ludwig, All Africa, 27 October 2011
  49. 'South Africa's Poor Have Had Enough' Carol Landry, Agence France-Presse, December 2005
  50. What's the Deal with the Toyi-Toyi Archived 20 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, by Lisa Nevitt,Cape Town Magazine, November 2010
  51. 'The State of Resistance: Popular struggles in the Global South' edited by Francois Polet pp.139–140, McMillian 2007
  52. Abahlali baseMjondolo (2008). "iPolitiki ePhilayo: The Abahlali baseMjondolo Manifesto for a Politics of the Poor". Indybay. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  53. Sean Jacobs, 'Post-Apartheid Social Movements on Film', Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa, Herman Wasserman (Ed.)Routledge, London, 2010
  54. Award-winners at the 32nd Durban International Film Festival Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Blog.docfilmsa.com (1 August 2011). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  55. DIFF 2011 | The Wrap Up Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Mahala.co.za (3 August 2011). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  56. After Apartheid, More Struggles to Wage, Nicolas Rapold, The New York Times, 20 September 2012
  57. Kerry Chance (July 2010). "The Work of violence:A timeline of armed attacks at Kennedy Road". School of Development Studies Research Report 83. Archived from the original on 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  58. Pierre de Vos (2010). "In defense of the Internet". Constitutionally Speaking. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  59. Transforming the basis of knowledge Archived 19 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Budd Hall, University World News, 25 May 2013
  60. Nigel Gibson, 'Upright and free: Fanon in South Africa, from Biko to the shackdwellers' movement (Abahlali baseMjondolo)', Social Identities (Volume 14, Issue 6 November 2008 , pages 683 – 715)
  61. Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Resistance from the other South Africa by Neha Nimmagudda in Pambazuka News(17 July 2008]
  62. See 'Rights, democracy, social movements: Abahlali baseMjondolo – a living politics' Masters Thesis by Matt Birkinshaw, University of London, 2007
  63. Occupy Durban Archived 1 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, AbM Press Statement, December 2011
  64. Civic Action and Legal Mobilisation: the Phiri water meters case Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Jackie Dugard, Wits University, 2010
  65. Victory for the Forgotten Shack Dwellers Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa, 19 September 2012
  66. Judgment a victory for 38 families Archived 5 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Daily News, 20 September 2012
  67. A Durban shack dweller's movement tells of ANC's woes Archived 30 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Khadija Patel, The Daily Maverick, 4 October 2013
  68. 'Abahlali baseMjondolo – The South African Shack Dwellers Movement' by Suzy Subways, 2008 Archived 3 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Champnetwork.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  69. Archived 9 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Text of Speech at Diakonia Economic Justice Forum – Please follow the link to the PDF for the full content of the speech
  70. Politics of Grieving Archived 26 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by Drucilla Cornell, Social Text, 2011
  71. ‘The poor need proper homes’ – article in the Sowetan by Mary Papayya 1 September 2008 Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  72. Bonono, Mqapheli; Sizani, Nomsa; Majola, O. J. (23 March 2020). "Abahlali baseMjondolo: A call for solidarity in a time of crisis". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  73. Hodgson, Tim Fish; Ebrahim, Shaazia (26 March 2020). "Abahlali baseMjondolo: You can't stop the virus while living in the mud". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  74. Philpott, Graham; Ntseng, David; Butler, Mark; Draper, Alice (23 June 2020). "Durban shack dwellers illegally evicted". New Frame. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  75. South Africa's shack-dwellers fight back Archived 22 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by Patrick Kingsely, The Guardian, 24 September 2012
  76. 'Black Boers' clear townships by force Archived 7 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Ruth Maclean, The Times, London, 22 November 2013
  77. Despite the state's violence, our fight to escape the mud and fire of South Africa's slums will continue Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, S'bu Zikode, The Guardian, 11 November 2013
  78. Serving the public interest in Cairo’s urban development Archived 16 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, by Jessie McClelland, al Masryalyoum, 12 May 2010
  79. The Abahlali baseMjondolo Shack Dwellers Movement and the Right to the City in South Africa Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Charlotte Mathivet and Shelley Buckingham, Habitat International Coalition, 2009
  80. Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine This emerges clearly in the archive of the movement's memoranda and press statements
  81. There is reference to some of the legal actions against evictions in the 2008 report on housing rights in Durban Centre on Housing Rights & Evictions (Geneva) which is online at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link). The papers from many of the court actions are also archived on the Abahlali site
  82. Love in the Time of AIDS, Mark Hunter, UKZN Press, 2010, p.224
  83. Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine This also emerges very clearly in the archive of the movement's memoranda and press statements
  84. Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine For a discussion of a key court victory against evictions see the article 'Chetty Champions the Poor' in 'South African Legal Brief', 24 September 2008
  85. Xolo, Nomfundo (15 November 2018). "Shacks burnt, residents arrested, man shot in testicles as Durban targets shackdwellers". GroundUp News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  86. Dawood, Zainul (15 April 2019). "Gunman opens fire on Cato Crest shack dwellers killing one". iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  87. Parker, Faranaaz. "Capitalism the 'real culprit behind climate change'". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  88. Matt Birkinshaw 'The Big Devil in the Jondolos: The Politics of Shack Fires in Pambazuka News (2008) Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Pambazuka.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  89. See http://abahlali.org/search/node/fire Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  90. South African Social Movement campaigns against School Exclusions Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Teacher Solidarity, 9 January 2011
  91. Seeds of rebellion Archived 18 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, by Albert Buhr, The Times, 15 August 2010
  92. "Pooh-slinging Slums Act showdown at Con Court". M&G. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  93. South Africa shanty town bill row, BBC, 15 May 2009 Archived 16 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News (14 May 2009). Retrieved on 30 April 2019.
  94. ‘From shack to the Constitutional Court’: The litigious disruption of governing global cities Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Anna Selmeczi, Utrecht Law Review, April 2011 http://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.162
  95. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)'The Africa that Pushes Back' by Mukoma Wa Ngugi, Foreign Policy in Focus, 24 December 2008
  96. See http://www.abahlali.org/node/3582 Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  97. Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine 'The politics of fear and the fear of politics' by Michael Neocosmos, Pambazuka, 2008
  98. From 'Foreign Natives' to 'Native Foreigners': Explaining Xenophobia in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Michael Neocosmos, CODESRIA, Dakar, 2010
  99. “We are Gauteng People” Challenging the politics of xenophobia in Khutsong, South Africa Archived 2 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Seminar Presentation, Joshua Kirshner, 23 February 2011, Rhodes University
  100. See 'The Politics of Fear and the Fear of Politics: Reflections on Xenophobic Violence in South Africa', an article by Professor Michael Neocosmos from Monash University in Australia in the Journal of Asian & African Studies Vol. 43, No. 6, 586–594 (2008)
  101. 'The May 2008 Pogroms: xenophobia, evictions, liberalism, and democratic grassroots militancy in South Africa' by Richard Pithouse, in ''Sanhati'', June 2008 Archived 13 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Sanhati.com. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  102. See, for instance, Against Police Brutality – March On Glen Nayager, 10 April 2007 Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  103. World Cup Whose Meaning Goes Beyond Soccer Archived 14 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Alan Cowell, 28 December 2009, The New York Times
  104. "South Africa's Poor Targeted by Evictions, Attacks in Advance of 2010 World Cup". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  105. Smith, David (4 April 2017). "World Cup 2010: football brings defining moment for South Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  106. The real winners and losers: of the beautiful game Archived 10 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Sunday Herald 9 August 2009
  107. A Quiet Coup: South Africa’s largest social movement under attack as the World Cup Looms Archived 4 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Toussaint Losier, Left Turn Magazine, June 2010
  108. Shack dwellers threat to Cup Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Francis Hweshe, The Sowetan, 1 June 2010
  109. South Africa: from Polokwane to the World Cup and after Archived 12 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Martin Legassick, World Wide Socialist Network, 9 July 2010
  110. Richard Pithouse' Thinking Resistance in the Shantytown', Mute Magazine, August 2006 Archived 25 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  111. Abahlali baseMjondolo, Spatial Agency Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Spatialagency.net. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  112. Gunby, Kate (2007). "You'll Never Silence the Voice of the Voiceless: Critical Voices of Activists in Post-Apartheid South Africa". Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 115. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  113. Abahlali baseMjondolo March on Jacob Zuma, Durban, South Africa Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 22 March 2010, UK IndyMedia
  114. Joel Kovel, 'The Enemy of Nature', 2007 Zed Books, New York, p. 251
  115. Abahlali’s Vocal Politics of Proximity: Speaking, Suffering and Political Subjectivization Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Anna Selmeczi, Journal of Asian and African Studies, October 2012 vol. 47 no. 5 498–515
  116. The movement's philosophy is clearly articulated in a number of statements on its website – see, especially, the statements at http://abahlali.org/node/3208 Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine It is also usefully summarised in the academic work by Nigel Gibson
  117. Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Also see 'Taking poverty seriously: What the poor are saying and why it matters' by Xin Wei Ngiam in Critical Dialogue, Vol.2, No.1, 2006
  118. Selmeczi, Anna (May 2010). "Educating resistance". Interface. 2 (1): 309–314. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  119. Selmeczi, Anna (October 2009). ""… we are being left to burn because we do not count"∗: Biopolitics, Abandonment, and Resistance". Global Society. 23 (4): 519–538. doi:10.1080/13600820903198933. S2CID 144099719.
  120. Politics of Grieving Archived 26 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by Drucilla Cornell, Social Text, 2011
  121. Report on the Attack on Abahlali baseMjonolo in the Kennedy Road settlement by the Development Planning Unit of University College London Archived 16 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, by Malavika Vartak, 2009
  122. 'Anarchism, the State and the Praxis of Contemporary Antisystemic Social Movements' Archived 28 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Morgan Rodgers Gibson, December 2010]
  123. Modern Anarchist Societies Series – Abahlali baseMjondolo || The Autonomous Exemplars of South Africa Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Shwagr.com. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  124. 'The Role of Anarchism in Contemporary Anti-Systemic Social Movements' Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Morgan Rodgers Gibson, December 2009]
  125. Archived 28 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine Elections: A Dangerous Time for Poor People's Movements in South Africa
  126. Archived 28 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine "No Vote" Campaigns are not a Rejection of Democracy, November 2005
  127. W Cape voters ‘not predictable’ Archived 23 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Quinton Mtyala and Babalo Ndenze, The Cape Argus, 18 May 2011
  128. ‘No Land! No House! No Vote!’ Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Mercury, By SINEGUGU NDLOVU AND BRONWYN FOURIE, 19 May 2011
  129. The seed of a new opposition? Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Business Day, 7 February 2011
  130. Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Article by M'du Hlongwa examining the refusal of electoral politics in Abahlali
  131. Deep Read: 'Born free' voters may not choose ANC Archived 5 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, JON HERSKOVITZ, Mail & Guardian, 29 January 2013
  132. Be angry with government, not cops Archived 27 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Lee Rondganger, Lyse Comins and Nosipho Mngoma, The Daily News, 2014
  133. We will vote, but not ANC: Abahali Archived 3 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Nosipho Mngoma, The Daily News, 29 April 2014
  134. Abahlali Basemjondolo publicly endorse the DA for the elections Archived 3 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Sizwe Mchunu, DA Leader in KwaZulu-Natal, 2 May 2014
  135. Maduna, Lizeka (8 May 2019). "Abahlali BaseMjondolo Endorse The Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party". Daily Vox. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  136. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Article by S'bu Zikode written in response to Third Force allegations
  137. See a report in illegal police repression in South Africa by the Freedom of Expression Institute. Fxi.org.za (9 November 2011). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  138. Dissent Under Thabo Mbeki, Jane Duncan, May 2011
  139. Nigel C. Gibson, Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2011: London, Palgrave Macillan)
  140. Shack Dwellers on the Move in Durban, Richard Pithouse, Radical Philosophy, 2007
  141. Yonk'indawo Umzabalazo Uyasivumela: New work from Durban, Research Report. (PDF) . Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  142. This is discussed in the Journal of Asian & African Studies Feb 2008; vol. 43: pp. 63 – 94.http://jas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/43/1/63%5B%5D
  143. Also see a letter from the Freedom of Expression Institute, 23 February 2008, which gives a detailed chronology of the banning of one march. (PDF) . Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  144. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Article in the Daily News
  145. Statement by the Freedom of Expression Institute. Fxi.org.za (9 November 2011). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  146. Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Will Zuma administration open its ears to the streets?, Jane Duncan, Business Day, 4 August 2009]
  147. Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Richard Pithouse, 'South Africa: Freedom not yet', Pambazuka, 29 April 2010
  148. BATTLE TO BE HEARD Archived 18 July 2012 at Archive.today, by Carol Paton, Financial Mail, 16 February 2006
  149. 'I was punched, beaten' Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 16 September 2006,
  150. Freedom of Expression Institute statement
  151. Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Also see 'Free expression means nothing if it's limited to the media' by Na'eem Jenah, Thought Leader, 18 October 2007
  152. Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Open Letter to Obed Mlaba & Mike Sutcliffe by COHRE
  153. Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Testimony by Church Leaders
  154. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Sunday Tribune article on church leader's statement
  155. Unfreedom Day Speech by Bishop Rubin Philip, 27 April 2007
  156. See'Why we must keep our eyes on the ground' by Professor Stephen Friedman, Business Day, 17 October 2007
  157. Buccus, Imraan (5 March 2008). "Everyone needs a stake in our society". Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  158. Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa Archived 28 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Imraan Buccus, SA Reconciliation Barometer, September 2010
  159. Report: Experiences of Abahlali baseMjondolo in Durban, South Africa Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, by Malavika Vartak, Development Planning Unit of University College London
  160. Kennedy olive branch a sham Kennedy olive branch a sham Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 11 October 2009
  161. Press statement by the Unemployed Peoples Movement Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 18 July 2011
  162. The ANC and the failing of democratic governance Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Paul Trewhela, Politics Web, 27 August 2011
  163. ""Kennedy 12" Acquitted" (PDF). Socio-Economic Rights Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  164. "Amnesty International Report 2012: The State of the World's Human Rights" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  165. SOUTH AFRICA: Poor people's movement draws government wrath Archived 19 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN,UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 22 April 2010
  166. Minister of Police to pay damages to Abahlali members for police brutality Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Socio-Economic Rights Institute of South Africa
  167. Nene, Nkululeko (27 June 2013). "KZN protest leader shot 12 times". IOL. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  168. England, Andrew (26 August 2013). "South Africa: Killed for crying foul". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  169. KZN: Anatomy of an assassination Archived 5 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Niki Moore, Daily Maverick, 31 July 2013
  170. Cato Crest: Land hunger of 'Marikana' proportions Archived 9 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Manqoba Nxumalo, Mail & Guardian, 6 September 2013
  171. Xolo, Nomfundo (17 January 2018). "Ten years in prison not enough for cop who killed my daughter, says Durban mother". Ground UP. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  172. "GroundUp, 1 October 2014". October 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  173. "M&G, 3 October 2014". Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  174. "Thuli Ndlovu was Assassinated last Night, Abahlali baseMjondolo, 30 September 2014". Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  175. "Councillor bust for Thulisile's murder, Daily Sun, 3 March 2015". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  176. Stolley, Giodarno (20 May 2016). "ANC councillors jailed for activist's murder". IOL. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  177. Maduna, Lizeka (17 May 2019). "Abahlali baseMjondolo Offices Burgled After Call For Durban Mayor To Step Down". Daily Vox. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  178. Pomfret, Emma (3 June 2010). "A bishop's pursuit of justice for South Africa's shack dwellers". Christian Today. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  179. The speech was printed in the May issue of 'Anglican News' and it can be downloaded at http://www.anglican.co.za/archives.htm%5B%5D
  180. Mondini, Filippo (2008). "Abahlali basemjondolo Theology". Korogocho. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
  181. The Struggle for Land & Housing in Post-Apartheid South Africa Archived 29 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine by Toussaint Losier, Left Turn, January 2009
  182. 'Participatory Society: Urban Space & Freedom' Archived 6 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, by Chris Spannos, Z-Net, 29 May 2009
  183. Voices of poor must be heard Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Editorial, Business Day, 25 October 2010
  184. The alliance, and its position on electoral politics, is mentioned in the speech by S'bu Zikode at http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/12/415682.html Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  185. ANC Attacks Shack Dwellers Movements Archived 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Cozop.com. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  186. Protests promised over arrest Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Dudu Dube, 25 June 2013, The New Age
  187. Tek bir insan ırkı vardır-Abahlali baseMjondolo (Güney Afrika) Archived 30 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Sendika.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  188. Combined Harare Residents' Association Visit to Abahlali: mid June 2007 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011
  189. "Home". Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  190. An Evening with the Shackdwellers Movement of South Africa (20 August 2009) Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Povertyinitiative.org (20 August 2009). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  191. Picture the Homeless Protest in New York City, 9 Oct 2009 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  192. Zapatista-Inspired Rally Held in New York City; Aims to Fight Gentrification Archived 9 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Paola Reyes, Latin Dispatch, 3 March 2010
  193. Media Mobilizing Project Archived 18 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Mediamobilizing.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  194. Take Back the Land in South Africa Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Takebacktheland.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  195. Protest at Zuma’s UK visit in solidarity with South African Shack Dwellers Archived 15 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, TMP Online, 3 March 2010
  196. Talk to Us, Not About Us Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Lcap.org.uk (22 August 2009). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  197. War on Want Writes to the South African High Commissioner Archived 27 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  198. Il doppio shock by Gianluca Carmosino, Clandestino
  199. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Press Statement by Sutcliffe
  200. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Sunday Tribune article by Mabaso
  201. ANC: ‘Abahlali and opposition a third force’, Mhlabunzima Memela, The Witness, 17 October 2013
  202. On the SMI, from the Anti-Eviction Campaign Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  203. Setshedi, V. (2006) 'Report Glosses Over Tsotsi Politics', Mail and Guardian, 18 December 2006
  204. On the far side of left Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 8 December 2006
  205. Raw Footage of the Protest at the SMI by the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign and Abahlali baseMjondolo Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  206. Shack dwellers strike set to last one month Archived 6 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Anna Majavu & Unathi Obose, 4 October 2010
  207. South Africa’s rebellion of the poor Archived 10 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, by Rebecca Burns, Waging Non-Violence
  208. Urgent Call Archived 5 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  209. Unite poor and working class people! Reject Abahlali baseMjondolo’s call for violence Archived 17 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Writingrights.org (13 October 2010). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  210. Blockading Public Roads is anarchy and reactionary Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Politicsweb.co.za. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  211. Abahlali baseMjondolo of the Western Cape Replies to the Treatment Action Campaign Archived 16 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  212. Abahlali baseMjondolo of the Western Cape Responds to the South African Communist Party Archived 25 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Abahlali.org (18 October 2010). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  213. The Protests in TR Section Today Are Organised by the ANC Youth League and Not by AbM Western Cape Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Khayelitshastruggles.com (12 November 2010). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  214. Ungovernability in Cape Town Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Politicsweb.co.za. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  215. ANC’s reshuffle Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Leadershiponline.co.za (23 November 2010). Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
  216. Pithouse, Richard (26 March 2014). "An Urban commons? Notes from South Africa". Community Development Journal. 49 (suppl 1): i31–i43. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsu013.
  217. Ndabankulu, Mnikelo (7 September 2009). "South Africa's shack dwellers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019.
  218. Nsibande, Zodwa (11 September 2009). "South Africa: 'Getting electricity was so exciting'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  219. Patel, Raj (6 October 2010). "Off-Side at the World Cup". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  220. "Mzonke Poni's case postponed". Cape Times. 4 June 2009.
  221. Neuwirth, Robert (9 September 2010). "Economies Go Underground". Forbes. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  222. Tolsi, Niren (26 April 2013). "SA police caught dead to rights". Mail&Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.

Films about Abahlali baseMjondolo
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.