Pathans in India

Pathans in India are residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. According to the All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, there were an estimated 3.2 million people of Pathan descent living in India.[1][2][3] Khan Mohammad Atif, a professor at the University of Lucknow, estimates that "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan".[4] In the 2011 Census of India, 21,677 individuals reported Pashto as their mother tongue.[5]

Pathans in India
Total population
3.2 million (2018; figure provided by the All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind)[1][2][3]
Languages

"Pathan" is the local Hindustani term for an individual who belongs to the Pashtun ethnic group, or descends from it.[6][7] The term also finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India.[8][9]

History and culture

The Pathans of India are a community who trace their ancestry to the Pashtun regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan.[10] The Pashtun homeland is located in Central Asia and the northwestern region of South Asia;[11] it roughly stretches from areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to west of the Indus River in Pakistan, mainly consisting of southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in Pakistan,[12] with the Durand Line acting as the border between the two countries.[10] The Hindu Kush mountains straddle the north of the region.[6][13] Ethnically, the Pathans are an eastern Iranic group who lived west of the Indo-Aryan ethnicities of the northern Indian subcontinent.[14]

The earlier generations of Indian Pathans spoke their native language Pashto, while some still adhere to the traditional code and Pashtun way of life known as Pashtunwali.[10] In India, the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans, although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent.[15][16] The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi.[16] In the caste system present among medieval Indian Muslim society, the Pathans (historically also known as ethnic 'Afghans') were classified as one of the ashraf castes – those who claimed descent from foreign immigrants,[15] and who claimed the status of nobility by virtue of conquests and Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.[17]

Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants. They would buy goods there, and transport these by camel caravan in summer for sale or barter in Afghanistan.[18]

Hindu Pathans
Prithviraj Kapoor in the 1951 film Awaara. The actor, of Punjabi descent, identified as a Hindu Pathan and spoke Pashto.[19]

The term "Hindu Pathan" is oft-used as self-identification by some Indian Hindus who hailed from or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India (now Pakistan),[20][21] as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan.[22] The 1947 partition of India led to an exodus of Hindus settled in the former North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan, which are part of modern Pakistan, into the newly-independent India.[23][24] Notable people from these regions, mainly Peshawar, who identified as Hindu Pathans include the Punjabi-origin independence activist Bhagat Ram Talwar[25] and union minister Mehr Chand Khanna;[26][27] Prithviraj Kapoor,[28] the progenitor of Bollywood's Kapoor family (along with his sons Raj,[29] Shammi[30] and Shashi Kapoor),[29] also of Punjabi descent;[19] his cousin, Surinder Kapoor (father of Anil Kapoor);[31] and film producer F.C. Mehra (father of Umesh Mehra).[32] Pushpa Kumari Bagai writes that the Hindu Pathans in India, especially those who migrated from the Derawali-speaking area of Dera Ismail Khan, had their own unique vegetarian cuisine.[33][34] Tandoori chicken, which was popularised in India by Kundan Lal Gujral, a Punjabi Hindu-"Pathan" chef from Peshawar who moved to Delhi post-partition, is often regarded as a Punjabi-Pathan dish.[35][36] In her historical magnum opus River of Fire, writer Qurratulain Hyder makes reference to Hindu Pathans from the NWFP who were displaced by the partition and settled in India.[37]

Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947, and later migrated to India following the partition, had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi.[24][38] They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe. Originating from Quetta and Loralai, they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India, where they became known as the Sheenkhalai (Pashto for "the blue skinned").[24] This name stemmed from a novel tradition their womenfolk practiced, who would adorn their faces, hands and skin with permanent tattoos to enhance their appearance. These decorative, tribal tattoos were considered a form of art and beauty in their culture, however they were looked down upon by other Indians.[24] The women wore a traditional hand-embroidered dress known as the kakrai kameez, similar to a firaq – the upper garment worn by Pashtun females.[24] They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children.[24] Due to their different culture and appearance, they were often stereotyped and considered Muslims or foreigners by the locals.[24][39] The Sheenkhalai, numbering up to 500 at the time of partition, settled mostly in Rajasthan (in Uniara, Jaipur and Chittorgarh) and Punjab, and adopted Indian culture.[24] In recent years, there have been efforts to revive their indigenous culture. In 2018, former Afghan president Hamid Karzai met members of this community and inaugurated the Sheenkhalai Art Project during the Jaipur Literature Festival.[24] A feature-length documentary titled Sheenkhalai – The Blue Skin produced by Shilpi Batra Adwani, a third-generation Sheenkhalai herself, explores the history and origins of this community and was funded by the India–Afghanistan Foundation.[24]

From the 1950s and onwards, some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India, settling chiefly in Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Firozpur, as well as in Delhi, Rajasthan and other places across India. As of 2005, they numbered over 3,000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs.[40][41] Amritsar itself was home to over 500 Peshawari families, and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community. They were mainly businesspeople.[40][41] According to the Hindustan Times, around 250 Hindu and Sikh families were living in an area named "Mini Peshawar" near Chheharta in Amritsar as of 2016.[41] Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during the partition, the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues, security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence. A wave of similar migrations continued in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.[40][42] After living in India for some time, these Hindus are able to secure Indian citizenship. The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and the Peshawari turban which some of them wear, and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect. However, the younger generation is not fluent in these languages.[40][41]

Since the 1970s, thousands of Afghan Hindus have also settled in India while escaping war and persecution. Many of them had lived in the Pashtun areas for generations, spoke Pashto, and practiced a culture that was Pashtun-influenced.[43]

Film and music

The city of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province gave birth to several prominent actors in Bollywood.[19][44][28][45][46] Some Indian actors also have ancestry in Balochistan[47][48][49] and Afghanistan.[50] Most of the Khans of Bollywood belong to the Pathan community,[19] such as Shah Rukh Khan,[51] Salman Khan,[16] Aamir Khan[52] and Saif Ali Khan.[51] Actress Madhubala, who is sometimes called the "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood," was a Yusufzai Pathan.[45] Others, such as the Hindu Pathans of Punjabi origin like the Kapoor family,[19][53][54] or the Hindko-origin[55] Dilip Kumar[56][57][58] and Shah Rukh Khan,[59][60] while not ethnically Pathans, are often referred to as "Pathans" due to their culture and origins in Peshawar.[19][61] The Qissa Khwani Bazaar area is famously the location of the ancestral homes of the Kapoor family, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan.[45]

Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well; the sarod, a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music, descends from the Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India (whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain, Hafiz Ali Khan, and the latter's son Amjad Ali Khan).[62][63] G. M. Durrani was a noted Bollywood playback singer, music director and radio artist during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.[64] In pop music, the Pakistani-origin Adnan Sami has been called the "reigning King of Indipop."[19][65]

Literature and media

Pashto in India

Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until the turn of the 19th century, even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period.[66][67] It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites, and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India.[66] Extant manuscripts have provided evidence of Pashto verses and poetry emerging from the Ganges region.[66] Pir Roshan, a Sufi who is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers, was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar.[68] He inspired the Roshani movement which, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, gave rise to prominent Pashto poets and writers in the Indian subcontinent.[68][66] The area forming modern-day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed; Pashtun litterateurs from the Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century.[66]

The All India Radio (AIR) operates a Pashto-language service.[69] Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR, broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto-listeners across British India's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Its purpose was to counter German radio propanda infiltrating Afghanistan, Iran and West Asian nations following the outbreak of World War II.[70][71] The Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies (CPCAS) at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University offers bachelor-level degrees in Pashto.[72][73][74]

The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India.[75]

Zakir Husain, India's third president, on a 1998 postage stamp.

Politics

Zakir Husain, an Afridi Pathan, was an economist and politician who served as India's third president from 1967 to 1969. Prior to that, he served as the country's second vice president, and was also the governor of Bihar.[51] His maternal grandson Salman Khurshid served as India's minister for minority affairs, law and justice, and external affairs in successive terms.[76][51] Mohammad Yunus was a career diplomat who served as India's ambassador in various countries, and also became a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha in 1989.[77]

Sport

Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence. They include Jahangir Khan, a Burki Pathan who played for India between 1932 and 1936, later becoming a cricket administrator in Pakistan.[78] Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, the eighth Nawab of Pataudi, played for both England and India in the 1930s and 1940s, eventually captaining the Indian side in 1946.[79] His son, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, also played Test cricket as a batsman for India between 1961 and 1975 and became the country's youngest captain when appointed in 1962.[79][51] The all-rounder Salim Durani (who in cricketing records is erroneously referred to as the first Afghan-born Test cricketer, but was born near the Khyber Pass)[80] represented India in Test cricket in the 1960s and 1970s.[79] The brother duo of Yusuf and Irfan Pathan have respectively played for India in the two shorter and all three formats of the game.[81]

In field hockey, Feroze Khan was a gold medalist for India at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was a Pathan from Jalandhar, and migrated to Pakistan in the early 1950s.[82][83] Ahmed Khan became a gold medalist for India at the 1936 Summer Olympics, while his son Aslam Sher Khan was a member of the Indian squad which won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup. They were Pathans from Bhopal.[84][85]

In squash, Abdul Bari was one of India's leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open.[86] Yusuf Khan was a ten-time all-India champion[87] who later migrated to Seattle, United States, and turned to coaching several professional players;[88][89] his daughters Shabana and Latasha Khan represented the US.[87][90]

Ghaus Mohammad was the first Indian tennis player to qualify for Wimbledon quarter-finals, in 1939. He was an Afridi Pathan from Malihabad.[91]

Education

Many Afghans flock to India for higher education due to cultural similarities.[92] Each year, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2,325 scholarships to international students, with six-hundred and seventy-five spots being reserved especially for Afghans.[93]

In India, an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University.[94]

Distribution

Bihar

Delhi

According to Sohail Hashmi, the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s.[23] The area of Jangpura has long been a hub for Pathan Muslims, possibly due to its proximity to the Nizamuddin Dargah.[23]

Gujarat
Main article: Pathans of Gujarat

Jammu and Kashmir
Main article: Pathans of Kashmir

In July 1954, over 100,000 Pashtun tribespeople living in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality.[95] They are a mostly endogamous, Pashto-speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India's independence.[96] The village of Gotli Bagh in Ganderbal district is home to around 10,000 Pashtuns.[96] The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes, and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in the region.[96] They mostly marry within their community, which has allowed their language and culture to be preserved intact.[96]

Madhya Pradesh
Main article: Pathans of Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Mumbai has been home to a Pathan community since the 19th century. They predominately belong to the Yusufzai, Durrani, Ahmadzai, Kakar and Afridi tribes, mostly originating from the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan.[10] Afghanistan has maintained a consulate-general in Bombay since 1915, alluding to the historic presence of Afghans and Pathans in the city.[10]

The Afghan-born Karim Lala was one of the three most influential dons in the Mumbai underworld for decades. As the head of the "Pathan Gang", an organised mafia group of mostly ethnic Pathans involved in the trade of cross-border smuggling, narcotics, bounty hunting (in collusion with Indian businessmen),[97] extortion rackets, gambling and liquor dens, forced evictions, and contract work, Karim Lala wielded significant political clout and was well known to both the elite and the common man of Mumbai.[98][99] It is believed that the famous character of Sher Khan portrayed by Pran in the 1973 film Zanjeer was based on him.[98]

Punjab
Main article: Pathans of Punjab

The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims, some of whom are of Pathan origin.[100] It is notably the only Muslim-majority city in Indian Punjab, since the partition in 1947.[101] The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by a Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins.[101][100] The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners. Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan.[100] They are principally divided into the Yusufzai, Lodi, Kakar and Sherwani tribes.[100] The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with the Hindus and Sikhs, giving them protection and equal rights as minorities, which is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition.[101] Even after independence, members of the royal Pathan family have continued to receive support from Sikh residents in the form of votes during state elections.[100]

Rajasthan
Main article: Pathans of Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu
Main article: Pathans of Tamil Nadu

Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community, and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state.[102]

Uttar Pradesh
Main article: Pathans of Uttar Pradesh
See also: Rohilla

See also

References
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  2. "Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans". The News International. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  3. Bhattacharya, Ravik (15 February 2018). "Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  4. Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). "Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times. Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. “The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it’s our duty to help put an end to this menace,” Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.
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  22. Vijay, Tarun (11 December 2019). "From Hindukush to Hindustan, no place for the Hindus?". Times of India. Retrieved 30 May 2020. And Hindus, once a large majority in Afghanistan, the Afghan Hindus, the Pathan Hindus simply became extinct and turned refugees taking shelter in Germany and other countries. Hindustan never bothers about them. There are some Afghan Hindus living in Delhi. You can meet them to know what it cost them to be here.
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  26. India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1959). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 4111. The Minister of Rehabilitation (Shri Mehr Chand Khanna): I never said that; I object to what has been said by the hon. Member. (Interruption). You live in U.P. and you talk of West Bengal! Shrf S. M. Banerjee: You belong to the Frontier Province and you talk of the whole country. Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order, order. Shri Mehr Chand Khanna: Bengal. So will I, a Pathan, like to be in Pathan land. So will a Maharashtrian like to be, so will a Gujerati like to be in his own place.
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