Mundari language

Mundari
	ମୁଣ୍ଡା, মুন্ডা, मुंडारि
	Mundari Bani or Mundari script
Native to	India, Bangladesh, Nepal
Ethnicity	Munda
Native speakers	1,128,228 (2011 census)[1]
Language family	Austroasiatic Munda North Munda Kherwari Mundari languages Mundari; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Bhumij; Hasada; Naguri; Tamaria; Kera;
Writing system	Mundari Bani Others :Odia script, Devanagari, Bengali–Assamese script, Latin script
Official status
Official language in	India (Jharkhand)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	unr – inclusive code; Individual code:; unx – Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
Glottolog	mund1320[2]

Mundari (Muɳɖa) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda people in eastern Indian state of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.[3][4] It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.

"Mundari" written in Mundari Bani

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[5]

Geographical distribution

Mundari is spoken in the Ranchi, Khunti, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Baleshwar, Sundargarh district of Odisha.[6]

Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
Naguri ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Baranda, and Rahe)
Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area

Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers. [7]

Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t̪	ʈ	t͡ɕ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	(pʰ)	(t̪ʰ)	(ʈʰ)	(t͡ɕʰ)	(kʰ)
	voiced	b	d̪	ɖ	d͡ʑ	g
Fricative			s̪				h
Nasal		m	n̪	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Approximant		w	l	ɽ	j
Trill			r

Counting

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
मिसा	Missa	Once
बरसा	Birsa	Twice
अपिसा	Apisa	Thrice
उपनुसा	Upnisa	four times
मोंड़ेसा	Mondesa	Five times
तुरिसा	Turisa	Six times
ए'सा	Eh sa	Seven times
इरलसा	Erklsa	Eight Times
अरे-सा	Are sa	Nine times
गेलसा	Gelsa	Ten times

Relations

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
ऐंन्गा	Enga	Mother
आपूम	Apum	Father
हग्गा	Hagga	Brother
मिस्सी	Missi	Sister
गुया	Guya	Sister/brother of sister/brother in law
गतिंग	Gatin	Friend

Verb

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
रिकाएआ	Rikā'ē'ā	Does
ओलेआ	Ol'ē'ā	Write
जगरेआ	Jagor'ē'ā	Talk
पढ़वएआ	Padv'ē'ā	Read
लेलेआ	Lel'ē'ā	Look/ See
सेनेआ	Sen'ē'ā	Come along with
नमेआ	Nem'ē'ā	Found
निरेआ	Nir'ē'ā	Run
सबेआ	Sab'ē'ā	Hold
लेका एआ	Leka'ē'ā	Count
मुकाएआ	Muka'ē'ā	Measure
रिका एआ	Rika'ē'ā	Cut

Samples

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
सिंग बोंगा मरांग बोंगा।	Sing bonga marang bonga	God is almighty.
अमा नुतुम चिना ?	Amā nutum chénā	What is your name?
अायं नुतुम रिमिल तना।	A̔iy nutum Rimil tanā.	My name is Rimil.
अम कोते सेनो तना?	Am kōtēm sēnō tanā	Where are you going?
नेते हुजू में	Nētē hijū mē	Come here.
अम चिल्का मेना ?	Am chilkā mēnāme	How are you?
आलोम नाक खुजाओ में	Ālama nāka khujā'ō maiṁ	Don't scratch your nose.
जागर लाई पैसा लॉगो।	Jāgar natin paisā lagawa	Talking costs money.
अम सिनेमा लाई सेनो तना चि का ?	Ām cinēmā lel sēnō tanā cī .	Will you go to Cinema?
अम चिकम चिका ताना ?	Am kanam cekā tānā?	What are you doing?
एमके चिकना मेना ?	Ēmakē cikanā mēnā?	you have any problem
अम कोतेम सेनो ताना ?	Ām kōtēm senoh tānā?	Where are you going?
अम कोते ते हिजु ताना ?	Koteyam hijuh tan	Where are you coming from?
थड़ीआ	Thaṛī'ā	Utensils.
बहा	Baā	Flower.
हइः	Hai	Fish
हइःपसे	Hai pase	Fishing

References

"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mundari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
"BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
"Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
"Mundari". ethnologue.
"Keeping Munda in mind – Pune Mirror -". punemirror.in. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

External links

Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mundari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

[4] "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22

[5] Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.

[6] "Mundari". ethnologue.

[7] "Keeping Munda in mind – Pune Mirror -". punemirror.in. Retrieved 4 April 2018.