Lead carbonate

Lead(II) carbonate is the chemical compound PbCO3. It is a white solid with several practical uses, despite its toxicity.[2] It occurs naturally as the mineral cerussite.[3]

Lead carbonate
Names
IUPAC name
Lead(II) carbonate
Other names
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.009.041
RTECS number
  • OF9275000
UNII
Properties
PbCO3
Molar mass 267.21 g/mol
Appearance White powder
Density 6.582 g/cm3
Melting point 315 °C (599 °F; 588 K) (decomposes)
0.00011 g/100 mL (20 °C)
1.46 x 10−13
Solubility insoluble in alcohol, ammonia;
soluble in acid, alkali
−61.2·10−6 cm3/mol
1.804 [1]
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
Repr. Cat. 1/3
Toxic (T)
Harmful (Xn)
Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases (outdated) R61, R20/22, R33, R62, R50/53
S-phrases (outdated) S53, S45, S60, S61
Flash point Non-flammable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Structure

Like all metal carbonates, lead(II) carbonate adopts a dense, highly crosslinked structure consisting of intact CO32- and metal cation sites. As verified by X-ray crystallography, the Pb(II) centers are seven-coordinate, being surrounded by multiple carbonate ligands. The carbonate centers are bonded to bidentate to a single Pb and bridge to five other Pb sites.[4]

Pb site in PbCO3, highlighting seven-coordination and the presence of one bidentate carbonate ligand for each Pb center.

Production and use

Lead carbonate is manufactured by passing carbon dioxide into a cold dilute solution of lead(II) acetate, or by shaking a suspension of a lead salt more soluble than the carbonate with ammonium carbonate at a low temperature to avoid formation of basic lead carbonate.[2]

Pb(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2CO3 → PbCO3 + 2 NH4(CH3COO)

Lead carbonate is used as a catalyst to polymerize formaldehyde to poly(oxymethylene). It improves the bonding of chloroprene to wire.[2]

Regulations

The supply and use of this compound is restricted in Europe.[5]

Other lead carbonates

A number of lead carbonates are known:

  • White lead, a basic lead carbonate, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2
  • Shannonite, PbCO3·PbO
  • Plumbonacrite, 3PbCO3·Pb(OH)2·PbO[6]
  • PbCO3·2PbO
  • Abellaite, NaPb2(OH)(CO3)2
  • Leadhillite, 2PbCO3·PbSO4·Pb(OH)2

References
  1. Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
  2. Carr, Dodd S. (2005). "Lead Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_249.
  3. Inorganic Chemistry, Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman Elsevier 2001 ISBN 0-12-352651-5
  4. Sahl, Kurt (1974). "Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur von Cerussit, PbCO3". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 139 (3–5): 215–222. Bibcode:1974ZK....139..215S. doi:10.1524/zkri.1974.139.3-5.215.
  5. "EU law - EUR-Lex".
  6. S.V. Krivovichev and P.C. Burns, "Crystal chemistry of basic lead carbonates. II. Crystal structure of synthetic 'plumbonacrite'." Mineralogical Magazine, 64(6), pp. 1069-1075, December 2000. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-05-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Carbonates
H2CO3 He
Li2CO3,
LiHCO3		 BeCO3 B C (NH4)2CO3,
NH4HCO3		 O F Ne
Na2CO3,
NaHCO3,
Na3H(CO3)2		 MgCO3,
Mg(HCO3)2		 Al2(CO3)3 Si P S Cl Ar
K2CO3,
KHCO3		 CaCO3,
Ca(HCO3)2		 Sc Ti V CrCO3,
Cr2(CO3)3		 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3,
Co2(CO3)3		 NiCO3 Cu2CO3,
CuCO3		 ZnCO3 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb2CO3 SrCO3 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdCO3 Ag2CO3 CdCO3 In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs2CO3,
CsHCO3		 BaCO3   Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au HgCO3 Tl2CO3 PbCO3 (BiO)2CO3 Po(CO3)2 At Rn
Fr Ra   Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
La2(CO3)3 Ce2(CO3)3 Pr2(CO3)3 Nd2(CO3)3 Pm2(CO3)3 Sm2(CO3)3 EuCO3,
Eu2(CO3)3		 Gd2(CO3)3 Tb2(CO3)3 Dy2(CO3)3 Ho2(CO3)3 Er2(CO3)3 Tm2(CO3)3 Yb2(CO3)3 Lu2(CO3)3
Ac Th(CO3)2 Pa UO2CO3 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Carbonates
H2CO3 He
Li2CO3,
LiHCO3		 BeCO3 B C (NH4)2CO3,
NH4HCO3		 O F Ne
Na2CO3,
NaHCO3,
Na3H(CO3)2		 MgCO3,
Mg(HCO3)2		 Al2(CO3)3 Si P S Cl Ar
K2CO3,
KHCO3		 CaCO3,
Ca(HCO3)2		 Sc Ti V CrCO3,
Cr2(CO3)3		 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3,
Co2(CO3)3		 NiCO3 Cu2CO3,
CuCO3		 ZnCO3 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb2CO3 SrCO3 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdCO3 Ag2CO3 CdCO3 In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs2CO3,
CsHCO3		 BaCO3   Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au HgCO3 Tl2CO3 PbCO3 (BiO)2CO3 Po(CO3)2 At Rn
Fr Ra   Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
La2(CO3)3 Ce2(CO3)3 Pr2(CO3)3 Nd2(CO3)3 Pm2(CO3)3 Sm2(CO3)3 EuCO3,
Eu2(CO3)3		 Gd2(CO3)3 Tb2(CO3)3 Dy2(CO3)3 Ho2(CO3)3 Er2(CO3)3 Tm2(CO3)3 Yb2(CO3)3 Lu2(CO3)3
Ac Th(CO3)2 Pa UO2CO3 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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