Kurunegala

Kurunegala (Sinhala: කුරුණෑගල, Tamil: குருணாகல்) is a major city in Sri Lanka. It is the capital city of the North Western Province and the Kurunegala District. Kurunegala was an ancient royal capital for 50 years, from the end of the 13th century to the start of the 14th century. It is at the junction of several main roads linking to other important parts of the country. It is about 94 kilometres (58 mi) from Colombo and 42 kilometres (26 mi) from Kandy.

Kurunegala

කුරුණෑගල
குருணாகல்
Kurunegala
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Ethugalpura (ඇතුගල්පුර)
Hasthi Shailapura (හස්ති ශෛලපුර)
Kurunegala
Location of Kurunegala within Sri Lanka
Coordinates: 7°29′N 80°22′E
CountrySri Lanka
ProvinceNorth Western Province, Sri Lanka
Government
  TypeMunicipal Council
  MayorThushara Sanjeewa
Area
  Total11 km2 (4 sq mi)
Elevation
116 m (381 ft)
Population
 (2011)
  Total30,315
  Density2,817/km2 (7,300/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Kurunegalians
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone)
Postal code
60000
Area code(s)037
Websitehttp://www.kurunegala.mc.gov.lk

Located at an altitude of 116 metres (381 ft) above sea level, Kurunegala is surrounded by coconut plantations and rubber estates. There are eight very noticeable large rocks that encircle and dominate the city. Kurunegala's rocks rise from the plain below and have characteristic names, six of which come from the animals that they are imagined to represent. The largest among them is Ethagala or the "Elephant Rock" (though the translation is actually tusker), reaches 325 metres (1,066 ft). The shape of Ethagala resembles an elephant.

Etymology

Kurunegala has been named after the Elephant rock (ඇතුගල). "Kurune" means tusker or an elephant with protruding teeth and gala in Sinhala means rock. Kurunai means tusker or an Elephant and gal in Tamil means rock or hill. Kurunegala's old name was Hasthishaila-pura, which can be translated as 'The City of the Elephant Rock' in Sanskrit. In some ancient literature, the word Athugal-pura (ඇතුගල්පුර) is employed to describe the city of Kurunegala.

Nearby are three archeological cities — Parakramapura (Panduvasnuwara, පඬුවස්නුවර) (northwest) with remains of a moated palace and monasteries from the 12th century, Dambadeniya (දඹ‍‍‍‍දෙනිය) (southwest, mid-13th century) and Yapahuwa (north).

Kurunegala enjoys a pleasant location with huge rocky outcrops some of which have been given names of the animals they resemble: elephant rock, tortoise rock etc. According to folklore legend, a long time back the city had a severe drought. To exacerbate matters for humans, animals had threatened the city's storage capabilities by consuming huge amounts of water. A witch volunteered to alleviate the problem, transforming some of the animals magically into stone figures.

History

A statue of the Buddha on Athugala (Elephant Rock), measuring 88 feet (27 m)
Clock Tower, Kurunegala

Kurunegala had a citadel in the 13th century. Its ascendancy as an ancient capital of Sri Lanka began with a series of events that took place during the late 12th century at Yapahuwa. The sacred tooth relic which was in the Yapahuwa Kingdom was taken by an Aryacakravarti from the Jaffna Kingdom to the Pandyan country during the rule of Buwaneka Bahu I from 1272 to 1284.[1] The relic was brought back by King Parakrama Bahu III who ruled from Kurunegala between 1287 and 1293.[2] Over the next half a century Kurunegala was the capital and the governing centre for three other kings of Sri Lanka.

After the death of King Parakrama Bahu III, kings Buvanekabahu II (1293–1302) who was followed by Parakramabahu IV (1302–1326) ruled from Kurunegala. The ruler in Kurunegala from 1326 to 1335 was Buwaneka Bahu III alias Wanni Buwaneka Bahu. He was the son of Pandith Parakrama Bahu II and is believed to be the last king to rule the country from Kurunegala.

After the reign of Buwaneka Bahu III, the newly throned king Vijayabahu V ruled from Dambadeniya and Yapahuwa from 1335 to 1341 before once again the kingdom of Sri Lanka shifted to Gampola.

Few remains of the Palace of the Tooth relic that housed the tooth of the Buddha have avoided natural destruction, including few stone steps and a part of a doorway.

Geography and climate

Geography

Topographically Kurunegala town is based on a plain area with the exception of the surrounding rock outcrops. The northern part of the town is slightly higher than the south. Kurunegala Lake is the primary geographical feature of Kurunegala and adorns the town. The region comprising the Kurunegala town is well above the sea level compared to the coastal areas of Sri Lanka. However, the region is not as high as the central hill country. The nearest beaches to Kurunegala are to the west and include Negombo and Chilaw.

Climate

Kurunegala features a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification. The city's climate is tropical and hot all throughout the year. The surrounding rocks play a major role in determining Kurunegala's weather since these rocks increase and retain the heat of the day. During the month of April the temperature can rise up to about 35 °C (95 °F). The only major change in the Kurunegala weather occurs during the monsoons from May to August and October to January when heavy rains can be expected. While the city does experience noticeably drier weather during January and February, it does not qualify as a true dry season as average precipitation in both months are above 60 millimetres (2 in). In general, temperatures from late November to mid February period are lower than the rest of the year.

The average annual rainfall in Kurunegala is about 2,000 millimetres (79 in).

Climate data for Kurunegala, Sri Lanka (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.6
(96.1)
37.6
(99.7)
39.2
(102.6)
39.0
(102.2)
37.7
(99.9)
35.5
(95.9)
35.3
(95.5)
35.7
(96.3)
37.2
(99.0)
36.7
(98.1)
34.0
(93.2)
39.0
(102.2)
39.2
(102.6)
Average high °C (°F) 30.8
(87.4)
33.1
(91.6)
34.5
(94.1)
33.5
(92.3)
32.2
(90.0)
31.0
(87.8)
30.8
(87.4)
31.1
(88.0)
31.5
(88.7)
31.3
(88.3)
30.9
(87.6)
30.1
(86.2)
31.7
(89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3)
27.0
(80.6)
28.4
(83.1)
28.6
(83.5)
28.3
(82.9)
27.6
(81.7)
27.3
(81.1)
27.4
(81.3)
27.5
(81.5)
27.0
(80.6)
26.5
(79.7)
25.9
(78.6)
27.3
(81.1)
Average low °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3)
20.9
(69.6)
22.4
(72.3)
23.6
(74.5)
24.4
(75.9)
24.2
(75.6)
23.9
(75.0)
23.8
(74.8)
23.5
(74.3)
22.8
(73.0)
22.1
(71.8)
21.7
(71.1)
22.8
(73.0)
Record low °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3)
14.7
(58.5)
16.2
(61.2)
20.4
(68.7)
20.3
(68.5)
20.8
(69.4)
20.2
(68.4)
19.4
(66.9)
19.2
(66.6)
18.3
(64.9)
15.7
(60.3)
14.8
(58.6)
14.6
(58.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 62
(2.4)
92
(3.6)
138
(5.4)
262
(10.3)
194
(7.6)
156
(6.1)
114
(4.5)
93
(3.7)
159
(6.3)
359
(14.1)
327
(12.9)
139
(5.5)
2,095
(82.5)
Average relative humidity (%) (at Daytime) 65 59 60 69 73 74 73 71 71 74 74 72 69.6
Source: NOAA[3]

Demographics

Kurunegala is a Sinhalese majority city; there are sizable communities belonging to other ethnic groups, such as Moors, Tamils, Burghers and Malays. Residents from ethnic minorities live in all parts of the city, however, sizeable communities of Moors and Tamils live in the areas of Teliyagonna and Wilgoda.

The following table summarizes the population of Kurunegala by ethnicities.

EthnicityPopulation% of Total
Sinhalese18,20573.3
Sri Lankan Moor4,16816.8
Sri Lankan Tamil2,0158.1
Others including (Sri Lanka Chetty, Bharatha, Sri Lankan Malay, Burgher)3161.8

Source: 2015 Census Data[4]

Language

The common languages of Kurunegala, depending on social classes, social circles, and ethnic backgrounds are Sinhalese, Tamil and English.

Religion

The Bauddhaloka Viharaya is a Buddhist shrine in Kurunegala.

Buddhism is the main and the most widely practiced religion in Kurunegala. The town is also home to a wide range of other religious faiths and sects including Hinduism, Christianity and Islam.

Prominent Buddhist temples in Kurunegala include Athkanda Raja Maha Viharaya, Ibbagala Raja Maha Viharaya, Angangala cave temple, Wilbawa Purana Viharaya and Bauddhaloka Viharaya. An ancient replica of Buddha's footprint that is found on the summit of Sri Pada (Adam’s Peak), a little dagoba and some paintings depicting the Buddha and his disciples can be seen at the Ibbagala Raja Maha Viharaya.

There are also numbers of Christian/Catholic churches, Mosques and Hindu temples are in the city. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kurunegala's bishop is headquartered in the town. The Church of Ceylon, which is the Anglican Church in Sri Lanka, operates a diocese in Kurunegala covering the North-Central Province and Kurunegala, Kandy, Matale and Kegalle, Anuradapura, Polonnaruwa districts.

Administration

The Town Hall building.

The Kurunegala Municipality Council is responsible for the overall administration, sanitary, welfare, and other general activities of the city. The Municipality Council headed by a mayor with 21 other elected members. The 21 elected members represent the following wards:

  • Gangoda
  • Wewa
  • Central
  • Yanthampalawa
  • Illuppugedara
  • Madamegama
  • Wehera
  • Udawalpola
  • Bazzar
  • Gettuwana
  • Polaththapitiya
  • Teliyagonna (Upper)
  • Teliyagonna (Lower)

Transportation

Kurunegala is a central city in Sri Lanka. It is directly connected to a large number of major cities and towns of the island.

Kurunegala can be reached by the railway on the Northern railway line.[5]

By road, it is connected to Colombo, Kandy, Matale, Puttalam, Trincomalee, Negombo, Anuradhapura and Kegalle. Due to its status as a crossroads city,[6] the city is a good base for exploring important ancient landmarks a short distance away.

The Kurunegala central bus stand, opened in 2005, is one of Sri Lanka's most efficient and modern bus stands, with a parking capacity of about 200 buses.

Nature

The rocks

Kurunegala is surrounded by several major rock outcrops, a distinctive geological feature of the Wayamba province.

Sites with archaeological significance

Royal Complex

Ancient Magul Maduwa building of Kurunegala era

Archaeological remains of this site are few but give a glimpse of its past glory and comprise the handsome stone entrance, steps, rock pillars and ruined walls of the royal palace and the palace of the tooth relic.

Kurunegala Lake

A large man-made water reservoir constructed by ancient kings. The lake is in the outskirts of the central business district near the Kurunegala-Dambulla road. The tank is used as a water supply source for the city.

Kurunegala clock tower

The Kurunegala clock tower was built in 1922 as a tribute to the officers, who were from Wayamba province and sacrificed their lives in World War I.

Education

National schools

  • Athugalpura Prince College - Kurunegala
  • Bishop Lakdas de Mel College – Kurunegala
  • D. B. Welagedara Central College - Kurunegala
  • Defence Service College - Kurunegala
  • D. S. Senanayake Central College - Kurunegala
  • Hindu Tamil Maha Vidyalayam – Kurunegala
  • Hisbullah Central College
  • Holy Family Convent – Kurunegala
  • Madheena National School - Siyabalagaskotuwa
  • Maliyadeva Adarsha Maha Vidyalaya -Kurunegala
  • Maliyadeva Balika Vidyalaya – Kurunegala
  • Maliyadeva College – Kurunegala
  • President Girls College - Kurunegala
  • Sir John Kotalawala College – Kurunegala
  • Sri Nissanka Maha Vidyalaya – Kurunegala
  • St. Anne's College – Kurunegala
  • Vishvoda College - Kurunegala
  • Wayamba Royal College – Kurunegala
  • Zahira M.M.V

Private/international schools

  • Amana International School
  • Cardiff International School
  • Lexicon International School
  • Lyceum International School
  • Royal International School
  • Sussex College Kurunegala
  • Unique International College
  • Wayamba International School

Sports

Welagedara stadium.

Major sporting venues in and around Kurunegala include:

  • Welagedara Stadium is the top sporting venue in Kurunegala. It regularly hosts First Class Cricket matches that are international and local types.
  • Maliga Pitiya Stadium
  • St. Anne’s Ground
  • Maliyadeva Ground

Kurunegala is one of the outstation cities that is popular for cricket and produced a number of cricketers that represented the nation. One of the best known spin bowlers of all time in Srilanka, Rangana Herath is an iconic cricketer from Kurunegala.

See also

References

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