International recognition of Croatia

The international recognition of Croatia refers to the diplomatic recognition of the Republic of Croatia which was established by the decision of the Croatian Parliament on 25 June 1991.[1] Out of 193 UN member states, 182 recognised Croatia.

  Croatia
  Countries that have recognised Croatia
  Countries that haven't recognised Croatia

History
See also: Independence of Croatia

Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from the SFR Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. On the next day, the newly-independent countries have mutually recognised each other.

At the time of dissolution of Yugoslavia, dissolution of the Soviet Union was happening as well. Ukraine and Baltic states, first of them being Lithuania, recognised Croatia in 1991. However, Ukraine was at the time only partially recognised.

The international community did not immediately recognise the dissolution of Yugoslavia or the independence of its constituent republics, and during 1991 the Croatian War of Independence started.

Two countries that prevailed in diplomatic efforts for the international recognition of Croatia were the Holy See and Germany. Vatican diplomacy, as the world's first, announced on October 3, 1991 that it was working on the Croatian international recognition.[2]

Iceland recognised Croatian independence on 19 December 1991.[3] On the same day, Germany announced its intention to recognise Croatia which was to come into effect on 15 January 1992. Italy, Sweden and the Holy See also announced their intention of recognition. Holy See recognised Croatia on 13 January, and San Marino on 14 January 1992.

On 15 January 1992, Croatia was recognised by all 12 members of the European Economic Community (the predecessor of the European Union) as well as by Austria, Canada, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Malta, Norway and Switzerland. By the end of January 1992, Croatia was recognised by 44 countries. Therefore, 15 January is celebrated in Croatia as the Day of International Recognition.

Russia recognised Croatia in February, Japan in March, the United States in April, and India in May 1992.

At the session of the United Nations General Assembly held on 22 May 1992, which was chaired by Saudi ambassador Sinan Shihabi, Croatia was, alongside Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, admitted to the membership of the United Nations. Croatia's UN delegation was led by the Croatian President Franjo Tuđman. After a solemn session, United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali sent delegations from the new UN members states to the main entrance of the UN headquarters, where Croatian, Slovenian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian flags were erected on the masts. Many diplomats and thousands of Croatian emigrants attended flag hoisting ceremony.[4]

By 31 December 1995, Croatia was recognised by 124 countries.[5] On 9 September 1995, Croatia and FR Yugoslavia concluded a Mutual Reconciliation Agreement which included mutual recognition, and established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1996.[6]

Chronology

Chronological review of countries recognising the independence of Croatia (note that Croatia has established diplomatic relations with countries that had not previously recognised it and thus not in the following list):[7]

CountryDate of recognitionNote
– Slovenia26 June 1991Unrecognised country at the time
– Lithuania30 July 1991Unrecognised country at the time
1 Ukraine11 December 1991
2 Latvia14 December 1991
3 Iceland14 December 1991 NATO member
4 Estonia31 December 1991
–  Holy See13 January 1992Not a member of the United Nations
– San Marino14 January 1992Not a member of the United Nations
5 Germany15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
6 United Kingdom15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
7 Italy15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
8 France15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
9 Spain15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
10 Netherlands15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
11 Denmark15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
12 Belgium15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
13 Ireland15 January 1992 EEC member
14 Luxembourg15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
15 Portugal15 January 1992 NATO member and
16 Greece15 January 1992 NATO member and EEC member
17 Austria15 January 1992
18 Bulgaria15 January 1992
19 Canada15 January 1992 NATO member
20 Hungary15 January 1992
21 Malta15 January 1992
22 Norway15 January 1992 NATO member
23 Poland15 January 1992
24  Switzerland15 January 1992
25 Australia16 January 1992
26 Argentina16 January 1992
27 Chile16 January 1992
– Czechoslovakia16 January 1992Recognition continued as  Czech Republic and  Slovakia from 1 January 1993.
28 Liechtenstein16 January 1992
29 New Zealand16 January 1992
30 Sweden16 January 1992
31 Uruguay16 January 1992
32 Finland17 January 1992
33 Romania18 January 1992
34 Albania21 January 1992
– Bosnia and Herzegovina24 January 1992Unrecognised country at the time
35 Brazil24 January 1992
36 Paraguay27 January 1992
37 Bolivia29 January 1992
38 Turkey6 February 1992 NATO member
– Macedonia12 February 1992Unrecognised country at the time
39 Russia17 February 1992
– Kyrgyzstan26 February 1992Not a member of the United Nations
40 Colombia3 March 1992
41 Iran15 March 1992
42 Peru15 March 1992
43 Japan17 March 1992
44 Libya17 March 1992
45 Cyprus30 March 1992
46 Tajikistan31 March 1992
47 South Africa2 April 1992
48 United States7 April 1992 NATO member
49 South Korea15 April 1992
50 Egypt16 April 1992
51 Israel16 April 1992
52 United Arab Emirates18 April 1992
53 Sudan21 April 1992
54 Algeria24 April 1992
55 Tunisia26 April 1992
56 People's Republic of China27 April 1992
57 Morocco27 April 1992
58 Oman28 April 1992
59 Thailand2 May 1992
60 Philippines4 May 1992
61 Malaysia4 May 1992
62 Venezuela6 May 1992
63 North Korea8 May 1992
64 India11 May 1992
65 Pakistan11 May 1992
66 Singapore15 May 1992
67 Indonesia16 May 1992
68 Jordan17 May 1992
69 Brunei21 May 1992
Croatia became part of the United Nations on 22 May 1992
70 Ghana22 May 1992
71 Kenya22 May 1992
72 Mexico22 May 1992[8]
73 Yemen22 May 1992
74 Sri Lanka27 May 1992
75 Cuba28 May 1992[9]
76 Panama28 May 1992
77 El Salvador29 May 1992[10]
78 Zambia1 June 1992
79 Mauritania4 June 1992
80 Cape Verde18 June 1992
81 Lebanon7 July 1992
82 Kazakhstan10 August 1992
83 Jamaica14 August 1992
84 Belarus2 September 1992
85 Burkina Faso7 October 1992
86 Tanzania13 November 1992
87 Ethiopia16 November 1992
88 Mongolia19 November 1992
89 Qatar5 December 1992
90 Guatemala12 December 1992
91 Nigeria21 December 1992
92 Georgia13 January 1993
93 Bahrain18 January 1993
94 Samoa8 March 1994
95 Vietnam5 May 1994
96 Armenia21 June 1994
97 Saudi Arabia22 August 1994
98 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines7 October 1994
99 Kuwait8 October 1994
100 Uzbekistan6 February 1995
101 Andorra28 April 1995
102 Moldova25 May 1995
103 Costa Rica19 October 1995
104 Belize23 January 1996
105 Ecuador22 February 1996
106 Nicaragua29 March 1996
107 FR Yugoslavia23 August 1996
108 Montenegro12 June 2006
– Kosovo19 March 2008Not a member of the United Nations
109 Rwanda15 February 2018

States that haven't recognised Croatia

11 UN member states haven't formally recognised Croatia or established diplomatic relations with Croatia. These are Bhutan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Eswatini (Swaziland), Liberia, Marshal Islands, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan, Tonga and Tuvalu.[11]

See also

References
  1. "Hrvatski sabor". www.sabor.hr. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  2. "Tri rođendana: Svaki datum ima povijesno značenje za Hrvatsku".
  3. Erceg, Artur. "Pravni fakultet Split - Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu". www.pravst.unist.hr. Faculty of Law, University of Split.
  4. "Hrvatska primljena u punopravno članstvo UN-a".
  5. "Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata". www.centardomovinskograta.hr. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  6. Zlatko (2010-10-04). "ZAKON | O POTVRĐIVANJU SPORAZUMA O NORMALIZACIJI ODNOSA IZMEĐU REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE I SAVEZNE REPUBLIKE JUGOSLAVIJE" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
  7. "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  8. "Croacia" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 12. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  9. Daily Report: Latin America. Index. Newsbank. 1996. p. 183.
  10. "Bilateral relations (archived)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  11. "MVEP • Datumi priznanja". www.mvep.hr.
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