Hakka culture

Hakka culture (Chinese: 客家文化) refers to the culture created by Hakka people, a Han Chinese subgroup, across Asia. It encompasses the shared language, various art forms, food culture, folklore, and traditional customs. Hakka culture stemmed from the culture of Ancient Han Chinese, who migrated from China's central plain to what is modern day's Southern China during the 6th to 13th century, and intermixed with local non-Han ethnic groups such as the Miao people.[1] It has also been influenced by the cultures of surrounding Han Chinese groups, such as the Cantonese and the Hoklo. Having historically lived in the mountains of Southern China and being minority groups in many of the surrounding Chinese provinces, Hakka have developed a culture characterized by reservedness, stability, and frugality.[2][3]

Hakka people are widely remembered for building walled villages to defend themselves during Punti-Hakka Clan Wars.

Language
Main article: Hakka Chinese

Architecture

Hakka walled village
Main article: Hakka walled village

Hokkien earthen building

Horn House
Main article: Horn House

Arts

Hakka hill song
Main article: Hakka hill song

Hakka opera
Main article: Hakka opera

Hakkapop

Hakkapop is a genre of Hakka pop music made primarily in Taiwan, China, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Cuisine
Hakka salted chicken.
Main article: Hakka cuisine

Traditionally engaging in large amount of physical labor, Hakka people favor salty food and marinated vegetables that enable them to maintain their stamina.

Martial arts

The Hakka community is a source for a variety of martial arts including Southern Praying Mantis, Bak Mei and Southern Dragon Kung Fu.

Women

Historically, Hakka women did not bind their feet when the practice was commonplace in China.[4]

Religion
Typical traditional hillside tombs. Hukeng Town, Yongding County, Fujian.
See also: Religion in China

The religious practices of Hakka people are largely similar to those of other Han Chinese. Ancestor veneration is the primary form of religious expression.[5] One distinctively Hakka religious practice involves the worship of dragon deities.[6]

Hakka Taoism
Main articles: Three Great Emperor-Officials, Tudigong, and Lords of the Three Mountains

Hakka spirit

Hakka spirit refers to the Hakka people's spirit of endurance, diligence, and bravery in exploring new lands.[7]

Hakka sport culture in Taiwan

In Taiwan, the first Hakka community came from China Meizhou of Guangdong province, Chaozhou, Huizhou. They remain their living habits and plain life style.[8] The most characterized area is Liudui which is located in Kaohsiung and Pingtung. Hundreds of years ago, Liudui stood for six militia units of Hakka defense, which are Qiandui, Houdui, Zuodui, Youdui, Zhongdui and Hsianfengdui, respectively. Therefore, it represents to the Hakka communities in Pingtung and Kaohsiung. During the Qing Dynasty, the people in Liudui pushed down by the government. In order to strengthen their solidarity and protect their home, the people trained for defense. Gradually, the Liudui Hakka martial art become a local sport as the Japanese Government ruled Taiwan. With a great effort and support of local people, in 1948, the first Liudui Sports Game was held in Zhutian, Pingtung.[9] However, it was forced to barricade for eighteen years by the government when Taiwan was under the martial law generation. Fortunately, in 1966, the Liudui Sports Game back in action.[9] This event is annually held by the local government, and it has a strong connection with the Hakka culture. Since then, it has been a firm tradition event in Taiwan. The Liudui Sports Game is also known as Olympics of Dawu Mountain.[10] This sport game originated from the early martial. It is held by the Liudui immigrants. Liudui Sports Game is the biggest and the most unique Hakka contest in the Southern Taiwan, and it is the only Hakka sports event in the country. The purpose of the Liudui Sports Game is not only to commemorate the brave early immigrants but also to let the Hakka tradition pass down for years.[9] Moreover, this game encourages people to do more exercise because exercising is good for people in both physical and mental part. It is also a perfect time to gather people together. The Liudui Sports Game is popular among the athletes in Taiwan. Many famous athletes and sports figures have participated in this game such as Tseng Tsai-hua, who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.[9] Furthermore, it is often viewed as one of the cradles for Taiwan’s athletes. Recently, the Liudui Sports Game has become a Hakka festival. Since it is not only an athletic activity but also a festival that people can learn about the Hakka culture such as history, art, and customs. People said that the Liudui Sports Game has carried on tradition Hakka culture, and truly demonstrated the Hakka spirit.[11] Before the sports competitions begin, there are series of activities which are included in this festival. For instance, it will hold passing the Liudui torch, an opera performance, and a bicycling tour. In addition, after the competition, there are a group of singers and bands hold a concert in the evening.

Character of Hakka people

As a minority group, Hakka people learned how to protect their homeland by themselves. When battle came, they were described as indomitable and courageous. Furthermore, they conquered it with their power and wisdom. They are much stronger, more independent, and more courageous than most Chinese. Hakka people are hard-working and united.[12] A British missionary said that “Hakka people have much more courage than Chinese people. They desire freedom and are more intrepid than Chinese people. Hakka people were the last group who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty."[13]

See also
Hakka traditional Qilin dance.

References
  1. 客家文化源于河洛文化
  2. Jian-xin, Z. H. O. U. (2005). Ethnic Identity, Culture Consciousness and Hakka Culture [J]. Journal of Guangxi University For Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2.
  3. Deng-qiu, C. A. I. (2004). On Pluralism of the Formation of the Hakka Culture [J]. Journal of Sanming College, 3, 015.
  4. Davis, Edward L. (2005). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. London: Routledge. p. 333. ISBN 9780415241298.
  5. Lozada, Eriberto (2005). Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. 2. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 92–103. ISBN 9780306483219.
  6. 客家夥房的土地龍神
  7. The Hakka Spirit
  8. Council, Hakka Affairs. "A Brief Historical Overview of the Hakka". www.hakka.gov.tw. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  9. Council, Hakka Affairs. "Looking forward to the 2019 Liudui Games in Pingtung?". www.hakka.gov.tw. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  10. "2015The Liudui Sports Game". festival.hakka.gov.tw. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  11. 2.16.886.101.20003 (2016-03-14). "Liudui Sports Game showcases Hakka tradition and spirit: premier". 2.16.886.101.20003. Retrieved 2019-07-18.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. Pan, Guang dan (1933). Zi Ran Tao Tai Yu Zhonghua Min Zu Xing. Xin Yue Shu Dian.
  13. Pan, Guang dan (2000). Pan Guang Dan Wen Ji. Beijing Da Xue Chu Ban She.
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