HMS Tiger (C20)

Tiger started out as Bellerophon; she was laid down in 1941 at the John Brown Shipyard as part of the Minotaur class of light cruisers. These vessels had a low construction priority due to more pressing requirements for other ship types during World War II, particularly anti-submarine craft. Bellerophon was renamed Tiger in 1945, and was launched, partially constructed, on 25 October 1945. She was christened by Lady Stansgate, the wife of William Benn, the Secretary of State for Air, and mother of MP Anthony Wedgwood Benn. Work on Tiger was suspended in 1946, and she was laid up at Dalmuir.

In 1951 the Government decided to complete the ship to an altered design, with all new armament, rather than new construction, 4 twin Mk 6 4.5 Dido's or large 15,000 ton Minotaurs. With the revised design, HMS Tiger, became the name ship of a cruiser class, but due to the priority of the RAF, Atomic defence and the Cold War, and the conflict of the PM and Naval Staff over shipbuilding issues, the Warships approved in 51-3 were, a/s frigates, destroyers & minehunters [4], the restart of the Tiger class and other cruisers reconstruction was delayed till 1955. The ship had automatic 6-inch (152 mm) guns in twin high-angle mounts with each gun designed to fire 20 rpm, and a secondary battery of automatic 3-inch (76 mm) weapons firing 90-120 rpm. Each 6 inch and 3 inch mounting had its own MRS3 radar director. Viscount Hall (Sea Lord from 1929-1931) stated in the House of Lords in 1959 that her "automatically controlled" guns were "capable of firing at more than twice the speed of manned armament" and were " ten times better the original armament" of HMS Superb in 1945 [5]. However Tigers 6 inch guns, usually jammed after 30 seconds firing, [6] and didn't offer sustained GFS, the RN arguing, the first 30 sec engaging, jet aircraft and warships, was the critical determinant, and aircraft would be shot down in short bursts of fire. Limited magazine capacity and gun reliability were less important than instantaneous response, to hit hard and high with automatic guns, when the fire button was pushed or computer triggered. The decision to complete the ships reflected the fact the legacy WW2 hulls were available and it was expected that the cruisers could be completed in three years at 60 percent of the cost of new 8,000 ton cruises which would take 5 years to build at a time the existing cruiser fleet was ageing and had obsolete weapons and fire control useless against modern aircraft. The RN had 21 cruisers in 1957, 9 in operation and by 1961 the cruiser fleet had declined to 9 of which 5 were in service [7]. HMS Tiger revised weapon fit was for immediate post war requirements and the continued reconstruction of the Tiger class was again approved by the 1957 Sandys defence review as interim AA ships, even though 4 county class DDG missile cruiser replacements had been ordered by February 1957. Only HMS Tiger, the lead ship of the class commissioned after Trials in March 1959, would be ready in time and perform sufficiently well to serve any length of time as a gun cruiser. The first County class DDG, HMS Hampshire commissioned in Nov 1962. The Tigers were redesigned in 1948 [8], for primarily AA defence of convoys and aircraft carrier task forces. Cruisers were seen as playing a secondary and complementary role to light fleet aircraft carriers in the defence of trade and attack on enemy shipping [9] and for AA defence of fleet carrier task forces substituting for the powerful WW2 secondary AA batteries of Battleships and Carriers particularly, the 16 4.5 guns carried by WW2 Fleet carriers, which only the new Eagle and Ark Royal were expected to provide in the 1950s. By the time Tiger 's legend was accepted by the RN Board of Admiralty in July 1954 and the Cabinet in November 1954, the cruiser design, hull and machinery were really too old. Her two 6 inch turrets were insufficient to guarantee surface fire and were less effective in the AA role due to improvements in missiles and aircraft [10]; also, the basic fit of three twin 3 inch turrets were poor for effective, reliable coverage of the fire arcs.[11] More so without the L60 40mm Bofors guns or, twin L70 40mm Bofors guns approved in 1954/57 as essential for CIWS, but omitted to give the crew space and comfort. [12] HMS Tiger had no lighter anti-aircraft armament or torpedo tubes. Air conditioning was fitted throughout the ship, and a 200-line automatic telephone exchange was installed. Her first captain (Captain Washbourn) "said that H.M.S. Tiger had been designed to cope with nuclear attacks, in that she can steam for up to a fortnight through radio-active fall-out with remotely controlled boiler and engine and armament operating with re-circulating purified air below decks, and could operate as a fighting unit even if a nuclear bomb were dropped near by."[5] They were not however the modern, well armed, fast, long range cruisers likely to be " effective ships for a long period to come, and especially is this true east of Suez, where distances are so gigantic." as claimed by senitmental retired Sea Lords in the House of Lords [13]

As completed, the Tiger carried:

• a Type 992Q surface search radar at the top of the foremast,[14] with a range of 30 nautical miles (56 km),[2]
• a Type 960 air warning radar at the top of the mainmast,[14] with a range of 170 nautical miles (310 km),[2]
• a Type 277Q height-finding radar halfway up the mainmast,[14] with a range of 120 nautical miles (220 km),[2]
• five MRS 3 fire control directors (one for each turret), each fitted with a Type 903 gunnery radar.[14]

Her sonars were:

• Type 174 medium range search,[15]
• Type 176 passive search, which shared the same dome as the Type 174,[15]
• Type 185 underwater telephone.[15]

The Tiger's complement was officially stated as 698 (53 officers and 645 ratings) in peacetime, and 900 in wartime.[16]

The Navy Estimates for 1959-60 gave her initial costs as £12,820,000,[1] whereas Jane's Fighting Ships gave her initial cost as £13,113,000.[16][3]

Tiger was accepted by the Navy in March 1959,[1] and commissioned on 18 March 1959.[17][lower-alpha 1]

HMS Tiger April 1965. Note how the Type 960 radar's dipole array at the top of her mainmast, differs in appearance from the single bedstead aerial of the Type 965M radar that replaced it during her 1968-72 refit.[19]

The early part of Tiger's first commission was spent, under Captain R. E. Washbourn, on trials of her new armament. After workup, now under Captain R. Hutchins, Tiger went on a round of autumn flag-showing visits to Gdynia, Stockholm, Kiel and Antwerp. At the end of 1959 she deployed to the Mediterranean for a year as the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet. By late 1960, they had "overcome the teething troubles with the 3" armament",[18] but the ship had "difficulty in achieving sustained bursts of fire with her 6" guns",[18] and it was planned to resolve this at her first refit at the end of 1960.[18] During a visit by the First Lord of the Admiralty (Lord Carrington), the Naval Secretary Rear-Admiral Frank Twiss "made the unpardonable error of shooting down a very expensive target aircraft, to the cheers of the ship's company but to a stinging rebuke from their Lordships of the Admiralty."[20] The ship took part in operations in the Far East during the Indonesian Confrontation in the early 1960s. The Navy in the early 1960s suffered manpower shortages, which resulted in a "shortfall in technical personnel" in the Tiger,[21] as a consequence some "items of its equipment could not be operated",[22] and "some of its equipment was not operational".[22] In September 1963, the Glasgow Herald said that the "Tiger already has a much-reduced crew and is virtually a floating office."[22] During the 1964 general election campaign, the leader of the opposition, Harold Wilson, criticised the government for this during a speech at Plymouth.[23]

Rear-Admiral Michael Pollock flew his flag in her as Flag Officer, Second-in-Command, Home Fleet, from 1965 – 1966. On 10 August 1966 one of the guns accidentally fired a practice shell into Devonport Dockyard during material tests of the equipment. "One member of the ship's company was slightly grazed, but there were no other casualties."[24] In October 1966, the ship was visiting Cardiff at the time of the Aberfan disaster. The crew assisted with the rescue and recovery operation.[25]

From 2 to 4 December 1966, she hosted talks between Prime Ministers Harold Wilson (UK) and Ian Smith of Rhodesia.[26][27] The latter had unilaterally declared independence from Britain due to Britain's insistence on the removal of white minority rule. Twenty officers (including all twelve midshipmen) were put ashore at Gibraltar before the talks to "make room for the three delegations of the Prime Minister, the Governor of Rhodesia and Mr. Smith."[23] When the Rhodesian delegation arrived, the Tiger was a few miles off shore, and the delegation was ferried out in a small craft. The Tiger then moved out to sea, but moved close to harbour when the Rhodesian delegation disembarked.[27] On Wilson's orders, the British and Rhodesian delegations were "separated in all activities outside the conference room".[26]

Tiger was placed in reserve on 18 December 1966,[28] before undergoing conversion to a "helicopter and command cruiser" from 1968–72 in HMNB Devonport. This reconstruction included removing the after 6 inch mount and 3 inch mounts, installing two Seacat GWS 22 mounts,[2] and building a flight deck and hangar to operate four Wessex (and later Sea King HAS 2) helicopters. The Tiger was given much taller funnels with squared off caps, which was such an improvement that the Blake was given similar funnels in 1977.[2]

Once converted, the Tiger carried:

• a Type 992Q surface search radar at the top of the foremast,[19] with a range of 30 nautical miles (56 km),[2]
• a Type 965M air warning radar with an AKE-1 single bedstead aerial at the top of the mainmast,[19][2] this had a narrower beam than the Type 960, which was needed for air direction and was now the Royal Navy standard.[29]
• a Type 278 height-finding radar halfway up the mainmast,[2] which was similar to the Type 277Q, but easier to maintain,[29][lower-alpha 2]
• four MRS 3 fire control directors (one for each turret and Seacat mounting, each fitted with a Type 903 gunnery radar.[19][3]

She had excellent command, control, and communications facilities installed, and found use as a flagship to task groups.

When plans were announced to Parliament in March 1964, it was said that the Navy did "not expect this conversion work to be difficult or particularly expensive".[22] The reconstruction of Blake and Tiger was examined in the third report of the Public Accounts Committee for 1972. Michael Barnes said in parliament that the refits "show too lax an attitude towards the way in which the taxpayers' money is being spent".[30] "The refits were planned to take 18 months and to cost £5 million each... The Tiger refit took over five years and cost over £13 million."[30][lower-alpha 3] Rear-Admiral Morgan-Giles suggested bringing HMS Eagle back into commission instead of manning the Blake and Tiger, which he said were "among the worst abortions which have ever been thrust on the Royal Navy."[31]

The ship's helicopter squadron increased the ship's peacetime complement to 885 (85 officers and 800 ratings),[3] which put a strain on accommodation for the crew.[19]

During reconstruction and in the following years, material cannibalised from Lion was used to patch both Tiger and Blake. Tiger reportedly had so much material from Lion that her crew nicknamed her "HMS Liger".

She was recommissioned on 6 May 1972.[28] Her large crew made her an expensive ship to operate and maintain. When the economic difficulties of the late seventies came around, this led to a defence manpower drawdown that resulted in manpower shortages;[2] although Tiger remained in service long enough to take part in the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review in celebration of Queen Elizabeth II.[32]

The de-activated HMS Tiger at Portsmouth Navy Days in 1980, showing the Type 965M radar with single bedstead AKE-1 aerial on her mainmast, the large flight deck and the hangar added in 1968–72.

In 1978 Tiger was placed in reserve, and decommissioned on 4 May 1979.[33] She was put on the disposal list in 1979. Both Tiger and her sister-ship Blake were listed as part of the Standby Squadron, and moored inactive at HMNB Chatham.

When the Falklands War broke out in early April 1982, both ships were rapidly surveyed and it was determined both were in very good material shape, and both were immediately drydocked (Tiger in Portsmouth and Blake at Chatham) and recommissioning work was begun.

Whilst there was speculation that their 6-inch guns would be useful for shore bombardment, the real reason for their potential deployment was the size of their flight decks (the third largest in the Royal Navy at that time after the aircraft carriers Hermes and Invincible), and the potential to use them as mobile forward operating and refuelling bases for Task Force Harriers. (Blake had already operated RAF Harriers briefly for proving trials in 1971, and Harriers had refuelled on Tiger). Their benefit would be more as platforms to extend the range and endurance of the Harriers and as a refuelling stop on the way back to the carriers, rather than as somewhere to operate offensive missions from, or as somewhere to place a pair of Sea Harriers as an extended-range CAP (Combat Air Patrol) ahead of the two carriers (and reducing their own exposure to air strikes), but the need to take off vertically rather than the use of a ski-jump severely reduced the Harriers' endurance and weapons carrying capability, and in late May 1982 after the loss of the destroyer Sheffield and the Argentian cruiser General Belgrano the refits were stopped.

There were also doubts about the two ships' self-defence capabilities, (the 6-inch and 3-inch armament had never been reliable) and this coupled with the large complement (and potential loss of life were one of the cruisers to be lost), caused much anxiety in the Admiralty. That, along with where to find 1,800 capable and qualified crew in a hurry at a time when the Royal Navy was already downsizing, sealed the two ships' fate. The UK simply could not afford its own Belgrano disaster, either materially or politically.

Although Chile showed a faint interest in acquiring Tiger (and sister-ship Blake), this did not get past the discussion stage, and Tiger lingered on, tied to a mooring buoy in Portsmouth harbour. Tiger existed in a slowly deteriorating condition until mid-1986, and following competitive tendering she was sold for scrap to Desguaces Varela of Spain.[34] She was towed to Spain and scrapping started in October 1986.

• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
• Robert Gardiner, ed., Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships 1922 – 1946 (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1980)
• Robert Gardiner, ed., Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947 – 1982 (Conway Maritime Press, London, 1983)
• Jane's Fighting Ships 1950–51 (Janes Publishing, London, 1950)
• Alan Raven and John Roberts, British Cruisers of World War II, (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1980)
• M. J. Whitley, Cruisers of World War Two: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (Arms and Armour Press, London, 1995)
• HMS Tiger at Uboat.net
• A history of the Tiger class
• HMS Tiger at militaryimages.net