February 29

Although most modern calendar years have 365 days, a complete revolution around the Sun (one solar year) takes approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds (or, for simplicity's sake, approximately 365 days and 6 hours, or 365.25 days).[5] An extra 23 hours, 15 minutes, and 4 seconds thus accumulates every four years (again, for simplicity's sake, approximately an extra 24 hours, or 1 day, every four years), requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun's apparent position. Without the added day, in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar, eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather, ecology, or hours of daylight.

Solar years are actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours (365.25 days), which had been known since the 2nd century BC when Hipparchus stated that it lasted 365 + 1/4 − 1/300 days,[6] but this was ignored by Julius Caesar and his astronomical adviser Sosigenes. The Gregorian calendar corrected this by adopting the length of the tropical year stated in three medieval sources, the Alfonsine tables, De Revolutionibus, and the Prutenic Tables, truncated to two sexagesimal places, 365 14/60 33/3600 days or 365 + 1/4 − 3/400 days or 365.2425 days.[7] The length of the tropical year in 2000 was 365.24217 mean solar days,[8] Adding a calendar day every four years, therefore, results in an excess of around 44 minutes every four years, or about 3 days every 400 years. To compensate for this, three days are removed every 400 years. The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years. Instead, a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400. This means that the years 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years, while the years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, and 2500 are not leap years.

Early Roman calendar

Adding a leap day (after 23 February) shifts the commemorations in the 1962 Roman Missal.

Main article: Roman calendar

The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days (even though it was not a lunar calendar) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year. An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February, the last month of the year. February consisted of two parts, each with an odd number of days. The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd, which was considered the end of the religious year, and the five remaining days formed the second part. To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year, a leap month, called Mensis Intercalaris ("intercalary month"), was added from time to time between these two parts of February. The (usual) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days, with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them. This followed naturally, because the days after the Ides (13th) of February (in an ordinary year) or the Ides of Intercalaris (in an intercalary year) both counted down to the Kalends of March (i.e. they were known as "the nth day before the Kalends of March"). The Nones (5th) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions.

The third-century writer Censorinus says:

When it was thought necessary to add (every two years) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days, so that the civil year should correspond to the natural (solar) year, this intercalation was in preference made in February, between Terminalia [23rd] and Regifugium [24th].[9]

A person born on February 29 may be called a "leapling", a "leaper", or a "leap-year baby".[12] Some leaplings celebrate their birthday in non-leap years on either February 28 or March 1, while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date, February 29.

• 1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Jamaican natives to provide him with supplies.
• 1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage begins.
• 1704 – Queen Anne's War: French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive.
• 1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar.
• 1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on March 24.
• 1752 – King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty, the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy.
• 1768 – Polish nobles form the Bar Confederation.
• 1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Kilpatrick–Dahlgren Raid fails: Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond, Virginia are thwarted.
• 1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated.
• 1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks.
• 1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom.
• 1916 – Child labor: In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill, and mine workers is raised from 12 to 14 years old.
• 1920 – Czechoslovak National Assembly adopts the Constitution.
• 1936 – February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends.
• 1940 – 12th Academy Awards: For her performance as "Mammy" in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award.
• 1940 – Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations.
• 1940 – In a ceremony held in Berkeley, California, physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden's Consul General in San Francisco.
• 1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur.
• 1960 – The 5.7 M_w  Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme), destroying Agadir, and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured.
• 1972 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization: South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam.
• 1980 – Gordie Howe of the Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal.
• 1984 – Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement as Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister of Canada.
• 1988 – South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with one hundred other clergymen during a five-day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town.
• 1988 – Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the House of Commons of Canada to come out as gay.
• 1992 – First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum.
• 1996 – Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes; all 123 passengers and crew die.
• 1996 – Siege of Sarajevo officially ends.
• 2000 – Second Chechen War: Eighty-four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert.
• 2004 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup.
• 2008 – The United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan "immediately" after a leak leads to his deployment being reported by foreign media.
• 2008 – Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir, Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years, in which she claims to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust.
• 2012 – Tokyo Skytree construction is completed. It is the tallest tower in the world, 634 meters high, and the second-tallest artificial structure on Earth, next to Burj Khalifa.

• 1468 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)
• 1528 – Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)
• 1528 – Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)
• 1572 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (d. 1638)
• 1576 – Antonio Neri, Florentine priest and glassmaker (d. 1614)
• 1640 – Benjamin Keach, Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach's Catechism (d. 1704)
• 1692 – John Byrom, English poet and educator (d. 1763)
• 1724 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-English dancer (d. 1822)
• 1736 – Ann Lee, English-American religious leader, founded the Shakers (d. 1784)
• 1792 – Gioachino Rossini, Italian composer (d. 1868)
• 1812 – James Milne Wilson, Scottish-Australian soldier and politician, 8th Premier of Tasmania (d. February 29, 1880)
• 1828 – Emmeline B. Wells, American journalist, poet, and activist (d. 1921)
• 1836 – Dickey Pearce, American baseball player and manager (d. 1908)
• 1852 – Frank Gavan Duffy, Irish-Australian lawyer and judge, 4th Chief Justice of Australia (d. 1936)
• 1860 – Herman Hollerith, American statistician and businessman, co-founded the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (d. 1929)
• 1876 – William Stewart, Scottish footballer
• 1884 – Richard S. Aldrich, American lawyer and politician (d. 1941)
• 1892 – Augusta Savage, American sculptor (d. 1962)
• 1896 – Morarji Desai, Indian civil servant and politician, 4th Prime Minister of India (d. 1995)
• 1896 – William A. Wellman, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1975)
• 1904 – Jimmy Dorsey, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1957)
• 1904 – Pepper Martin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1965)
• 1908 – Balthus, French-Swiss painter and illustrator (d. 2001)
• 1908 – Dee Brown, American historian and author (d. 2002)
• 1908 – Alf Gover, English cricketer and coach (d. 2001)
• 1908 – Louie Myfanwy Thomas, Welsh writer (d. 1968)
• 1916 – Dinah Shore, American singer and actress (d. 1994)
• 1916 – James B. Donovan, American lawyer (d. 1970)
• 1916 – Leonard Shoen, founder of U-Haul Corp. (d. 1999)
• 1920 – Fyodor Abramov, Russian author and critic (d. 1983)
• 1920 – Arthur Franz, American actor (d. 2006)
• 1920 – James Mitchell, American actor and dancer (d. 2010)
• 1920 – Michèle Morgan, French-American actress and singer (d. 2016)
• 1920 – Howard Nemerov, American poet and academic (d. 1991)
• 1920 – Rolland W. Redlin, American lawyer and politician (d. 2011)
• 1924 – David Beattie, New Zealand judge and politician, 14th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2001)
• 1924 – Carlos Humberto Romero, Salvadoran politician, President of El Salvador (d. 2017)
• 1924 – Al Rosen, American baseball player and manager (d. 2015)
• 1928 – Joss Ackland, English actor
• 1928 – Jean Adamson, British writer and illustrator[22]
• 1928 – Vance Haynes, American archaeologist, geologist, and author
• 1928 – Seymour Papert, South African mathematician and computer scientist, co-created the Logo programming language (d. 2016)
• 1932 – Gene H. Golub, American mathematician and academic (d. 2007)
• 1932 – Masten Gregory, American race car driver (d. 1985)
• 1932 – Reri Grist, American soprano and actress
• 1932 – Jaguar, Brazilian cartoonist
• 1932 – Gavin Stevens, Australian cricketer
• 1936 – Jack Lousma, American colonel, astronaut, and politician
• 1936 – Henri Richard, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020)
• 1936 – Alex Rocco, American actor (d. 2015)
• 1936 – Nh. Dini, Indonesian writer (d. 2018)
• 1940 – Sonja Barend, Dutch talk show host
• 1940 – Bartholomew I of Constantinople
• 1940 – William H. Turner, Jr., American horse trainer
• 1944 – Ene Ergma, Estonian physicist and politician
• 1944 – Dennis Farina, American police officer and actor (d. 2013)
• 1944 – Nicholas Frayling, English priest and academic
• 1944 – Phyllis Frelich, American actress (d. 2014)
• 1944 – Steve Mingori, American baseball player (d. 2008)
• 1944 – Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri, Italian author and illustrator
• 1944 – Lennart Svedberg, Swedish ice hockey player (d. 1972).[23]
• 1948 – Hermione Lee, English author, critic, and academic
• 1948 – Manoel Maria, Brazilian footballer
• 1948 – Patricia A. McKillip, American author
• 1948 – Henry Small, American-born Canadian singer
• 1952 – Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush, American journalist and producer
• 1952 – Tim Powers, American author and educator
• 1952 – Raisa Smetanina, Russian cross-country skier
• 1952 – Bart Stupak, American police officer and politician
• 1956 – Jonathan Coleman, English-Australian radio and television host
• 1956 – Bob Speller, Canadian businessman and politician, 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture
• 1956 – Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
• 1960 – Lucian Grainge, English businessman
• 1960 – Khaled, Algerian singer-songwriter
• 1960 – Richard Ramirez, American serial killer (d. 2013)
• 1964 – Dave Brailsford, English cyclist and coach
• 1964 – Lyndon Byers, Canadian ice hockey player and radio host
• 1964 – Mervyn Warren, American tenor, composer, and producer
• 1968 – Chucky Brown, American basketball player and coach
• 1968 – Pete Fenson, American curler and sportscaster
• 1968 – Naoko Iijima, Japanese actress and model
• 1968 – Bryce Paup, American football player and coach
• 1968 – Howard Tayler, American author and illustrator
• 1968 – Eugene Volokh, Ukrainian-American lawyer and educator
• 1968 – Frank Woodley, Australian actor, producer, and screenwriter
• 1972 – Mike Pollitt, English footballer and coach
• 1972 – Sylvie Lubamba, Italian showgirl
• 1972 – Antonio Sabàto, Jr., Italian-American model and actor
• 1972 – Pedro Sánchez, Prime Minister of Spain
• 1972 – Dave Williams, American singer (d. 2002)
• 1972 – Saul Williams, American singer-songwriter[24]
• 1972 – Pedro Zamora, Cuban-American activist and educator (d. 1994)
• 1976 – Vonteego Cummings, American basketball player
• 1976 – Gehad Grisha, Egyptian soccer referee
• 1976 – Katalin Kovács, Hungarian sprint kayaker[25]
• 1976 – Terrence Long, American baseball player
• 1976 – Ja Rule, American rapper and actor
• 1980 – Çağdaş Atan, Turkish footballer and coach
• 1980 – Chris Conley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
• 1980 – Patrick Côté, Canadian mixed martial artist
• 1980 – Simon Gagné, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1980 – Rubén Plaza, Spanish cyclist
• 1980 – Peter Scanavino, American actor
• 1980 – Clinton Toopi, New Zealand rugby league player
• 1980 – Taylor Twellman, American soccer player and sportscaster[26]
• 1984 – Rica Imai, Japanese model and actress
• 1984 – Cullen Jones, American swimmer[27]
• 1984 – Nuria Martínez, Spanish basketball player
• 1984 – Adam Sinclair, Indian field hockey player
• 1984 – Rakhee Thakrar, English actress
• 1984 – Dennis Walger, German rugby player
• 1984 – Cam Ward, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1984 – Mark Foster, American singer, songwriter and musician
• 1988 – Lena Gercke, German model and television host
• 1988 – Benedikt Höwedes, German footballer
• 1988 – Brent Macaffer, Australian Rules footballer[28]
• 1988 – Bobby Sanguinetti, American ice hockey player
• 1988 – Milan Melindo, Filipino boxer
• 1992 – Sean Abbott, Australian cricketer
• 1992 – Ben Hampton, Australian rugby league player
• 1992 – Eric Kendricks, American football player[29]
• 1992 – Caitlin EJ Meyer, American actress
• 1996 – Nelson Asofa-Solomona, New Zealand rugby league player
• 1996 – Reece Prescod, British sprinter[30]
• 1996 – Claudia Williams, New Zealand tennis player
• 2000 – Ferran Torres, Spanish footballer

• 468 – Pope Hilarius
• 992 – Oswald of Worcester, Anglo-Saxon archbishop and saint (b. 925)
• 1212 – Hōnen, Japanese monk, founded Jōdo-shū (b. 1133)
• 1460 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1401)
• 1528 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish Protestant reformer and martyr (b. 1504)
• 1592 – Alessandro Striggio, Italian composer and diplomat (b. 1540)
• 1600 – Caspar Hennenberger, German pastor, historian and cartographer (b. 1529)
• 1604 – John Whitgift, English archbishop and academic (b. 1530)
• 1740 – Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal (b. 1667)
• 1744 – John Theophilus Desaguliers, French-English physicist and philosopher (b. 1683)
• 1792 – Johann Andreas Stein, German piano builder (b. 1728)
• 1820 – Johann Joachim Eschenburg, German historian and critic (b. 1743)
• 1848 – Louis-François Lejeune, French general, painter and lithographer (b. 1775)
• 1852 – Matsudaira Katataka, Japanese daimyō (b. 1806)
• 1868 – Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786)
• 1880 – James Milne Wilson, Scottish-Australian soldier and politician, 8th Premier of Tasmania (b. February 29, 1812)
• 1908
  • Pat Garrett, American sheriff (b. 1850)
  • John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, Scottish-Australian politician, 1st Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860)
• 1920 – Ernie Courtney, American baseball player (b. 1875)
• 1928
  • Adolphe Appia, Swiss architect and theorist (b. 1862)
  • Ina Coolbrith, American poet and librarian (b. 1841)
• 1940 – E. F. Benson, English archaeologist and author (b. 1867)
• 1944 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish lawyer, judge and politician, 3rd President of Finland (b. 1861)
• 1948
  • Robert Barrington-Ward, English lawyer and journalist (b. 1891)
  • Rebel Oakes, American baseball player and manager (b. 1883)
• 1952 – Quo Tai-chi, Chinese politician and diplomat, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations (b. 1888)
• 1956 – Elpidio Quirino, Filipino lawyer and politician, 6th President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
• 1960
  • Melvin Purvis, American police officer and FBI agent (b. 1903)
  • Walter Yust, American journalist and author (b. 1894)
• 1964 – Frank Albertson, American actor and singer (b. 1909)
• 1968
  • Lena Blackburne, American baseball player, coach and manager (b. 1886)
  • Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1886)
• 1972 – Tom Davies, American football player and coach (b. 1896)
• 1976 – Florence P. Dwyer, American politician (b. 1902)
• 1980
  • Yigal Allon, Israeli general and politician, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1918)
  • Gil Elvgren, American painter and illustrator (b. 1914)
• 1984 – Ludwik Starski, Polish screenwriter and songwriter (b. 1903)
• 1988 – Sidney Harmon, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1907)
• 1992 – Ruth Pitter, English poet and author (b. 1897)
• 1996
  • Wes Farrell, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1939)
  • Ralph Rowe, American baseball player, coach and manager (b. 1924)
• 2000 – Dennis Danell, American guitarist (b. 1961)
• 2004
  • Kagamisato Kiyoji, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 42nd Yokozuna (b. 1923)
  • Jerome Lawrence, American playwright and author (b. 1915)
  • Harold Bernard St. John, Barbadian lawyer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (b. 1931)
  • Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (b. 1943)
• 2008
  • Janet Kagan, American author (b. 1946)
  • Erik Ortvad, Danish painter and illustrator (b. 1917)
  • Akira Yamada, Japanese scholar and philosopher (b. 1922)
• 2012
  • Roland Bautista, American guitarist (b. 1951)
  • Davy Jones, English singer, guitarist and actor (b. 1945)
  • Sheldon Moldoff, American illustrator (b. 1920)
  • P. K. Narayana Panicker, Indian social leader (b. 1930)
• 2016
  • Wenn V. Deramas, Filipino director and screenwriter (b. 1966)
  • Gil Hill, American police officer, actor and politician (b. 1931)
  • Josefin Nilsson, Swedish singer (b. 1969)
  • Louise Rennison, English author (b. 1951)[31]
  • Mumtaz Qadri, Pakistani assassin (b. 1985)[32]

• As a Christian feast day:
  • Auguste Chapdelaine (one of the Martyr Saints of China)
  • Oswald of Worcester (in leap year only)
  • Saint John Cassian
  • February 29 in the Orthodox church
• The fourth day of Ayyám-i-Há (Bahá'í Faith) (observed on this date only if Bahá'í Naw-Rúz falls on March 21)
• Rare Disease Day (in leap years; celebrated in common years on February 28)
• Bachelor's Day (Ireland, United Kingdom)

There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29.[33] If the man refuses, he then is obliged to give the woman money[34] or buy her a dress. In upper-class societies in Europe, if the man refuses marriage, he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman, suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring. In Ireland, the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick.[35][36]

In the town of Aurora, Illinois, single women are deputized and may arrest single men, subject to a four-dollar fine, every February 29.[37][38]

In Greece, it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day.[39]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 29.

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day

• On This Day in Canada
• Leap year (Calendar) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Leap Day, February 29 Amy McKenna, Encyclopædia Britannica