Estradiol sulfate

Estradiol sulfate (E2S), or 17β-estradiol 3-sulfate,[1] is a natural, endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester.[2] E2S itself is biologically inactive,[3] but it can be converted by steroid sulfatase (also called estrogen sulfatase) into estradiol, which is a potent estrogen.[2][4][5] Simultaneously, estrogen sulfotransferases convert estradiol to E2S, resulting in an equilibrium between the two steroids in various tissues.[2][5] Estrone and E2S are the two immediate metabolic sources of estradiol.[6] E2S can also be metabolized into estrone sulfate (E1S), which in turn can be converted into estrone and estradiol.[7] Circulating concentrations of E2S are much lower than those of E1S.[1] High concentrations of E2S are present in breast tissue, and E2S has been implicated in the biology of breast cancer via serving as an active reservoir of estradiol.[2][4]

Estradiol sulfate
Names
IUPAC name
[(8R,9S,13S,14S,17S)-17-Hydroxy-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl] hydrogen sulfate
Other names
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 3-sulfate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
UNII
Properties
C18H24O5S
Molar mass 352.445 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

As the sodium salt, sodium estradiol sulfate, E2S is present as a minor constituent (0.9%) of conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), or Premarin.[8] It effectively functions as a prodrug to estradiol in this preparation, similarly to E1S. E2S is also formed as a metabolite of estradiol, as well as of estrone and E1S.[9][10] Aside from its presence in CEEs, E2S is not available as a commercial pharmaceutical drug.[11]

E2S shows about 10,000-fold lower potency in activating the estrogen receptors relative to estradiol in vitro.[12] It is 10-fold less potent than estrone sulfate orally in terms of in vivo uterotrophic effect in rats.[13] Estrogen sulfates like estradiol sulfate or estrone sulfate are about twice as potent as the corresponding free estrogens in terms of estrogenic effect when given orally to rodents.[14] This in part led to the introduction of conjugated estrogens (Premarin), which are primarily estrone sulfate, in 1941.[14]

Although inactive at steroid hormone receptors, E2S has been found to act as a potent inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase,[15] an enzyme that contributes to the inactivation of estradiol via conversion of it into an estradiol-glutathione conjugate.[16] As such, E2S can indirectly serve as a positive effector of estrogen signaling.[15]

Estradiol levels are about 1.5- to 4-fold higher than E2S levels in women. This is in contrast to E1S, the levels of which are about 10 to 15 times higher than those of estrone.[17]

Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors
Estrogen Other names RBA (%)a REP (%)b
ER ERα ERβ
Estradiol E2 100 100 100
Estradiol 3-sulfate E2S; E2-3S ? 0.02 0.04
Estradiol 3-glucuronide E2-3G ? 0.02 0.09
Estradiol 17β-glucuronide E2-17G ? 0.002 0.0002
Estradiol benzoate EB; Estradiol 3-benzoate 10 1.1 0.52
Estradiol 17β-acetate E2-17A 31–45 24 ?
Estradiol diacetate EDA; Estradiol 3,17β-diacetate ? 0.79 ?
Estradiol propionate EP; Estradiol 17β-propionate 19–26 2.6 ?
Estradiol valerate EV; Estradiol 17β-valerate 2–11 0.04–21 ?
Estradiol cypionate EC; Estradiol 17β-cypionate ?c 4.0 ?
Estradiol palmitate Estradiol 17β-palmitate 0 ? ?
Estradiol stearate Estradiol 17β-stearate 0 ? ?
Estrone E1; 17-Ketoestradiol 11 5.3–38 14
Estrone sulfate E1S; Estrone 3-sulfate 2 0.004 0.002
Estrone glucuronide E1G; Estrone 3-glucuronide ? <0.001 0.0006
Ethinylestradiol EE; 17α-Ethynylestradiol 100 17–150 129
Mestranol EE 3-methyl ether 1 1.3–8.2 0.16
Quinestrol EE 3-cyclopentyl ether ? 0.37 ?
Footnotes: a = Relative binding affinities (RBAs) were determined via in-vitro displacement of labeled estradiol from estrogen receptors (ERs) generally of rodent uterine cytosol. Estrogen esters are variably hydrolyzed into estrogens in these systems (shorter ester chain length -> greater rate of hydrolysis) and the ER RBAs of the esters decrease strongly when hydrolysis is prevented. b = Relative estrogenic potencies (REPs) were calculated from half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) that were determined via in-vitro β‐galactosidase (β-gal) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression assays in yeast expressing human ERα and human ERβ. Both mammalian cells and yeast have the capacity to hydrolyze estrogen esters. c = The affinities of estradiol cypionate for the ERs are similar to those of estradiol valerate and estradiol benzoate (figure). Sources: See template page.
Structural properties of selected estradiol esters
EstrogenStructureEster(s)Relative
mol. weight		Relative
E2 contentb		logPc
Position(s)Moiet(ies)TypeLengtha
Estradiol
––––1.001.004.0
Estradiol acetate
C3Ethanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid21.150.874.2
Estradiol benzoate
C3Benzenecarboxylic acidAromatic fatty acid– (~4–5)1.380.724.7
Estradiol dipropionate
C3, C17βPropanoic acid (×2)Straight-chain fatty acid3 (×2)1.410.714.9
Estradiol valerate
C17βPentanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid51.310.765.6–6.3
Estradiol benzoate butyrate
C3, C17βBenzoic acid, butyric acidMixed fatty acid– (~6, 2)1.640.616.3
Estradiol cypionate
C17βCyclopentylpropanoic acidAromatic fatty acid– (~6)1.460.696.9
Estradiol enanthate
C17βHeptanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid71.410.716.7–7.3
Estradiol dienanthate
C3, C17βHeptanoic acid (×2)Straight-chain fatty acid7 (×2)1.820.558.1–10.4
Estradiol undecylate
C17βUndecanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid111.620.629.2–9.8
Estradiol stearate
C17βOctadecanoic acidStraight-chain fatty acid181.980.5112.2–12.4
Estradiol distearate
C3, C17βOctadecanoic acid (×2)Straight-chain fatty acid18 (×2)2.960.3420.2
Estradiol sulfate
C3Sulfuric acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.290.770.3–3.8
Estradiol glucuronide
C17βGlucuronic acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.650.612.1–2.7
Estramustine phosphated
C3, C17βNormustine, phosphoric acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.910.522.9–5.0
Polyestradiol phosphatee
C3–C17βPhosphoric acidWater-soluble conjugate–1.23f0.81f2.9g
Footnotes: a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic fatty acids. b = Relative estradiol content by weight (i.e., relative estrogenic exposure). c = Experimental or predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (i.e., lipophilicity/hydrophobicity). Retrieved from PubChem, ChemSpider, and DrugBank. d = Also known as estradiol normustine phosphate. e = Polymer of estradiol phosphate (~13 repeat units). f = Relative molecular weight or estradiol content per repeat unit. g = logP of repeat unit (i.e., estradiol phosphate). Sources: See individual articles.

See also

References
  1. F. A. Kincl; J. R. Pasqualini (22 October 2013). Hormones and the Fetus: Volume 1: Production, Concentration and Metabolism During Pregnancy. Elsevier Science. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-4832-8538-2.
  2. Peter J. O'Brien; William Robert Bruce (2 December 2009). Endogenous Toxins: Targets for Disease Treatment and Prevention, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 869–. ISBN 978-3-527-32363-0.
  3. Wang, Li-Quan; James, Margaret O. (2005). "Sulfotransferase 2A1 forms estradiol-17-sulfate and celecoxib switches the dominant product from estradiol-3-sulfate to estradiol-17-sulfate". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 96 (5): 367–374. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.05.002. ISSN 0960-0760. PMID 16011896.
  4. Jorge R. Pasqualini (17 July 2002). Breast Cancer: Prognosis, Treatment, and Prevention. CRC Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-203-90924-9.
  5. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1.
  6. G. Leclercq; S. Toma; R. Paridaens; J. C. Heuson (6 December 2012). Clinical Interest of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2105–. ISBN 978-3-642-82188-2.
  7. A. T. Gregoire (13 March 2013). Contraceptive Steroids: Pharmacology and Safety. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-4613-2241-2.
  8. Marc A. Fritz; Leon Speroff (28 March 2012). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-1-4511-4847-3.
  9. Christian Lauritzen; John W. W. Studd (22 June 2005). Current Management of the Menopause. CRC Press. pp. 364–. ISBN 978-0-203-48612-2.
  10. Ryan J. Huxtable (11 November 2013). Biochemistry of Sulfur. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 312–. ISBN 978-1-4757-9438-0.
  11. King, Roberta; Ghosh, Anasuya; Wu, Jinfang (2006). "Inhibition of human phenol and estrogen sulfotransferase by certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents". Current Drug Metabolism. 7 (7): 745–753. doi:10.2174/138920006778520615. ISSN 1389-2002. PMC 2105742. PMID 17073578.
  12. Coldham NG, Dave M, Sivapathasundaram S, McDonnell DP, Connor C, Sauer MJ (July 1997). "Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay". Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (7): 734–42. doi:10.1289/ehp.97105734. PMC 1470103. PMID 9294720.
  13. Bhavnani BR (November 1988). "The saga of the ring B unsaturated equine estrogens". Endocr. Rev. 9 (4): 396–416. doi:10.1210/edrv-9-4-396. PMID 3065072.
  14. Herr, F.; Revesz, C.; Manson, A. J.; Jewell, J. B. (1970). "Biological Properties of Estrogen Sulfates": 368–408. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95177-0_8. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. Runge-Morris MA (1997). "Regulation of expression of the rodent cytosolic sulfotransferases". FASEB J. 11 (2): 109–17. PMID 9039952.
  16. Singh D, Pandey RS (1996). "Glutathione-S-transferase in rat ovary: its changes during estrous cycle and increase in its activity by estradiol-17 beta". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 34 (11): 1158–60. PMID 9055636.
  17. Cowie, Alfred T.; Forsyth, Isabel A.; Hart, Ian C. (1980). "Growth and Development of the Mammary Gland". 15: 58–145. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81389-4_3. ISSN 0077-1015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)


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