Constantine VIII

Constantine VIII Porphyrogenitus (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Η΄, Kōnstantinos VIII) (960 – 11 November 1028) was de jure Byzantine Emperor from 962 until his death. He was the younger son of Emperor Romanos II and Empress Theophano. He was nominal co-emperor for 63 years, successively with his father; stepfather, Nikephoros II Phokas; uncle, John I Tzimiskes; and brother, Basil II.

Constantine VIII
Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
Constantine VIII, 15th-century miniature portrait from the Mutinensis gr. 122
Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
Reign962–1025 (as co-emperor)[notes 1]
PredecessorRomanos II
SuccessorHimself (as sole emperor)
Reign15 December 1025 –
11 November 1028
(as sole emperor)
PredecessorBasil II (as senior emperor)
Himself (as junior co-emperor)
SuccessorRomanos III Argyros and Zoë Porphyrogenita
Born960
Died11 November 1028(1028-11-11) (aged 67–68)
SpouseHelena
IssueEudokia
Zoë
Theodora III
Full name
Constantine VIII
DynastyMacedonian dynasty
FatherRomanos II
MotherTheophano

Basil II died childless on 15 December 1025 and thus left the rule of the Byzantine Empire in Constantine's hands. Constantine had no interest in politics, statecraft or the military. His brief reign is said to have been "an unmitigated disaster", sparking "a collapse of the military power of the Empire". Constantine had no sons, so shortly before his death he married his daughter Zoë to his chosen successor, Romanos Argyros.

Family
Gold histamenon of Constantine's daughters Zoë and Theodora

Constantine's father, Romanos II, was the sixth Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty. After the death of his first wife, Bertha (who took the name Eudocia), daughter of Hugh of Arles, he fell in love with and married an innkeeper's daughter from the Peloponnese, Theophano. Contemporaries called Theophano the most beautiful woman in Christendom as well as ambitious, an inveterate schemer and utterly amoral. She bore Romanos four children, including Constantine, born in 960, and his elder brother Basil, born in 958.[1] His sister Anna's hand was considered such a prize that Vladimir I of Kiev converted to Christianity in order to marry her.[2] Aged eight, Constantine was engaged to a daughter of Emperor Boris II of Bulgaria but in the end he married a Byzantine aristocrat, Helena, daughter of Alypius. By Helena he had three daughters: Eudokia, who became a nun; Zoë, who was empress for 22 years; and Theodora, who reigned for 18 months and was the last of the Macedonian line.[3]

Life
Gold solidus of Romanos II's father Constantine VII (left) and Romanos II (right)
Histamenon of Nikephoros II (left) and Basil II (right)
Histamenon of John Tzimiskes crowned by the Virgin Mary
Histamenon of Basil II (left) and Constantine VIII (right)
All coins show a haloed Christ on obverse

Childhood

Romanos died in 963, amidst rumours that Theophano had poisoned him; Constantine was three years old. Constantine and his brother had been crowned co-emperors by their father in March 962.[4] The widowed Theophano installed herself as regent for her sons and promptly purged the imperial government, appointing her own men. Passing over a bevy of suitors among Constantinople's courtiers, she made an alliance with Nikephoros Phokas. Nikephoros, a physically repulsive ascetic twice her age, was the greatest military hero of the Empire. In return for her hand, the childless Nikephoros gave his sacred pledge to protect her children and their interests. Nikephoros entered Constantinople three months after Romanos' death, breaking the resistance of Joseph Bringas, a eunuch palace official who had been Romanos' chief counsellor, in street fighting.[5] Nikephoros was crowned emperor in the presence of his nominal co-emperors, Constantine and Basil. A month later he married their mother.[6]

Six years later, Nikephoros was murdered at Theophano's instigation and her lover and co-conspirator John Tzimiskes was acclaimed emperor. Tzimiskes proposed to marry Theophano but the Empress had by then been too damaged by gossip and rumours, many of them accurate. Patriarch Polyeuktos refused to perform the coronation unless Tzimiskes removed the "scarlet empress" from the court. Tzimiskes calculated that his legitimacy would be better enhanced by church approval than betrothal to the unpopular empress and acceded to the Patriarch's demands. Theophano was sent into exile and Tzimiskes was crowned, again with Constantine and Basil as co-emperors.[7][8] He married Theodora, Constantine's aunt.[9]

Adulthood

Following the death of Tzimiskes in January 976, Basil and Constantine took power. Although the sixteen year old Constantine was nominally co-emperor it was clear that Basil was senior emperor as Basileus Basil II.[10] Constantine as a young man was tall and graceful, he was a superb horseman and trained his own horses. He competed in athletic and wrestling competitions, which he brought back into fashion. He had an excellent speaking voice and a good grasp of rhetoric. He was a gourmet and a gourmand.[11] He had no interest in politics, statecraft or the military and never developed any.[12] Constantine led troops alongside his brother in 989; the campaign ended without any combat and Constantine was not appointed to military command again.[13]

Emperor
Histamenon of Constantine VIII. On the reverse is an image of Christ.

Basil II had an illustrious reign, earning the sobriquet "Bulgar-slayer" (Bulgaroktonus). He died childless on 15 December 1025 and Constantine, a sixty-five-year-old widower, became sole emperor as Constantine VIII. He had been a co-emperor for sixty-three years but had always been content to enjoy the privileges of imperial status, without concerning himself with state affairs.[14] He spent his life in the search of pleasure and entertainment, or amusing himself with riding and hunting. He was "of frivolous disposition, he desired nothing more than to pass his life wallowing in extravagant pleasures."[15] Constantine as emperor carried on as he always had – hunting, feasting, and enjoying life – and avoided state business as much as possible.[15]

By the time he became emperor he had chronic gout and could hardly walk. He met challenges with impulsive cruelty, persecuting the nobility and ordering an orgy of torture; blinding was a favoured punishment for crimes real or imagined. He filled the senior court and state positions with nonentities. Within months the land laws of Basil II were dropped, under pressure from the Anatolian aristocracy. "Devoid of any semblance of moral fibre"[16] he would grant any concession.[16] Favouritism failed to win him friends and he persecuted the nobility when he felt threatened by conspiracy. The start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire has been linked to Constantine's accession to the throne.[17] His reign has been described as "an unmitigated disaster", "a break up of the system" and causing "a collapse of the military power of the Empire".[18][10]

Miliaresion of Romanos III. On the reverse is the Virgin Mary holding the infant Christ.

He ruled for less than three years before his death on 11 November 1028. On his deathbed, and without a male heir, Constantine recalled the senior aristocrat Constantine Dalessenos, Duke of Antioch, to the capital in order to marry his daughter Zoë. The Dalassenus were one of the few powerful patrician families who had been unswervingly loyal to the Macedonian dynasty.[19] Constantine Dalassenos set out from his estates in the Armeniac Theme, but before reaching Constantinople the situation changed: the emperor's advisors preferred a weak ruler whom they could control, and, typically, Constantine was persuaded. He choose Romanos Argyros instead, forcing him to divorce his wife and marry Zoë. The wedding took place only three days before Constantine died on 11 November 1028. Romanos was crowned Romanos III (r. 1028–1034) four days later.[20][21]

Ancestry

See also

Notes
  1. Co-Emperor with Romanos II (962–963), Nikephoros II Phokas (963–969), John I Tzimiskes (969–976) and Basil II (962–1025)

References

Citations
  1. Norwich 1991, p. 174.
  2. SkylitzesWortley 2010, p. 319 (footnote).
  3. Garland 1999, pp. 165–66.
  4. Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  5. Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 284.
  6. Norwich 1991, pp. 174–75, 183–190.
  7. Ash 1995, p. 248.
  8. Norwich 1991, p. 240.
  9. Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 261.
  10. Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 264.
  11. Norwich 1991, pp. 267, 269.
  12. Norwich 1991, p. 231.
  13. Norwich 1991, pp. 242–43.
  14. Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  15. Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 265.
  16. Norwich 1991, p. 268.
  17. Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 283.
  18. Norwich 1991, pp. 283, 268.
  19. Norwich 1991, p. 269.
  20. Patlagean 2007, pp. 131–132; Treadgold 1997, p. 584.
  21. Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 322.
  22. ODB, "Macedonian dynasty" genealogical table, p. 1263.
  23. Charanis (1963), p. 35.
  24. ODB, "Lekapenos" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 1203–1204.
  25. Garland (2002), pp. 126, 128

Bibliography

Primary sources
  • Psellus, Michael (1979). Chronographia [Chronicle]. Penguin classics (Fourteen Byzantine Rulers: The Chronographia of Michael Psellus ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044169-7.
  • Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973). Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum [John Scylitzes: A Synopsis of Histories]. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-002285-8.

Secondary sources
  • Ash, John (1995). A Byzantine Journey. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-015-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Charanis, Peter (1963). The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. OCLC 17186882.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14688-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Norwich, John (1991). Byzantium: the Apogee. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-80252-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ostrogorsky, George (1957). History of The Byzantine State. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. OCLC 422217218.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Three volumes. London: Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Patlagean, Évelyne (2007). Un Moyen Âge Grec: Byzance, IXe–XVe siècle (in French). Paris, France: Albin Michel. ISBN 978-2-226-17110-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Skylitzes, John; Wortley, John (2010). A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Constantine VIII
Born: 960 Died: 15 November 1028
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Basil II		 Byzantine Emperor
962–1028
with Romanos II (962–963)
with Nikephoros II Phokas (963–969)
with John I Tzimiskes (969–976)
with Basil II (962–1025)		 Succeeded by
Zoë and Romanos III
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