Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)

The Commission on Human Rights (Filipino: Komisyon sa Karapatang Pantao) (CHR) is an independent constitutional office created under the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, with the primary function of investigating all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights in the Philippines.[3]

Commission on Human Rights
Seal
Agency overview
FormedMay 5, 1987
JurisdictionPhilippines
HeadquartersCommonwealth Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines
Annual budget₱923.64 million (2020)[1]
Agency executive
Websitewww.chr.gov.ph
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The Commission is composed of a Chairperson and four members. Commissioners hold a term of office of seven years without reappointment. The Philippine Constitution requires that a majority of the Commission’s members must be lawyers. As a National Human Rights Institution, the Commission enjoys Status A accreditation by the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. [4]

History

After the ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution on February 2, 1987, which provides for the establishment of a Commission on Human Rights, President Corazon Aquino, signed Executive Order No. 163 on May 5, 1987, creating the Commission on Human Rights and abolished the Presidential Committee on Human Rights. [5] The Commission was created as an independent office mandated to investigate complaints of human rights violations, promote the protection of, respect for and the enhancements of the people's human rights including civil and political rights.

Duterte administration

On July 24, 2017 during his State of the Nation Address (SONA), Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte said that the commission was "better abolished."[6] The CHR responded in a statement that only a change to the 1987 Constitution could possibly abolish it.[7]

On the evening of September 12, 2017, the House of Representatives of the Philippines voted 119–32 to give the CHR a budget of only ₱1,000 for the entire year of 2018, which, if made law, would effectively abolish the commission.[8] The commission had reportedly asked Congress for a budget of ₱623,380,000, and it condemned the vote.[9] As of 13 September 2017, the budget had not been finalized and was still subject to further amendment before approval by the Senate of the Philippines and by the President.[10] If the Senate rejects the proposed CHR budget, such action will trigger a bicameral committee made of members of both houses to resolve the dispute.[11] On September 25, the House approved by a vote of 223–9 a P3.8-trillion final budget for 2018, which included P508.5 million for the CHR.[12]

Mandates and functions

The Commission derives its mandates from the Constitution, relevant domestic laws, and the eight core International Human Rights Instruments to which the Philippines is a State Party, as well as other United Nations Human Rights Conventions newly enforced.

Under Section 18, Article XIII of the Philippine Constitution, the Commission's sole duty is to protect the civil and political rights of citizens in the Philippines.

Based on the Philippine Constitution, the Commission has a broad mandate, which can be categorized into three major functional areas:

  • Human Rights Protection – Investigation and case management of complaints of violations, including all the powers and services in aid of investigation, of civil and political rights as well as economic, social, and cultural rights. Such powers and services include: citing for contempt for violations of its rules of procedure; legal aid and counseling; visitorial powers over jails and detention facilities; application of forensic techniques in aid of investigation; witness protection; and, financial assistance to victims[13]
  • Human Rights Promotion, which includes the wide range of strategies for policy, advocacy, promotion, social mobilization, education, training, public information, communication, research, networking and linkages [13]
  • Human Rights Policy Advisory derived from monitoring government’s compliance with the treaty obligations that the Philippines has acceded to: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Convention Against Torture and Other Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Convention Against Racial Discrimination (CERD), Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Convention on the Protection of Migrant Workers and their Families (CMW); Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). This also includes the entire aspect of monitoring and evaluating the performance of the Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary to translate international human rights standards into national policies, laws, and practice.[13]

The Supreme Court of the Philippines, in Cariño v. Commission on Human Rights, 204 SCRA 483 (1991), declared that the Commission did not possess the power of adjudication, and emphasized that its functions were primarily investigatory.[14]

The Commission on Human Rights have the following powers and functions:

  1. Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights
  2. Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the Rules of Court
  3. Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and legal aid services to the under-privileged whose human rights have been violated or need protection
  4. Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities
  5. Establish a continuing program of research, education, and information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights
  6. Recommend to Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for compensation to victims of violations of human rights, or their families;
  7. Monitor the Philippine Government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights
  8. Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any investigation conducted by it or under its authority;
  9. Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its functions
  10. Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law
  11. Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law[15]

Composition

The chairperson and commissioners of the commission have fixed seven-year terms, with Gascon serving as the commission's chairperson until May 5, 2022.

Qualifications for CHR chairperson are as follows: [16]

  1. A natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
  2. At least thirty-five years of age; and
  3. Has not been a candidate for any elective position preceding their appointment.
Members of the Commission on Human Rights
CommissionChairpersonCommissionersFromToAppointed by
1stMary Concepcion BautistaAbelardo L. Aportadera, jr.
Samuel M. Soriano
Hesiquio R. Mallillin
Narciso C. Monteiro		19871992Corazon Aquino
Sedfrey A. OrdoñezSamuel M. Soriano
Hesiquio R. Mallillin
Narciso C. Monteiro
Paulyn P. Sicam		19921995Fidel V. Ramos
2nd
Aurora P. Navarette-ReciñaJorge R. Coquia
Vicente P. Sibulo
Mercedes V. Contreras
Nasser A. Marohomsalic		19962002
3rd
Purificacion QuisumbingEligio P. Mallari
Dominador N. Calamba II
Wilhem D. Soriano
Malik G. Marandang
Quintin B. Cueto III		2002May 2008Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
4thLeila de LimaCecilia Rachel V. Quisumbing
Victoria V. Cardona
Norberto Dela Cruz
Jose Manuel S. Mamauag		May 2008June 30, 2010
Etta RosalesSeptember 1, 2010May 5, 2015Benigno Aquino III
5thChito GasconKaren Lucia Gomez-Dumpit
Gwendolyn Pimentel-Gana
Leah Tanodra-Armamento
Roberto Eugenio Cadiz		June 18, 2015Incumbent

Controversies

Tenure of Chairperson and Commissioners


In a Press briefing on July 27, 2017, Presidential Spokesperson Ernesto Abella claimed that the CHR Chairperson and its commissioners "serve at the pleasure of the president" and that they may be replaced at the President's pleasure. [17] This claim was based on the Executive Order No. 163-A (issued during the presidency of Corazon Aquino in 1987) that amended the Section 2, Sub-Paragraph (c of Executive Order No.163, stating that "The Chairman and Members of the Commission on Human Rights shall beappointed by the President. Their tenure in office shall be at the pleasure of the President." [18]

However, the said executive order was questioned in the Supreme Court in the case: Bautista v. Salonga, G.R. No. 86439 on April 13, 1989; leading to the declaration of the said executive order as unconstitutional. Taking a quote from the said Supreme Court ruling, "Indeed, the Court finds it extremely difficult to conceptualize how an office conceived and created by the Constitution to be independent as the Commission on Human Rights-and vested with the delicate and vital functions of investigating violations of human rights, pinpointing responsibility and recommending sanctions as well as remedial measures therefor, can truly function with independence and effectiveness, when the tenure in office of its Chairman and Members is made dependent on the pleasure of the President. Executive Order No. 163-A, being antithetical to the constitutional mandate of independence for the Commission on Human Rights has to be declared unconstitutional." [19]

CHR as a Constitutional Office


Under the Article IX of the 1987 Constitution, three constitutional commissions were established namely: the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), the Civil Service Commission (CSC), and the Commission on Audit (COA). The Commission on Human Rights (CHR), on the other hand, was created under the Article XIII, Section 17 of the 1987 constitution and the Administrative Code of 1987. [20][21]

In a Resolution of the Supreme Court contained in G.R. No. 155336, it ruled that the CHR is a .."constitutional body enjoying limited fiscal autonomy..."[22]

  • "Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines – Official Website". Retrieved March 23, 2008.

References
  1. Aika Rey (January 8, 2020). "Where will the money go?". Rappler. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  2. "Gascon is new CHR chairman". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  3. Section 18, Article XIII, Constitution of the Philippines
  4. "Chart of the Status of National Institutions" (PDF). OHCHR.org. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  5. "Executive Order No. 163, s. 1987". The Official Gazette. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  6. Gavilan, Jodesz (July 24, 2017). "'My men' can snub your probe, Duterte tells CHR, Ombudsman". Rappler. Retrieved September 14, 2017. “Iyong CHR, iyong opisina dito, you are better abolished, I will not allow my men to go there to be investigated,” he said. “Remember this, human rights commission, you address your requests through me because the armed forces is under me and the police are under me, kaya kapag kinwestiyon mo sila for investigation, dumaan muna sa akin (If you question them for investigation, you better go through me).”
  7. Mateo, Janvic (July 26, 2017). "'Rody can't abolish CHR without amending Constitution'". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  8. Viray, Patricia Lourdes (September 13, 2017). "Who moved to give the CHR a budget of P1,000?". philstar.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  9. Arguillas, Carolyn O. (September 13, 2017). "Nene Pimentel on 1,000 peso budget for CHR: Congress can't abolish CHR". Mindanao News and Information Center Service Cooperative (Mindanews). Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  10. Cruz, RG (September 13, 2017). "How CHR practically lost its budget". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  11. Jamaine, Punzalan (September 13, 2017). "Hope remains for P678-M CHR budget". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  12. "House OKs budget; CHR gets P500 M". The Philippine Star. September 26, 2017.
  13. "Strategic Action Plan 2015–2016" (PDF). Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines. Retrieved May 20, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. Cariño v. Commission on Human Rights, G.R. No. 96681, December 2, 1991, 204 SCRA 483, 492
  15. "Commission on Human Rights". Lawphil.net. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  16. "Constitutional Commissions". The Official Gazette. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
  17. "Palace clarifies: Duterte threat to abolish CHR made 'out of frustration'". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  18. "Executive Order No. 163-A" (PDF). The Official Gazette. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  19. "G.R. No. 86439 April 13, 1989". Supreme Court of the Philippines. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  20. "1987 Philippine Constitution". Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  21. "Executive Order No.. 292". Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  22. "COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS EMPLOYEES ASSOCIATION (CHREA) Represented by its President, MARCIAL A. SANCHEZ, JR., Petitioner, – versus – COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, Respondent".
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