Bushy-tailed mongoose

Bushy-tailed mongoose

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Herpestidae
Genus: Bdeogale
Species:
B. crassicauda
Binomial name
Bdeogale crassicauda
Peters, 1852
Bushy-tailed mongoose range
(green - extant, pink - probably extant)

Description

The bushy-tailed mongoose (Bdeogale crassicauda) is a mammal in the family Herpestidae found in central Africa, from southern Kenya to central Mozambique. It has dense brown/black fur, short wooly ears, and a plush muzzle.[2] It is often under reported because of its small size, strict nocturnal activity, and elusiveness. This species is not sexually dimorphic in color but there are slight differences in size. Martinoli et al. Tail is wide and bushy, They and their other closely related cousin, the Black- footed mongoose, have large posterior cusps on their p3 tooth.[2] These expanded molars indicate that it is primarily an insectivore, although other carnivorous habits have been documented.[3][4]

To reveal more information on the size of these animals, Martinoli et al.[3] caught 5 individuals that were then marked and recaptured in Arusha NP. After taking measurements, averages revealed:

Head- Body length (mm): 407 M/ 383 F; Tail-length (mm): 230 M&F; Foot length (mm): 77.7 M/ 74.9 F; and body mass (g): 1273 M/ 1300 F (M being males and F being females).

Overall it is usually 40–50 cm (16–20 in) long and weighs around 0.9–1.6 kg (2.0–3.5 lb).

Phylogeny

The ancestral state of the mongoose family had all of these attributes: a strong sagittal crest, presence of superior premolar, absence of posterior cusp on P3, and short claws on the forefoot.

The bushy tailed mongoose is closely related to the black-footed mongoose (Bdeogale nigripes). Perez's study of genes within the family Herpestidae showed the genus Bdeogale is monophyletic. Close cousins of this clade include the genera Ichneumia and Cynictis.[2]

Evolution has selected for foot specialization within the Bdeogale family. Suppression of pollex and hallux bones and shortening of other digits have led this family to have only 4 toes on both the hindlimbs and forelimbs (symmetrical toes).[2][4]

Subspecies
  • B. c. crassicauda, central Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia
  • B. c. nigrescens, Central Kenya (Nairobi)
  • B. c. omnivora, found in northern coastal Tanzania and Kenya, is classified by the IUCN as endangered (as B. omnivora)
  • B. c. puisa, northern Mozambique and southern Tanzania
  • B. c. tenuis, found in Zanzibar, is classified as lower risk/least concern.

Preferred Habitat

Because of this animals size and stealthiness, the range in which they occur is not completely known. Although, it has been documented that they prefer locations that are easy for them to hide in that are also near rivers.[4]

An experiment by Pettorelli et al. was carried out in northern Tanzania using camera traps to find out total species distribution. Bushy tailed mongooses were spotted in over 31 different trap locations. The study even showed the Bushy tailed mongoose persists in locations not previously known (Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Biharamulo-Burigi-Kimisi Game Reserve, and Mahale Mountains National Park). In the locations recorded, the camera trap data shows this species prefers Acacia woodlands and riparian zones. An interesting thing to note is they also showed avoidance to croplands and open areas.[5]

Capture- mark- recapture experiments by Martinoli et al. showed that Bushy Tailed mongooses used open shrubland 14.3% of the time and multilayered forest 85.7% of time.[3] These areas where the animals were caught have low environmental variance like temperature, humidity, etc. The researchers inferred that Bushy tailed mongooses have a low tolerance to environmental change. For this information to true, they suggested repeating the experiment in other places this species is known to be found.[3]

Conservation Strategies

As said by Petteorelli et al.[5] and Martinolli et al.,[3] this species has a strict range of tolerance and specific habitat preference. Although this species is listed by the IUCN as of least concern,[6] habitat degradation and fragmentation could cause many problems for this species including land use dynamics (shifting its territory to grazing area for cattle) and prey depletion. The potential for illicit harvesting of its own species could become a concern as well. In Martinoli et al. they assumed that by decreasing areas of National Parks, it might force increased predation by larger predators (servals, caracals, and other canid predators).[3]

References
  1. Hoffmann, M. (2008). "Bdeogale crassicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
  2. Perez (2006). "Systematic Relationships of the Bushy-tailed and Black-footed Mongooses (genus Bdeogale, Herpestidae, Carnivora) Based on Molecular, Chromosomal and Morphological Evidence". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 44, series 3 (3): 251–259. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00359.x.
  3. Martinoli (2006). "Species Richness and Habitat Use of Small Carnivores in the Arusha National Park (Tanzania)". Biodiversity & Conservation. 15, series 5 (5): 1729–1744. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-5020-2.
  4. Taylor. "Bdeogale crassicauda". The American Society of Mammalogists. Year:1987.
  5. Pettorelli (2010). "Carnivore Biodiversity in Tanzania: Revealing the Distribution Patterns of Secretive Mammals Using Camera Traps". Animal Conservation. 13, series 2 (2): 131–139. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00309.x.
  6. Hoffman. "The 2008 IUCN red listings of the world's small carnivores" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation. 39.

Further reading
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