Flat-headed cat

The flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) is a small wild cat native to the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. It is an Endangered species, because the wild population probably comprises fewer than 2,500 mature individuals, with small subpopulations of no more than 250 adults. The population inhabits foremost wetlands, which are being destroyed and converted. For these reasons, it is listed on the IUCN Red List since 2008.[1]

Flat-headed cat
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Prionailurus
Species:
P. planiceps[2]
Binomial name
Prionailurus planiceps[2]
(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
Distribution of Flat-headed Cat, 2015[1]

It was initially placed in the genus Felis, but is now considered one of the five species in Prionailurus.[2][3]

Flat-headed cats are very rare in captivity, with fewer than 10 individuals, all kept in Malaysian and Thai zoos as recorded by Species360.[4]

Characteristics

The flat-headed cat is distinguished at once by the extreme depression of the skull, which extends along the nose to the extremity of the muzzle, the sides of which are laterally distended. The general habit of body is slender, and the extremities are delicate and lengthened. The head itself is more lengthened and cylindrical than in the domestic cat. The distance between the eyes and the ears is comparatively great. The cylindrical form and lateral contraction of the head is contrasted by an unusual length of the teeth. The canine teeth are nearly as long as in an individual of double its size.[5]

The thick fur is reddish-brown on top of the head, dark roan brown on the body, and mottled white on the underbelly. The face is lighter in color than the body, and the muzzle and chin are white. Two prominent buff whitish streaks run on either side of the nose between the eyes. The ears are rounded. The eyes are unusually far forward and close together, compared with other cats, giving the felid improved stereoscopic vision. The teeth are adapted for gripping onto slippery prey, and the jaws are relatively powerful. These features help the flat-headed cat to catch and retain aquatic prey, to which it is at least as well adapted as the fishing cat. Legs are fairly short. Claws are retractable, but the covering sheaths are so reduced in size that about two-thirds of the claws are left protruding.[6]

The anterior upper premolars are larger and sharper relative to other cats. The interdigital webs on its paws help the cat gain better traction in muddy environments and water, and are even more pronounced on this cat than those on the paws of the fishing cat.[7]

It has a head-and-body length of 41 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in) and a short tail of 13 to 15 cm (5.1 to 5.9 in).[6] It weighs 1.5 to 2.5 kg (3.3 to 5.5 lb).[8]

Distribution and habitat
Flat-headed cat camera-trapped in Tangkulap Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia in March 2009[9]

The flat-headed cat's distribution is restricted to lowland tropical rainforests in extreme southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and on Borneo in Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei Darussalam and Kalimantan. It primarily occurs in freshwater habitats near coastal and lowland areas. More than 70% of records were collected less than 3 km (1.9 mi) away from water.[9]

The flat-headed cat occurs in both primary and secondary forest.[10]

In Peninsular Malaysia, flat-headed cats were recorded in the Pasoh Forest Reserve in 2013.[11] As the Pasoh Forest Reserve contains no major rivers or lakes and is generally covered by hill dipterocarp forest, this detection provides new evidence of the species' potential habitat range. The reserve ranks as low probability of occurrence in a previously published species distribution model.[9] Pasoh's surrounding landscape is dominated by plantations that have been established since the 1970s. The detection, occurring < 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from oil palm plantations, suggests that the flat-headed cat is more tolerant of changes in its surrounding environment than previously assumed.[11]

In Kalimantan, flat-headed cats were recorded in mixed swamp forest and tall interior forest at altitudes below 20 m (66 ft) in the vicinity of Sabangau National Park.[12]

Ecology and behavior

Flat-headed cats recorded in Kalimantan were foremost active by night.[12] They are presumably solitary, and probably maintain their home ranges by scent marking. In captivity, both females and males spray urine by walking forward in a crouching position, leaving a trail on the ground.[13] Anecdotal historical accounts report that they are nocturnal, but an adult captive female was crepuscular and most active between 8:00 and 11:30 and between 18:00 and 22:00 hours.[6]

The stomach contents of an adult shot on a Malaysian riverbank consisted only of fish. They have been observed to wash objects, raccoon-style. Live fish are readily taken, with full submergence of the head, and the fish were usually carried at least 2 m away, suggesting a feeding strategy to avoid letting aquatic prey escape back into water. Captive specimens show much greater interest in potential prey in the water than on dry land, suggesting a strong preference for riverine hunting in their natural habitat.[14] Their morphological specializations suggest that their diet is mostly composed of fish, but they are reported to hunt for frogs, and are thought to catch crustaceans.[6] They also catch rats and chickens.[7]

Vocalizations of a flat-headed cat kitten resembled those of a domestic cat. The vocal repertoire of adults has not been analyzed completely, but they purr and give other short-ranged vocalizations.[15]

Their gestation period lasts about 56 days. Of three litters recorded in captivity, one consisted of two kittens, the other two were singletons. Two captive individuals have lived for 14 years.[6][7]

Threats

The flat-headed cat is primarily threatened by wetland and lowland forest destruction and degradation.[7] Causes of this destruction include human settlement, forest transformation to plantations, draining for agriculture, pollution, and excessive hunting, wood-cutting, and fishing. In addition, clearance of coastal mangroves over the past decade has been rapid in tropical Asia. The depletion of fish stocks from overfishing is prevalent in many Asian wetland environments and is likely to be a significant threat. Expansion of oil palm plantations is currently viewed as the most urgent threat.[1]

It is also threatened by trapping, snaring, and poisoning.[6] Flat-headed cats have been captured in traps set out to protect domestic fowl.[7]

Although flat-headed cats are not known to be a specific target for poachers in Southeast Asia, side-catch poaching in small snares might pose an additional threat for the species. In fragmented landscapes, motor vehicle collisions and direct competition with domestic cats could pose more serious threats.[11]

Conservation

The flat-headed cat is included on CITES Appendix I. It is fully protected by national legislation over its range, with hunting and trade prohibited in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.[1]

Taxonomy

The scientific name Felis planiceps was proposed by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827, who first described a skin of a flat-headed cat specimen collected in Sumatra.[5] Prionailurus was proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1858 as generic name for spotted wild cats native to Asia. He proposed the generic name Ictailurus for the flat-headed cat.[16]

In 1951, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott grouped the flat-headed cat with the fishing cat (P. viverrinus), assuming it occurs in Lower Siam, Patani, the Malay States, Sumatra and Borneo.[17] It was subordinated to the genus Prionailurus by Ingrid Weigel in 1961 who compared fur patterns of wild and domestic cats.[18] It was grouped into Ictailurus in 1997 following a study on mitochondrial genes of cat species.[19]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that their evolutionary radiation began in Asia in the Miocene around 14.45 to 8.38 million years ago.[20][21] Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of Felidae species indicates a radiation at around 16.76 to 6.46 million years ago.[22] Both models agree in the rusty-spotted cat (P. planiceps) having been the first cat of the Prionailurus lineage that genetically diverged, followed by the flat-headed cat and then the fishing cat.[20][22] It is estimated to have diverged together with the leopard cat (P. bengalensis) between 4.31 to 1.74 million years ago[20] and 4.25 to 0.02 million years ago.[22]

The following cladogram shows their phylogenetic relationship as derived through analysis of nuclear DNA:[20][21]

Felidae 
 Felinae 
 
 
 Prionailurus 
 
 
 
 

Leopard cat

 
 

Fishing Cat

 
 
 

Flat-headed cat

 
 
 

Rusty-spotted cat

 
 
 
Otocolobus 

Pallas's cat (O. manul)

 
 
 
 

other Felinae lineages

 
 
 

Pantherinae

 
 

See also

References
  1. Wilting, A.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Hearn, A.; Lynam, A.; Mathai, J.; McCarthy, J.; Meijaard, E.; Mohamed, A.; Ross, J.; Sunarto, S. & Traeholt, C. (2015). "Prionailurus planiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18148A50662095. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Species Prionailurus planiceps". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 543. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11).
  4. International Species Information System (2011) Captive Prionailurus planiceps. Accessed 13 October 2011
  5. Vigors, N. A. & Horsfield, T. (1827). "Description of two Species of the genus Felis, in the collection of the Zoological Society". The Zoological Journal. III: 449–450.
  6. Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Flat-headed Cat Prionailurus planiceps (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 233–236. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  7. Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Flat-headed Cat. Prionailurus planiceps". Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
  8. Francis, C. (2001). A Photographic Guide to Mammals of South-east Asia including Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, Bali and Borneo. New Holland. ISBN 1859745075.
  9. Wilting, A.; Cord, A.; Hearn, A. J.; Hesse, D.; Mohamed, A.; Traeholdt, C.; Cheyne, S. M.; Sunarto, S.; Jayasilan, M.; Ross, J.; Shapiro, A. C.; Sebastian, A.; Dech, S.; Breitenmoser, C.; Sanderson, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Hofer, H. (2010). "Modelling the Species Distribution of Flat-Headed Cats (Prionailurus planiceps), an Endangered South-East Asian Small Felid". PLoS ONE. 5 (3): e9612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009612. PMC 2840020. PMID 20305809.
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  11. Wadey, J.; Fletcher, C.; Campos-Arceiz (2014). "First Photographic Evidence of Flat-Headed Cats (Prionailurus planiceps) in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia". Tropical Conservation Science. 7 (2): 174. doi:10.1177/194008291400700201.
  12. Jeffers, K. A.; Adul; Cheyne, S. M. (2019). "Small cat surveys: 10 years of data from Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11 (4): 13478–13491. doi:10.11609/jott.4466.11.4.13478-13491.
  13. Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat behaviour. The predatory and social behaviour of domestic and wild cats. Garland STPM Press; New York ISBN 0-8240-7017-8.
  14. Muul, I.; Lim, B. L. (1970). "Ecological and morphological observations of Felis planiceps". Journal of Mammalogy. 51 (4): 806–808. doi:10.2307/1378310. JSTOR 1378310.
  15. Peters, G. (1981). "Das Schnurren der Katzen". Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen (29): 30–37.
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