Zero Hedge

Zero Hedge (ZeroHedge)
Motto: On a long enough timeline the survival rate for everyone drops to zero[lower-alpha 1]
Type of site
  • Capital markets finance blog.
  • News and political opinion.
  • In-house and 3rd party content.
Available in English
Owner ABC Media Limited[1]
Created by Daniel Ivandjiiski
Editor
Website zerohedge.com
Alexa rank Increase 507 (U.S. September 2018)[2]
Commercial Yes (free content, paid advertising)
Registration Optional, but registration is required for posting comments to any Zero Hedge articles
Launched January 9, 2009 (2009-01-09)[3]
Current status Online
IP address 35.227.58.252[1]

Zero Hedge or ZeroHedge[lower-alpha 2] is described as a "markets-focused" blog,[4] that presents both in-house analysis, and analysis from investment banks, hedge funds, and other investment writers and analysts. Zero Hedge, per its motto,[lower-alpha 1] is bearish in its investment outlook and analysis, often deriving from its adherence to the Austrian School of economics and credit cycles.[5] While often labeled as a financial permabear,[6][7] Zero Hedge is also seen as a source of "cutting-edge news, rumors and gossip about the financial industry".[8] Zero Hedge expanded into non-financial analysis,[lower-alpha 3] where its editorial has been labelled by some as being associated with the "alt-right",[10][11] as well as being anti-establishment, conspiratorial, and showing a pro-Russian-bias.[10][9] Zero Hedge in-house content is posted under the pseudonym "Tyler Durden", however, the founder and main editor was identified as Daniel Ivandjiiski.[9]

History and authorship

Zero Hedge's first post appeared on the 9 January 2009 at 4pm,[12][3] and the domain was registered on the 11 January 2009.[1] According to the Boston Business Journal, the website "publishes financial news and opinion, aggregated and original" from a number of writers "who purportedly hail from within the financial industry."[13] Almost all in-house articles are signed under the collective pseudonym, "Tyler Durden", a character in the Chuck Palahniuk book and movie Fight Club.[13][3]

In September 2009, news reports identified Daniel Ivandjiiski, a Bulgarian-born,[lower-alpha 4] U.S.-educated,[lower-alpha 5] former hedge-fund trader, who was barred from the securities industry in September 2008 for earning USD 780 from an insider trade by FINRA,[14] as the founder of the site, and reported that "Tyler Durden" was a pseudonym for Ivandjiiski.[3][15][16] FINRA rulings show Ivandjiiski worked for 3 years at New York investment bank, Jefferies & Co.,[17] as well a number of hedge funds, the last of which was Wexford Capital LLC, a fund led by former Goldman Sachs traders.[18] One female site contributor, who spoke to New York magazine in an interview arranged by Ivandjiiski, said "up to 40" people could post under the "Tyler Durden" pseudonym.[3] The same New York magazine article, published on the 27 September 2009, stated that Ivandjiiski's father was Krassimir Ivandjiiski,[3] a Bulgarian publisher and editor of the website Strogo Sekretno ("Top Secret"), and monthly publication Bulgarian Confidential, since 1994.[lower-alpha 6]

In a 29 April 2016 Bloomberg article unmasking Zero Hedge,[9] the authors writing as "Tyler Durden" were revealed as Ivandjiiski, then age 37, Tim Backshall, age 45 (a known credit derivatives strategist, who had been on CNBC; an irony given Zero Hedge's strong aversion to CNBC),[20] and Colin Lokey, age 32 (a Seeking Alpha staff writer).[21][22] Lokey, the newest member, who joined in 2015, publicly revealed himself and the other two, when he left the site in April 2016.[23] Ivandjiiski confirmed the three men "had been the only Tyler Durdens on the payroll" since Lokey joined in 2015.[9] Lokey said he was paid $6,000 per month, and received a bonus of $50,000, earning over $100,000 in 2015.[9] According to Ivandjiiski, the blog generates revenue from online advertising (there is no subscription service).[9]

Manifesto and views

Aims

At its creation in January 2009, Zero Hedge published the following manifesto on the objectives of the site,[24] which it referenced again on the 30 April 2016.[22]

our mission:

To widen the scope of financial, economic and political information available to the professional investing public. To skeptically examine and, where necessary, attack the flaccid institution that financial journalism has become. To liberate oppressed knowledge. to provide analysis uninhibited by political constraint. To facilitate information's unending quest for freedom.

our method: pseudonymous speech...

anonymity is a shield from the tyranny of the majority. it thus exemplifies the purpose behind the bill of rights, and of the first amendment in particular: to protect unpopular individuals from retaliation-- and their ideas from suppression-- at the hand of an intolerant society.

...responsibly used.

the right to remain anonymous may be abused when it shields fraudulent conduct. but political speech by its nature will sometimes have unpalatable consequences, and, in general, our society accords greater weight to the value of free speech than to the dangers of its misuse.

- mcintyre v. ohio elections commission 514 u.s. 334 (1995) justice stevens writing for the majority

Financial views

Recreation of a typical Zero Hedge chart from BIS data of G3 central bank balance sheets: FEB, ECB and BOJ
Recreation of a typical Zero Hedge chart from BIS and Bloomberg, showing the G3 central bank balance sheets: FEB, ECB and the BOJ versus the share price of Amazon (AMZN)
Recreation of a typical Zero Hedge chart from BIS and Bloomberg, showing the G3 central bank balance sheets: FEB, ECB and the BOJ versus the MSCI U.S. Stock Market

The most strongly held belief by Zero Hedge is in Austrian economics, and that economic cycles are really credit cycles, and that the quantitative easing ("QE") by global central banks is a temporary and artificial asset-price support scheme, that makes the credit cycle even more extreme; and hence the site's strongly bearish views.[lower-alpha 7][5] As a result of this view, Zero Hedge supports assets that are outside of the central banking system, including precious metals and gold,[8][25] and even cryptocurrencies. The site is strongly against Keynesian economics,[26] and sees quantitative easing as a Keynesian money printing trick,[27] and vilifies advocates of this approach, such as Paul Krugman in particular.[28][lower-alpha 8] The site praises writers with similar views, including Albert Edwards and John Hussman in particular.

Critics of Zero Hedge label the site a permabear,[7] whose views missed the global recovery since 2013. Zero Hedge responds that the since 2013, global central banks have undertaken a continuous programme of quantitative easing ("QE") (e.g. aggregate monthly easing has rarely dropped below the level of QE1 or QE2, see graphic opposite),[29] and when QE1 and QE2 ended, markets collapsed. The site references Japan, whose market set new lows after each round of QE, from 1994-2013,[30] and where the latest round of QE, started in 2013, has seen the BOJ become a dominant owner of the Nikkei 225.[31][32]

Zero Hedge maintains a number of financial views/theories which are considered conspiratorial, hard-to-prove or unprovable, or wrong; notable views include:[lower-alpha 9]

  1. Price manipulation by high-frequency trading ("HFT"). The belief that investment banks/funds use HFT/"dark pools" to manipulate prices;[lower-alpha 10]
  2. Precious metals manipulation. The belief that investment banks manipulate precious metals prices to suit their derivative books;[lower-alpha 11]
  3. Plunge-protection-team ("PPT"). The belief that central banks intervene in markets on a frequent, almost daily basis, to support prices;[lower-alpha 12]
  4. U.S banks front running the U.S. FED. The belief that U.S. investment banks, most profitable of all global investment banks, have knowledge of PPT trades;[lower-alpha 13]
  5. Market illiquidity. The belief that market liquidity, when HFT and PPT flows are taken out, is low, implying prices are artificial;[lower-alpha 14]
  6. Chinese fraud. The belief that Chinese economic data is made-up, and that many Chinese companies are fraudulent (called "fraudcaps" by the site);[lower-alpha 15]
  7. Manipulation of house prices. The belief that central banks, Mark Carney as most typical,[lower-alpha 16] use houses as stimulus, by loosening mortgage terms.[lower-alpha 17]

A connected theme from the above views is that central banks have nationalized capital markets, that prices are artificial and do not reflect economic theory, that U.S. financial institutions have profited from this, and that the manipulation of asset prices has driven wealth inequality in society and built up financial risks (due to the leverage against these prices). Zero Hedge often shows the chart of G3 balance sheets versus Amazon's share price (see graphic), concluding that U.S. taxpayer's money has been used by the U.S. FED to make U.S. taxpayers unemployed, as Amazon, despite making few profits, is one of the highest valued companies.

Bearish macroeconomic views and conspiracy theories aside, Zero Hedge is noted as a source of detailed, but proprietary, research from Wall Street investment banks and institutions, on securities, which can be picked up by the financial media.[33][34][35] Sometimes, the research is about other investment banks.[36] It has also been a source of breaking news in the general capital markets industry.[4][8][37][38] In Zero Hedge's early years, it was associated with exposing the unknown world of High-frequency trading ("HFT"), and the HFT techniques that Zero Hedge claimed amounted to market manipulation.[8][39]

Zero Hedge is noted for personalized attacks on specific finance professionals, examples being newsletter writer and commodity analyst, Dennis Gartman (over 758 articles),[40][41] and Nobel Prize-winning economist, Paul Krugman (over 703 articles),[42] and fund manager, Whitney Tilson (over 325 articles),[43] amongst others.

Non-financial views

While Zero Hedge's financial content is often referred to/quoted in the mainstream financial media (see above), its non-financial content has not been relied on by mainstream media.

The 29 April 2017 unmasking article by Bloomberg, quoted former website staffer Colin Lokey as saying: "I can't be a 24-hour cheerleader for Hezbollah, Moscow, Tehran, Beijing, and Trump anymore. It's wrong. Period. I know it gets you views now, but it will kill your brand over the long run. This isn't a revolution. It's a joke."[9] Lokey told Bloomberg that he was pressured to frame issues in a way he felt was "disingenuous," summarizing its political stances as "Russia=good. Obama=idiot. Bashar al-Assad=benevolent leader. John Kerry=dunce. Vladimir Putin=greatest leader in the history of statecraft." On the 30 April 2016, the site posted an article describing a difficult relationship with Lokey, and asserting that Lokey was "emotionally unstable, psychologically troubled alcoholic with a drug dealer past, as per his own disclosure", and reproduced various text messages from Lokey to support this claim.[22] It also said that Lokey could write "anything and everything he wanted directly without anyone writing over it."[22]

In May 2016, Benjamin Wallace-Wells writing in The New Yorker magazine, in a follow-up piece to Bloomberg's 29 April 2016 article, associated the website with the alt-right, although the article did not specifically label Zero Hedge as alt-right, stating: "You could ask some of the same questions about the alt-right, the loosely assembled far-right movement that exists largely online, and that overlaps with both the Trump campaign and with the politics of Zero Hedge". Wallace-Wells also noted that the site demonstrated a Russian-bias, stating "And as pointed as Zero Hedge’s Russophilia is ..".[10]

In a series of articles in June–July 2017, the Financial Times, covering an event organised by one of the site's bloggers,[lower-alpha 18] said that, "It probably didn’t help that ZeroHedge was also used as a lead-in for a 2016 New Yorker piece about the alt-right, despite its financial focus and a political bent that is more Drudge than Richard Spencer."[11] The § Site growth and traffic metrics for Zero Hedge show that drudgereport.com is the most common site from which Zero Hedge readers had just come from, to go to afterward.

Site growth and traffic

User growth

Rank2traffic, reported the following trend in historical sessions per month for Zero Hedge, since inception in 2009.[lower-alpha 19][1]

  • March 1, 2009, undefined
  • April 1, 2010, 1.16 million
  • February 1, 2011, 4.54 million
  • January 1, 2012, 11.0 million
  • February 1, 2013, 12.0 million
  • January 1, 2014, 20.0 million
  • January 1, 2015, 18.0 million
  • January 1, 2016, 17.0 million
  • January 1, 2017, 33.0 million
  • January 1, 2018, 40.0 million
  • August 1, 2018, 37.7 million[lower-alpha 20]

Rank2traffic statistics show Zero Hedge's traffic reached a mini-peak in sessions per month in October 2014 (at 22 million per month), which then fell to a mini-slump in June 2015 (at 13 million per month), but had since tripled by January 2018 (to 40 million per month).[1]

User profile

In August 2018, site traffic analysis reported the following about Zero Hedge:[44][45][1]

  1. The site is averaging circa 40-45 million sessions per month, and circa 100-110 million page views per month;
  2. Quantcast estimated that the site was getting circa 3 million unique visitors per month in the U.S. in 2017;[46]
  3. Circa 60-68% of the readership is U.S.-based, with Canada (circa 7-8%), the United Kingdom (circa 4-5%) and Australia (circa 2%), the next most popular locations;
  4. Circa 80-88% of the traffic to the site is direct (e.g. not through a search engine or another site link; the user requests zerohedge.com themselves);
  5. The site from which most users originate, or that users go to afterward, is the drudgereport.com.

Twitter account

Zero Hedge also has a Twitter account, which in September 2018, had 516,000 followers. On the 16 November 2017, Forbes listed it as one of its "100 Best Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Be Following", with the Zero Hedge Twitter account being one of nine on the Forbes list with +100,000 followers (Zero Hedge had 440,000 at the time), and ranked as the 7th largest following on the Forbes list.[47]

Critical reception

Launch to 2014

In August 2009, under the pseudonym Tyler Durden, Ivandjiiski was interviewed on Bloomberg Radio on HFT[48][49] By September 2009, Zero Hedge had begun drawing more traffic than some established financial blogs,[16] and Quantcast reported that the blog was getting 333,000 unique visitors a month (by 2018, it would be 40 million per month).[15] In September 2009, journalist Joe Hagan wrote that Zero Hedge's founder was "a zealous believer in a sweeping conspiracy that casts the alumni of Goldman Sachs as a powerful cabal at the helm of U.S. policy."[3] In September and October 2009, Financial journalists Felix Salmon and Justin Fox characterized the site as conspiratorial.[50][15] However, Justin Fox, went on to describe Ivandjiiski as "a wonderfully persistent investigative reporter" and credited him for successfully turning high-frequency trading "into a big political issue," but also termed most of the writing on the website as "half-baked hooey," albeit with some "truth to be gleaned from it."[15]

In his 2010 book, Griftopia, Matt Taibbi cited Zero Hedge as having accurately assessed the level of corruption in the banking industry.[51] In January 2011, Zero Hedge was quoted in the Columbia Journalism Review regarding a JPMorgan-Ambac lawsuit: " JPM committed fraud through misrepresentation, then wilfully and maliciously traded against the entities it had sold misrepresented securities to...".[52] In March 2011, Time Magazine ranked Zero Hedge as 9th, in its 25 Best Financial Blogs,[53] with nominator, Bloomberg's Paul Kedrosky, stating that "So while I don't read Zero Hedge regularly — it's too bearish, too conspiratorial and too much of an intellectual monoculture — I like knowing that it exists. Any time I'm feeling like things might just turn out O.K. on planet Economic Earth, I know where to turn to be disabused of that stupid idea." Susanne Craig of the New York Times described Zero Hedge in October 2011 as "a well-read and controversial financial blog."[54]

In December 2012, Bank of America, which had been criticized by the site in the past, blocked its employees' access to Zero Hedge from BOA servers.[13]

2014 to 2018

In September 2014, the site was described by CNNMoney as offering a "deeply conspiratorial, anti-establishment and pessimistic view of the world."[6]

In November 2014, Dr. Craig Pirrong, Professor of Finance at the University of Houston, stated: "I have frequently written that Zero Hedge has the MO of a Soviet agitprop operation, that it reliably peddles Russian propaganda: my first post on this, almost exactly three years ago, noted the parallels between Zero Hedge and Russia Today."[55][56] In December 2013, Zero Hedge accused Dr. Pirrong of being a "paid-for-Professor", who had "made a living of collecting "expert academic" fees simply to sign off on [wall street] memoranda", quoting a New York Times expose by David Kocieniewski into Dr. Pirrong.[57][lower-alpha 21]

In September 2015, Nobel Prize-winning economist and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman described Zero Hedge as a scaremongering outlet that promotes fears of hyperinflation and an "obviously ridiculous" form of "monetary permahawkery."[59] In November 2012, Krugman had noted that Bill McBride of Calculated Risk, an economics blog, has treated Zero Hedge with "appropriate contempt".[60] Krugman has been one of the most vilified individuals on Zero Hedge, and the subject of over 703 articles (almost all negative) since inception,[42] due to Krugman's advocacy of Keynesian economics.[lower-alpha 8][28]

In April 2016, as part of its expose from the Colin Lokey interview, Unmasking the Men Behind Zero Hedge, Wall Street's Renegade Blog, Bloomberg Markets stated that since its founding in the middle of the financial crisis, "Zero Hedge has grown from a blog to an Internet powerhouse. Often distrustful of the 'establishment' and almost always bearish, it's known for a pessimistic worldview. Posts entitled 'Stocks Are In a Far More Precarious State Than Was Ever Truly Believed Possible' and 'America's Entitled (And Doomed) Upper Middle Class' are not uncommon."[9]

In a May 2016 follow-up Bloomberg opinion piece, Noah Smith said: "Zero Hedge has become known as a source of cutting-edge news, rumors and gossip about the financial industry, as well as a haven for gold bugs, foes of the Federal Reserve and critics of high-frequency trading"; and also that: " But I've realized that the website is also something else -- a kind of support group for financial industry workers who are worried about their own economic future in the face of sweeping changes in technology, regulation and demand".[8]

A May 2016 piece by Benjamin Wallace-Wells for The New Yorker magazine, also following up on the April 2016 Bloomberg unmasking article, described Zero Hedge as, "a blog that combines analysis of the financial markets, emphasizing the essential corruption of Wall Street".[10] As discussed in § Non-financial views, the article also associated the site with the alt-right, and of being pointedly Russophile.[10]

On the 16 November 2017, Forbes listed Zero Hedge as one of its "100 Best Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Be Following"; Zero Hedge was one of nine of these 100 Twitter accounts that had a following of over 100,000 on Twitter (Zero Hedge had 440,000).[47] On the 22 August 2018, Forbes also listed Zero Hedge as one of its "Top 17 Value Investing Blogs You Should Be Reading"[61]

Litigation

GEROVA Financial

On the 27 March 2012, Daniel Ivandjiiski was named as a co-conspirator in a civil complaint regarding complaint for damages and equitable relief.[62] The complaint, Noble Investments, who described themselves as a seed-investor in GEROVA Financial Group (NYSE: GFC), alleged that Dalrymple Finance had, with Zero Hedge and others,[lower-alpha 22] engaged in a "short and distort" stock manipulation scheme, by publishing negative reports on GEROVA in January 2011.[63][64][65] The complaint stated that, amongst other charges, the defendants made damaging accusations that major shareholders, the Galanis Family, and GENOVA senior executives, were involved in a "pump and dump" scheme; it also made ad hominem attacks on both Daniel Ivandjiiski, and his then alleged father, Krassimir Ivandjiiski.[lower-alpha 23] Dalrymple replied that: "Writing research on quoted companies and distributing that research to financial media outlets, is neither illegal and is a daily legitimate activity on Wall Street". The complaint did not progress and there was no SEC investigation. The GEROVA Financial Group's share collapsed in 2011, and never recovered.[66] On the 24 September 2015, the SEC charged a number of senior executives of GEROVA, and a number of major investors in GEROVA with a stock fraud scheme,[67][68] for which several, including the former company Chairman and President, Gary Hirst, received jail sentences in 2017.[69][70]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The website's motto, "On a long enough timeline the survival rate for everyone drops to zero", is from the book and film Fight Club
  2. ↑ A search of the website shows that the website uses Zero Hedge, and ZeroHedge, and even zerohedge, and ZH, when referring to itself in articles.
  3. ↑ Former Zero Hedge staff writer, Colin Lokey, on departing acrimoniously in April 2016, alleged to Bloomberg that Zero Hedge had become increasingly focused on non-financial material as a way to increase traffic on the site.[9]
  4. ↑ Born on the 8 November 1978
  5. ↑ Graduated from the American College in Sofia, Bulgaria (1997), and then moved to the U.S. and graduated from the University Of Pennsylvania in molecular biology.[3]
  6. ↑ In the translated "About Us" page of Strogo Sekretno, Krassimir describes the publication as: "Above all, Top Secret is a national political newspaper. It is the only independent newspaper in Bulgaria, which is the only real alternative to manipulated mass media." The paper's website is at www.strogosekretno.com.[19]
  7. ↑ Global central banks have, between them, maintained a continual level of QE since 2013, after the collapse of markets post the end of QE1 (March 2010) and QE2 (June 2011)
  8. 1 2 As a follower of Keynesian economics, Krugman advocates tools like quantitative easing to raise general asset prices and the living standards of society; however, as a follower of the Austrian School of economics, Zero Hedge believes that quantitative easing tools are artificial and their effects evaporate as soon as the tool is stopped (e.g. as happened at the end of QE1 and QE2), and thus the increased level of credit and leverage built up during the easing, poses serious risks to the economy and society.
  9. ↑ It is not possible to list all such views expressed on Zero Hedge, nor is it possible to definitively rank the views; however, given that such views are acknowledged as an important part of the site, a considered list of major such views is provided
  10. ↑ This was the original Zero Hedge theory that brought the site to prominence in 2009; the theory gained some support, and in particular from the Michael Lewis book, Flash Boys
  11. ↑ As a believer in the Austrian School of economics and thus a strong supporter of precious metals ("PMs"), the site has often interpreted falls in the price of PMs as being market manipulation
  12. ↑ The term "plunge protection team" generates thousands of article links on the Zero Hedge site; disclosures by the Bank of Japan regarding its very frequent ETF trading activities are used as support; also, seemingly irrational recoveries, such as Brexit, where the U.K. market hit a new high in the months post the shock, are seen as evidence of PPT by Zero Hedge
  13. ↑ Zero Hedge has an even wider conspiracy theory around the connections between big U.S. investment banks and the FED; however the site's most used evidence is the fact that U.S. investment banks, during QE programs, rarely have days in the year where they lose money trading
  14. ↑ Zero Hedge showed in 2009 that much of the headline volume in markets was really HFT (e.g. same share being sold back-and-forward many times per second), and thus illusory; the problem with this theory is that ETFs, the main tool asserted for PPT activity, do not have the same reporting requirements as individual securities (e.g. large PPT ETF trades are not itemised and sourced, as with fund manager 13F trades)
  15. ↑ Zero Hedge frequently returns to this theme; cites various evidence including from ex. Fitch analyst, Charlene Chu and short-seller, Jim Chanos; also cites regular reports from Muddy Waters Research
  16. ↑ Zero Hedge articles on Canadian Bank solvency, impaired by an assertion that Mark Carney was using central bank tools to inflate Canadian house prices, were covered in the main financial media; Zero Hedge has made the same assertion on Mark Carney's impact on U.K. house prices
  17. ↑ A central theme of Zero Hedge, is that central banks are using techniques that increase the total indebtedness in society to generate growth, which, as an Austrian School follower, Zero Hedge believes will be temporary; and that the growth only exists while the "flow" of new credit is positive, but regardless of how large the "stock" of credit reaches, once the "flow" turns negative, prices will collapse. Zero Hedge points to housing as a key tool (as well as Student Loans and Auto Loans), and how, despite the fall in housing volumes, central banks have kept house prices rising by loosening mortgage terms, and "help-to-buy" schemes
  18. ↑ The event was organised by Zero Hedge contributor, hedgeless_horseman, and it was not an official Zero Hedge function
  19. ↑ These statistics are less comprehensive, but are freely available on the Rank2traffic site, and do not require a subscription to view
  20. ↑ Similarweb reports an August 2018 figure of 45.38 million sessions per month
  21. ↑ Zero Hedge has run several articles on Dr. Craig Pirrong from 2013-2018, calling him the "world's favorite finance expert for Wall Street hire", in January 2016[58]
  22. ↑ The complaint did not name Forbes as a co-conspirator, but alleged that Forbes was the unsuspecting target of their actions
  23. ↑ These attacks focused on their Bulgarian citizenship, and that Bulgaria was a global center of organized crime, cybercrime, and fraud, and that Krassimir Ivandjiiski has worked for the Bulgarian government during the Soviet-era.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Rank2traffic: zerohedge.com: Web Analysis and traffic history for 9 years". August 2018.
  2. ↑ "zerohedge.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Joe Hagan (27 September 2009). "The Dow Zero Insurgency". New York (magazine). The nothing-can-be-believed chaos of the financial crisis created a golden opportunity for a blog run by a mysterious ex-hedge-funder with a dodgy past and conspiracy theories to burn
  4. 1 2 Jasper Moiseiwitsch (26 December 2017). "Euro hit by sudden Christmas Day slide". Financial Times. The sell-off was first reported by markets-focused blog Zero Hedge, which attributed it to program-trading and low volumes.
  5. 1 2 Noah Smith (2 July 2014). "Austrian Economists, 9/11 Truthers and Brain Worms". Bloomberg Opinion.
  6. 1 2 Egan, Matt (September 25, 2014). "Zero Hedge: Wall Street's daily dose of doom and gloom". CNNMoney.
  7. 1 2 "A Recovering Perma-Bear Opens Up About The 'Lunacy' Of The Camp He Once Belonged To". Business Insider. 14 January 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Noah Smith (2 May 2016). "We are all Zero Hedge now". Bloomberg. Zero Hedge has become known as a source of cutting-edge news, rumors and gossip about the financial industry, as well as a haven for gold bugs, foes of the Federal Reserve and critics of high-frequency trading.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tracy Alloway; Luke Kawa (29 April 2016). "Unmasking the Men Behind Zero Hedge, Wall Street's Renegade Blog: The veil is lifted on a secretive website". Bloomberg News. Colin Lokey, also known as "Tyler Durden," is breaking the first rule of Fight Club: You do not talk about Fight Club. He’s also breaking the second rule of Fight Club. (See the first rule.)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (5 May 2016). "Is the Alt-Right for Real?". The New Yorker.
  11. 1 2 Alexandra Scaggs (27 June 2017). "A weekend in Texas with ZeroHedge readers, Part 1". Financial Times. It probably didn’t help that ZeroHedge was also used as a lead-in for a 2016 New Yorker piece about the alt-right, despite its financial focus and a political bent that is more Drudge than Richard Spencer.
  12. ↑ "Wall Street's diarrhea shi(f)ting to Park Street er... Avenue". Zero Hedge. 9 January 2009.
  13. 1 2 3 Moore, Galen (December 19, 2012). "Bank of America blocks employees from reading Zero Hedge blog". Boston Business Journal.
  14. ↑ "FINRA Bars Two Registered Representatives for Insider Trading". Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. 11 September 2008. In May 2005, Ivandjiiski became employed by another firm, Miller Buckfire & Co. Nevertheless, before the financing deal for Hawaiian Holdings was announced, he obtained confidential documents that his former firm had prepared concerning the impending deal. On March 14, 2006, while in possession of that material, non-public information, Ivandjiiski bought 1000 shares of Hawaiian Holdings for $4.75 a share. On March 15th, when the new financing was publicly announced, the share price of Hawaiian Holdings increased 6%, to close at $5.30. On March 21, 2006, Ivandjiiski sold his 1,000 shares of Hawaiian Holdings stock for $5.53 per share, for a profit of $780. In settling these matters, neither Kelly nor Ivandjiiski admitted nor denied the charges, but consented to the entry of FINRA's findings
  15. 1 2 3 4 Fox, Justin (October 10, 2009). "Wall Streeters like conspiracy theories. Always have". Time.
  16. 1 2 Whitehouse, Kaja (September 2, 2009). "Blogger May Have a Past", New York Post. Retrieved May 12, 2011
  17. ↑ "BROKER CHECK: DANIEL KRASSIMIROV IVANDJIISKI CRD#: 4445294 BARRED". Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. FINRA has barred this individual from acting as a broker or otherwise associating with a broker-dealer firm.
  18. ↑ "Wexford Capital makes two new hires". HFMWeek. September 2007. Wexford Capital has hired Daniel Ivandjiiski and Cesar Gonzalez
  19. ↑ "About Us". Top Secret.
  20. ↑ "Tim Backshall's Trading Ideas". Institutional Investor. 28 February 2008. Backshall, 36, who hails from the south of London, says he's "been working in and around the credit derivatives market since it started," first with Bankers Trust and Deutsche Bank, with tours of duty in London, New York and Tokyo, before joining MSCI-Barra, where he created that firm's credit offerings. Now, he brings his decade-plus experience in modeling and risk management to CDR at its Walnut Creek, Calif. Office.
  21. ↑ "Colin Lokey (Poli Sci undergrad. MBA. Repo (market) man. Geopolitics junkie.)". Seeking Alpha. User 984857
  22. 1 2 3 4 "The Full Story Behind Bloomberg's Attempt To "Unmask"". Zero Hedge. 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
  23. ↑ Will Martin (29 April 2016). "The real identities of 'Tyler Durden' and Zero Hedge have been revealed". Business Insider.
  24. ↑ "Zero Hedge Manifesto". Zero Hedge. 2009.
  25. ↑ "Money is gold ... and nothing else". Zero Hedge. 5 May 2018.
  26. ↑ "The Follies & Fallacies Of Keynesian Economics". Zero Hedge. 22 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "Why Japan's Money Printing Madness Matters". Zero Hedge. 19 November 2014.
  28. 1 2 "Why Paul Krugman Is An Imbecile—or a Fraud". Zero Hedge. 9 July 2010.
  29. ↑ "The Keynesian Cult Has Failed: "Emergency" Stimulus Is Now Permanent". Zero Hedge. 24 May 2017.
  30. ↑ Jeffrey Snider (24 May 2015). "Japan's Broken Economy - 25 Years Of Failed "Stimulus" & "Temporary Illusions"". Zero Hedge.
  31. ↑ Min Jeong Lee; Toshiro Hasegawa (3 April 2018). "The Bank of Japan Steps Up With Record Buys of Local Stocks". Bloomberg L.P.
  32. ↑ "BOJ Is Now A Top-10 Shareholder In 40% Of All Japanese Companies; Owns 42% Of All Government Bonds". Zero Hedge. 27 June 2018.
  33. ↑ "Goldman Sachs's Top 8 Disrupters". The Wall Street Journal. 9 August 2013. The website Zero Hedge got its hands on Goldman Sachs's report on the top 8 disruptive themes for investors to watch. Among them: 3-D printing and big data.
  34. ↑ "The Finance 202: Trump buys Chinese line on tariffs". Washington Post. 11 April 2018. A Citigroup note to clients quoted by the finance blog Zero Hedge said a “careful read of the original text in Chinese reveals that the speech was more a reiteration of existing commitments rather than new major initiatives or concessions to Trump.”
  35. ↑ Min Zing (11 April 2011). "Pimco Goes Negative on U.S. Debt". Mark Porterfield, Pimco's spokesman, didn't immediately respond to questions regarding the data. Financial blog Zero Hedge reported the data earlier on Sunday.
  36. ↑ Mark Gongloff (23 September 2011). "Morgan Stanley: Banks Take on Zero Hedge". The Wall Street Journal.
  37. ↑ Gregory Zuckerman (28 December 2015). "Zero Hedge reports Hedge Fund Firm Whitebox Closes Its Mutual Funds". The Wall Street Journal.
  38. ↑ "ZERO HEDGE: High Frequency Trader Fined: 'Quote-Stuffing' Crackdown Afoot?". The Wall Street Journal. 13 September 2010.
  39. ↑ Alan Abelson (13 July 2009). "What Has Sergey Wrought?". Barrons. We'd be remiss in not crediting Tyler Durden and his feisty Zero Hedge blog for early coverage of the Aleynikov affair and helping to make the dog days of summer a tad less doggy. We suspect the folks at Goldman may not concur, but think how dull life would be if everyone agreed.
  40. ↑ "Search: Dennis Gartman". Zero Hedge.
  41. ↑ "Dennis Gartman Calls Out Zero Hedge". Benzinga. 21 September 2015.
  42. 1 2 "Search: Paul Krugman". Zero Hedge.
  43. ↑ "Search: Whitney Tilson". Zero Hedge.
  44. ↑ "Alexa: Zero Hedge traffic statistics". August 2018.
  45. ↑ "Similarweb: ZERO HEDGE". August 2018.
  46. ↑ "JPMorgan removed ads that accidentally ended up on Zero Hedge". Quartz (publication). 13 September 2017. Zero Hedge aggregates news and publishes financial analysis—with impending economic doom a popular topic—often under the byline “Tyler Durden,” the name of a character in the novel and film Fight Club. Its website attracts around 3 million monthly visitors in the US, according to Quantcast.
  47. 1 2 Alap Shah (16 November 2017). "The 100 Best Finance Twitter Accounts You Should Be Following". Forbes Magazine.
  48. ↑ "Zero Hedge's Bloomberg Podcast: Why Did Bloomberg Delete It?". Seeking Alpha. 23 August 2009. Tyler Durden of Zero Hedge was on the program talking to Pimm about what High-Frequency Trading is, who the participants are and why it is or why it is not a good thing. I found Durden, who spoke with a slight accent, to be very knowledgeable about the topic and fairly even-handed in his analysis [..] But the podcast and any mention of Durden disappeared from Bloomberg’s site
  49. ↑ Tim Fox, Interview with "Tyler Durden" on Taking Stock (MP3) Bloomberg Radio. (August 20, 2009). Retrieved December 4, 2011
  50. ↑ Salmon, Felix (September 30, 2009). "The Zero Hedgies". Reuters Blogs.
  51. ↑ Taibbi, Matt, Griftopia, New York: Spiegel & Grau (2010), p. 208 ISBN 978-0-385-52995-2
  52. ↑ Ryan Chittum, Insurer Alleges Fraud by Bear Stearns and JPMorgan, Columbia Journalism Review (January 25, 2011).
  53. ↑ Paul Kedrosky (11 March 2011). "The 25 Best Financial Blogs: 9 Zero Hedge".
  54. ↑ Craig, Susanne (October 4, 2011). "Morgan Tries to Quell Rumors About Its Holdings", The New York Times.
  55. ↑ Pirrong, Craig. How Do You Know That Zero Hedge is a Russian Information Operation? Here’s How, Streetwise Professor (November 20, 2014)
  56. ↑ Pirrong, Craig. Peas in a Pod: Occupy, RT, and Zero Hedge, Streetwise Professor (November 7, 2011)
  57. ↑ David Kocieniewski (27 December 2013). "Academics Who Defend Wall St. Reap Reward". New York Times. What Mr. Pirrong has routinely left out of most of his public pronouncements in favor of speculation is that he has reaped financial benefits from speculators and some of the largest players in the commodities business, The New York Times has found.
  58. ↑ "Glencore's investment grade bonds". Zero Hedge. 18 January 2016.
  59. ↑ Krugman, Paul (September 21, 2015). "Nutcases and Knut Cases", The New York Times.
  60. ↑ Krugman, Paul (November 21, 2012). "All Hail Calculated Risk", The New York Times.
  61. ↑ Alap Shah (22 August 2018). "Top 17 Value Investing Blogs You Should Be Reading". Forbes Magazine.
  62. ↑ "SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK: NOBLE INVESTMENTS LIMITED vs. KEITH DALRYMPLE VICTORIA DALRYMPLE, DALRYMPLE FINANCE LLC, AND JOHN DOES 1 - 100" (PDF). 27 March 2012. p. 35. Daniel Ivandjiiski
  63. ↑ Neil Weinberg (10 January 2011). "Gerova Financial Group An NYSE-listed Shell Game: Report".
  64. ↑ "Allegations Of "Shell Game" Fraud Involving Gerova Financial Group (GFC)". Zero Hedge. 10 January 2011.
  65. ↑ "Time For Chinese Fraudcaps To Exit Stage Left". Zero Hedge. 8 June 2011.
  66. ↑ Neil Weinberg (1 March 2011). "Gerova Financial RIP (if only)". Forbes.
  67. ↑ "SEC Charges Six in Stock Fraud Scheme". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 24 September 2015.
  68. ↑ Antoine Gara (24 September 2015). "US Attorney Preet Bharara Indicts Masterminds Behind Gerova Financial Pump And Dump". Forbes.
  69. ↑ "Father, son in Gerova stock scam get six years prison". Reuters. 16 February 2017. John Galanis, 73, and his son Derek, 44, were also ordered by U.S. District Judge Kevin Castel in Manhattan to forfeit $19.04 million, after pleading guilty last summer to securities fraud and conspiracy charges. The Galanises were also sentenced to three years of supervised release.
  70. ↑ "Ex-Gerova chairman gets 6-1/2 years prison over stock scam". Reuters. 3 August 2017. Galanis was sentenced in February to 11-1/4 years in prison. His father and two brothers also received prison terms. One defendant remains at large.
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